Ulawulo lolawulo lwezifungo zomongameli weJaji eyiNtloko lumi njengenye yezona zihlandlo zibalulekileyo zobuGqwebedu kunye nomgaqo-siseko kwiSithuthi sobomi sobuGaqo-siseko sesizwe. Esi senzo sinye, esenziwe ekuqaleni kwegama elitsha, sichaza ukudluliselwa koxolo kwamandla, ukuphakama komthetho, nokulungelelaniswa komthetho okuthe ngcembe phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente. Ngoxa umsitho womthetho ngokwawo usekelwe kwisithethe, ubunzima bawo obusemthethweni nobomfuziselo bukhulu. Kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi eUnited States, iJasti Ephakamileyo imiswe ngomgaqo-siseko okanye ngesiko lokuzimela kude ukufunga kwintloko yelizwe. Eli nqaku lihlola iingcambulo yembali, iprocracrame, iprogracracy, kunye nolungelelayenziwo yehlabathi lonke, ukusetyenziswa okufutshane kwemeko oluzinziwayo, ukusetyenziswa kwemimiselo olufutshane, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yemithetho elawulayo.

Imvelaphi yembali nesiseko somGaqo-siseko

Ukubandakanyeka koMgaqo-siseko weSigqibo esiyintloko kuMphathiswa oyintloko kwiSifungo sobuNtloko seofisi asiyongozi yemithetho elandelwayo kodwa yinjongo yamaqhinga yokumisela ulawulo kwasekuqaleni kwegama lomongameli. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko wase-U., kukwahlukana kwabo ngocoselelo, bafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo alizukusebenza ngokupheleleyo likhululekile kwiingxilongo zomgaqo-siseko ezilungiselelwe yijaji. Ngokufuna ukuba iJaji eyintloko iphumeze isifungo, badala umzuzu apho igosa-ofisi yejaji ephakamileyo yasekuhlaleni ibonelela ekuhleni isifungo sikamongameli omtsha "lo, likhuseleni, lize likhusele kwaye likhusele umGaqo-siseko."

Abasebenzi Bezakhelo Babezimisele

Ngexesha leMhlangano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787, abameli baphikisana kakhulu ngendlela yokukhusela naliphi na isebe ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu. Imfuneko yesifungo, efunyanwa ku- Article II, Icandelo 1, u-Classias 8 lomGaqo-siseko, yayilicebo elingqalileyo lokubopha umongameli ukuba alawule ngomgaqo-siseko. Abalawuli bakhetha ukushiya umlawuli okhethekileyo wesifungo esingabizwanga ngegama, kodwa isithethe sokuba uJaji oyintloko uza kuphumele lo msebenzi kwangoko. UGeorge Washington wafungela iCancellar Roberts Livings of New York, kodwa yayinguJohn Adams owathiwa okokuqala nguMgwebi womthetho - Olivellswordow — ngonyaka we-1797.

I-Evolution yeSizwe

Lo msitho usuke kwincoko yababini elula, ngokufuthi yangasese ukuya kumbulelo omkhulu kawonke-wonke. Kwiintsuku zangaphambili zerepublic, kwanikezelwa kwiindawo ezininzi: New York, Philadelfi, kwaye kamva iWashington, D.C. Unikezelo lokuqala olwenziwa kwiU.S. Capitol yaba yeyoThomas Jefferson ngo1801. Ngeminyaka, indima yeJaji enguMkhulu yaba yenziwa ngokusemthethweni. UJohn quancil uAdam [FLT:] unyuso lwesandla sasekunene, kunye nokuphindwa kwesifungo kuye kwaqiniswa ngesithethe, nangona umGaqo-siseko ungagunyazisi nasiphi na esi siqale sifungqwene. Ngokucacileyo, asisetyenziswangako nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na incwadi esetyenziswa nguMlawuli weSikhathi. [FLDY: 0]

Isifungo se-Ofisi: Umbhalo nocaciswa

Amagama achanileyo esifungo somongameli agunyaziswa ngumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ube ngomnye wemitya embalwa esemthethweni yokuba umongameli amele acengceleze intetho. Umbhalo ochanileyo osuka kwiGatya II ngu:

" Ndifunga (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ndiza kuyenza ngokuthembeka i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenza kangangoko kubuchule bam, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko wase-United States.

Ukufakwa "okanye uqinisekiso" lilungiselelo elibalulekileyo kwabo banonqulo olungafuniyo ukufunga. IJaji eyintloko iphinda iphindo ibinzana kunye nomphathi- mongameli eliphindayo. IJaji ePhakamileyo isoloko idibanisa amagama "ukundinceda uThixo" ekugqibeleni, nangona oku kungafunwanga ngumGaqo-siseko. Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala okubhaliweyo "ukunceda uThixo" kwakunguMongameli Chester A. Arthur ngo-1881, kwaye kuye kwaba ngulwandidi olupheleleyo kwimibhiyo yanamhlanje, nangona imigaqo yayo yesiseko yecatshulwa.

Ukuguquguquka Nokufutha

Kwiinkulungwane, uJaji oMkhulu nomphathi-mikhosi ukhutyekiswe ngamanye amaxesha ngamagama. Enye yeempazamo ezidumileyo yenzekile xa iJaji enkulu [[FLT: 0] uJohn Roberts wanika isifungo kuMongameli uBarack Obama [ ngo-2009. URoberts walibeka ecaleni igama elithi "enyani," elibangela ukuba u-Obama anqumame aze aphinde aphinde. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uRoberts waphinda wasiqululisa ngokuchanekileyo isifungo kumsitho wabucala kwi Home House emhlophe ukuze aphephe nayiphi nayiphi na ithandazo zomthetho. Esi siganeko sibala ukubaluleka kokulungisa isifungo kunye nendima yeJajinga eliphambili ekuqinisekiseni.

Isifungo asingomthetho nje onyanzelisayo; sibophelelekile. Nakuphi na ukuphambuka kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko, ngokwengcamango, kungaphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokufaneleka komtyunjwa wesikhundla somongameli. Ngoko ke, iJaji eyiNtloko iqhelisela uqheliselo nomongameli phambi komsitho kawonke-wonke ukuphepha iingozi.

Imisebenzi Ebonisa Ubuchule Bokuthunga-yi-iNkupho

Imithetho yokuziphatha yoSuku lokuqalisa

EUnited States, umsitho wokufunga ungowona msitho uphambili woSuku lokuHlaziya, owenziwa ngoJanuwari 20 emva konyulo lukaNovemba (njengoko lugunyaziswe luHlaliso lwama-20). Lo msitho usenzeka ngokwesithethe kwiNtshona Front ye-U.S. Capitol, nangona ezinye iindawo zisetyenzisiwe. IJaji ePhakamileyo ihlala kwiqonga lokuQala ecaleni komongameli ohambayo, umongameli-womndululi, amalungu eCampression, kunye nezikhulu. Ucwangciso lucwangciselwe ngokucophelelayo:

  • Umqhubekeko: Umongameli qhinga kunye nesekela lophakamiso-menzi-zimkelo bafika eCapitol kwaye bakhatshwa ukuya eqongeni.
  • Ufako loMongameli onguMongameli: UMongameli onguMongameli-mbane ufungwe kuqala, ngokuqhelekileyo lilungu leBhunga okanye inkundla ePhakamileyo, hayi ngokuqhelekileyo iJaji eyiNtloko.
  • uMongameli Oath: UJaji oMkhulu uhambela phambili, kwaye umongameli okhethayo ubeka isandla kwiBhayibhile (okanye omnye umbhalo othandwayo) ephethwe nguMphathi oyintloko okanye iqabane lomongameli. IJaji eyintloko icela umlawuli ukuba aphinde esifungo. Emva kwesifungo, uJaji oMkhulu uthi "Izifungo, uMnu. uMphathi." kwaye ushukume izandla.
  • [[FLT: 0] Idilesi yokwahlula: Umongameli omtsha unika idilesi yokuqalisa, elandelwa kukuhamba kowayesakuba ngumongameli.

Indima YeBhayibhile Neencwadi Zembali

Nangona kungafunwanga, ukusetyenziswa kweBhayibhile kufuzisela kakhulu. Oomongameli abaninzi bakhetha amaBhayibhile aneziqu zobuqu okanye ezingokwembali. Umzekelo, Joe Biden usebenzise iBhayibhile eyayisentsatsheni yakhe ukususela ngowe-1893, ngexesha [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [12] [FLT]] [iiiindawo ekhethekileyo] isebenzisa zombini iBhayibhile yakhe yobuqu kunye neLincoln Bible. UJaji oMkhulu uJohn Roberts [[FLTL:] uGene] uGenezo zombini iiBhayibhile zeTrump's ngo-2017. UJajini kufuneka aphathe ezi zinto ngenkathalo. [3] Kwimeko ezithandwayo, uGenesalksing Whest Bible'ith [5]

IiCeremones ezikwimozulu eguquguqukayo ngaphakathi

Xa imozulu okanye ukhuseleko lufuna, umsitho uhamba ngaphakathi. Okona kunikezelo lwakutshanje oludumileyo ngaphakathi enqanaweni kwakungo 1985 xa uRonald Reagan wafungela iGama lesibini ngaphakathi kweCapitol Rotunda ngenxa yomkhuhlane omkhulu. IJaji enkulu i-Warren Burger[[FLT] [[FLT]] yafaka isifungo kucwangciso olusondeleleneyo. Emva kovuthumo lwesibini lweCapitol, 20211 lokunikezelwa kwenqanawa kwakhuseleka kakhulu kodwa kwathatha indawo ngaphandle, ngeJaji engundoqo kwakhona iphumeza indima yakhe emgceni wakhe.

Imbono Yomhlaba Wonke: Izigwebi Eziyintloko Nezicaka Zomongameli Ehlabathini Lonke

Uqheliselo lokuba nentloko yejaji ephetheyo alukho qha eUnited States. Ulawulo-melo oluninzi kunye nee-riphabliki luquka inkqubo efanayo ukugxininisa ukuzimela ngokwezigwebo nokuthembeka komGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, ezi zinto ziyahluka-hluka kakhulu.

Latin America

Kumazwe anjengaye Brazil, Arzentina, kunye , uMongameli weNkundla ePhakamileyo (okanye umlawuli olinganayo) unika isifungo kumongameli osandul' ukunyulwa. Umsitho usoloko uquka ukusetyenziswa kweBhayibhile kwaye usenokufuna umongameli ukuba abeke isandla kumgaqo-siseko ngokwawo. [[FLT:]Brazil[FLT:] [5], isifungo sinikwa nguMongameli weNkuvolulo ePhakamileyo, oyathileyo ichaza umongameli weMongameli weMongalathili kaMongalallllll, obek ’ ngoko achaza umongameli womthetho womthetho.

I-Europe

Jamani, uMongameli woManyano ufungelwa phambi kweNdibano yoManyano, kodwa isifungo asilawulwa yimithetho eyintloko; endaweni yoko, uMongameli weBundestag uyalawula. Noko ke, FULT, uMongameli weBhunga loMgaqo-siseko unika umnqophiso kuMongameli osandul' ukunyulwa weRiphabliki, indima ekwityala eliyintloko. Isiko samaFrentshi libanjwa kwi-Elysée Palace kwaye liquke inkundla ebanzi yezonyulo.

IAsia neAfrika

Ku Iindia, uMongameli waseIndiya wenza isifungo kuMphathiswa Oyintloko nakwabanye abalungiseleli. Ngaphezu koko, iJaji enguMkhulu yaseIndiya inika isifungo kuMongameli waseIndiya. Eli lungiselelo lilandelayo libonisa u-U.S. imodeli kodwa nendima eguquliweyo. Kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika, uJaji oMkhulu ufunga kumongameli, kodwa ukungazinzi kwezobupolitika ngamanye amaxesha kuye kwakhokelela kwimpikiswano ngomthetho wesifungo somxhasi. Umzekelo, ngexesha lonyulo lweKenya, iJaji enguN, yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuphumezeni isifungo phakathi kwemeko yezobupolitika.

Le mizekelo yomhlaba wonke ibethelela ukuba ukubandakanyeka kwegosa eliyintloko lejaji kwisifungo somongameli kujongwa ngokubanzi njengesixhobo esingunobangela womgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kolu khuselo kuxhomekeke kwinkululeko nengqibelelo yejaji kwilizwe ngalinye.

Ukubaluleka Nomfuziselo Wendima YeMongami Omkhulu

Ukufuzisela Umthetho

Ubukho boMgwebi oMkhulu ekunikezelweni bumelo olunamandla lokuba umongameli akangaphezulu kumthetho. Isifungo sisivumelwano esiphakathi komongameli nomGaqo-siseko, uMgwebi oyintloko esebenza njengengqina elimela isebe elinomsebenzi ophambili wokuchaza loo mGaqo-siseko. Oku kuqinisa umgaqo wokuba isebe eliphetheyo limele ukuhlolisiswa.

Inkululeko yezomthetho nokungabi nabudlelane

IJaji ePhakamileyo, ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kulo msitho, ikwabonisa ukwahlukana kwejaji nezobupolitika ezidibeneyo. IJaji ePhakamileyo isoloko ibonwa kumabonwakude wesizwe ixhawulana izandla nomongameli naliphi na iqela, ngaphandle kophawu olubonisa ukuvunywa kwezobupolitika. Oku kungabi nanxaxheba kubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukuthemba uluntu kwiinkundla. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, izigwebo eziBanga balawuli abaphambili [[FLT: 0] kwi-Burger [umiselo lukaNixon] [u-NTY:] ku-John Roberts [umiselo luka-George W. Bush] [ush]) uphume izifungo kumongameli bobabini, kwaye ezi ziganeko zabo zifundwa ngalo lonke ixesha lokukhetha.

Ukuthuthwa Kwamandla Ngoxolo

Kumazwe apho ukudluliswa kwegunya kuye kwaphikiswa ngokwembali okanye kwaliwa ngogonyamelo, indima yeJaji ePhakamileyo ingazinzisa. Ngokusebenzisa isifungo, iJaji Enkulu iqinisekisa ukuba umongameli omtsha uthathe isikhundla ngokusemthethweni. Oku kuqinisekisi kuyinxalenye yengxelo esemthethweni kwaye kusenokusetyenziswa ukucombulula iimpikiswano. Unyulo lwama 2020 e-U.S. kunye nohlaselo lwangoJanuwari 6, 2021 lwasemva kweCapitol aluzange luthintele uJaji Omkhulu uRoberts ekuphumezeni isifungo kuMongameli Biden ngoJanuwari 20, 2021. Ukuqhubeka kwengxelo, phezu kwako nje ukuphaza kwezobupolitika, kwakuyisivumelwano sokuzinziswa komgaqo-siseko.

Imizekelo Ephawulekayo Neemeko Ezingokwembali

Ibhanile Yokuqala YaseGeorge Washington

NgoAprili 30, 1789, uGeorge Washington wafunga ukuba usebenza kwiveranda yeHolo yeFederal kwisiXeko saseNew York. Isifungo senziwa nguRobert Livingston, iNdlu yephondo laseNew York, ingeyiyo inkundla eyintloko, ngenxa yokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayingakamiswa. IWashington yongeza ukuchuma kwayo: "Undincede ke mna Thixo," ibinzana eliye lahlala likho. Ngoku lamisela iqonga kuzo zonke izithethe zexesha elizayo.

Ukubulawa Kwama - McKinley NoRoosevelt

Xa uMongameli [[FLT: 0] uWilliam McKinley wabulawa ngo1901, uMongameli oPhakamileyo uRoose Rooselt waye eBuffalo, eNew York. Waqhutyelwa kwikhaya lomhlobo wakhe uAnsley Wilcox, apho wafunga khona isifungo sesikhundla. Ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho komiti yenkundla ePhakamileyo ekhoyo, isifungo sasisenziwa ngumgwebi wengingqi yasekuhlaleni, uJohn R. Hazel. Oku kwakusisihlandlo esinqabileyo apho uJastial Ansley Wilcox engakhange ayenze isifungo kumongameli omtsha. Kamva, Rovelt waphinda wafunga phambi kweJasta [FLD] [FFF]

UJohn Kennedy noMkhosi WamaKatolika

Ngo1961, uJohn F. Kennedy waba ngumongameli wokuqala wamaKatolika. IJaji ePhakamileyo [[FLT: 2] uEarl Warren wanikela isifungo. Kennedy wasebenzisa iFitzgerald Bible, eyayidluliselwe phantsi. Isiganeko saphawulwa ngenxa yemozulu ebandayo nobukho bukaKennedy, Joseph. Indima yeJaji enkulu yanikelwa ngaphandle kwempikiswano, ibalase i-ofisini enqamleza iintambo zonqulo.

Ibhack Obama Nesithuthi Esithethwayo

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, unikezelo lwabalaseliswa ngokuphawulekayo "i-freeant". IJaji eyintloko uJohn Roberts yaqalisa isifungo: "Mna, Barack Hussein Obama, ndifunga ukuba ndiza kulawula i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase United States ngokuthembeka..." — ukubeka "enyanisweni" emva "Osebenza" endaweni "emsebenzi" emva "okanye". U-Obama wanquma emva "Mlawuli waseUnited States," esi siganeko saphinda emva kwentetho esibanzi esingendlela sokuzibophazamisi, kwaye uRoberts waphinda kwakhona eli binzana ngokulungileyo. U-Oba waphinda waphinda emva kwegama eli qela lomthetho waphinda wawa kwintetho ebhaliweyo. Umthetho olandelayo waphinda wavala intlanganiso kwindlu emhlophe, uRobert wenza isifungo kwakhona ngokuchaphaza kwento elungileyo, kodwa waphinda wayenza isifungo.

Iingxaki Neendawo Ezihlala Abantu Ezingqonge Ioli

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho neenguqulelo ezichaswe

Kwamanye amazwe, indima yeJaji ePhakamileyo ekulawuleni isifungo iye yacinezelwa yimikhosi yezobupolitika. Umzekelo, ebudeni bembambano yonyulo kamongameli wase- 2000, isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi . Bbush v. Gore [FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[3] ngoku ugqibe ngokukuko unyulo. [uJacilo oluyintloko] uJacilo [[FLT] uRehnquist ngoko wahamba ukuya kuqulungela uGeorge. W Bush iiveki ezimbalwa kamva. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba oku kuvene ukubonakala konyuko, njengokuba iJajisi ekwayo ekwayinyanileyo ngoku kwakugqithileyo, ngoko uGaqo-Genethi-Genethi, ngoko ke uGeneshosho oluphambili, ngaphandle kokwenza isiganeko sobulungisa, xa kufuneka siqwalathiso siqwane.

Akwala Ukuthabatha Isifungo Kumagunya Athile

Kuye kwakho izihlandlo apho abalawuli bengazange basithabathe isifungo kuMalunga Ayintloko ngenxa yokugula, ukubulala, okanye ukungavisisani kwezobupolitika. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, omnye ijaji okanye umphathi angathatha inyathelo. 25th Amendmendment[ kunye [[FLT:] ne [FLT] Prefential Impumelelo Act [[[FLT:]] uMthetho [[FLT]]] unika izikhokelo, kodwa isithethe soJajiko loJaji enguMongameli Omkhulu sinamandla. Okunye okufunyaniswe ngumphathikazi [[FLT:] Bron].[FLTLD:5], u-1936], owathi sithethe se-TH [FLTH: FY], uGURGenelight, oMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi oPhakathi wobulungisa, osebenzayo.[Foffast .[Flvelventi:]

Iinkalo Zonqulo

Ukusetyenziswa kwe "Four Exchange" kuyandinceda ndifumane uNgqongqozeleko loMphengululo wokuQala. Iinkundla ziye zahlala zijongene nocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni kunye nengxoxo kawonke-wonke. Bambi baphikisa ngelithi kuquka amalungu onqulo ekufungeleni u-'FLT''. Ugwebo oluyintloko luquka "ukundinceda uThixo" njengomba wesithethe, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba babuze umongameli-mkeli ukuba banqwenela ukongeza loo mazwi. Abanye oomongameli, njengo uRosethi olunothi olunoluququzeke urhulumente. [FoseRose-Roselt]

Ikamva Lendima YeMongami Omkhulu

Njengokuba i-United States kunye nezinye idemokhrasi ziguquka, indima yeJaji ePhakamileyo ekusebenziseni isifungo isenokuhlala ililitye lokufuduswa koxolo kwegunya. Noko ke, ukwanda kokuthatyathwa kwezobupolitika, ukuvela kolwazi-lwazi lwezentlalo, kunye nocelomngeni lokuhlola iziphumo zonyulo lungabeka uxinzelelo olongezelelekileyo kuMgwebi oMkhulu. Uluntu lulindele ukuba iSigwebi esiKhulu sisebenze ngokungakhethi buso nakuqinisekisa ukuba isifungo siphunyezwa ngokuchanekileyo, kwanaphantsi kwengcinezelo enkulu ye-athoric.

Kwixesha elizayo, sinokubona ukugxininiswa okungakumbi komthetho othe ngqo kwesifungo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwezihloko ezikhoyo kunye nokuphehlwa kwento ekhoyo. IJaji Enkulu isenokufuna ukuqwalasela imigaqo-mthetho yokhuseleko elungiselelwe iBhayibhile okanye ezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo ebudeni bomsitho. Ngaphezu koko, njengokuba uluntu lutshintsha, uMgwebi oPhathiswayo angasimisela isifungo kumongameli abasuka kwiimvelaphi ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka abo bakhetha ukuqinisekisa kunokuba bafunge, okanye abasebenzisa imibhalo engeyoyayo eBhayibhilini. Ubutyo lomsitho, osekelwe kumbhalo ongaguqukiyo wezomGaqo-siseko, uvumela oku kuguqulo lo gama ulondoloza undoqokozo lwesithethe.

Ekugqibeleni, indima yeSigwebo esiyintloko ekuphumezeni isifungo somongameli asingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; lixesha elinzulu lomGaqo-siseko elilungisa ulwalamano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente nokuzibophelela komphathi-ntloko kumthetho. Logama nje umGaqo-siseko uqhubeka, esi sithethe siya kuqhubeka sifuzisela uxolo, ulungelelwano, nokudluliselwa ngokusemthethweni kwegunya eliyiwo uphawu lwe-Riphabliki esebenzayo.