Kumthetho waseMerika, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni lisekelwe kwisiseko. Kodwa, kwizigidi zabantu abangakwaziyo ukufikelela igqwetha lobuqu, elo lungelo belingayi kuba nantsingiselo ngaphandle komsebenzi onikezelwe ngabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke. La magqwetha aqeshwa ngurhulumente asebenza njengesiseko sesiqinisekiso seSithandathu soMphengululo weSindululo, ukuthatha inyathelo xa iimeko zemali zommangalelwa zingabashiya bengenakuzikhusela. Abameli benkundla abamiselwe yinkundla, abameli bakawonke-wonke abasebenzisa imithetho enzima, abacebisi abachuli-mthetho abachukumileyo, kwaye balwela ukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akugcinelwanga abo bangahlawulwa kuphela. Indima yabo ibaluleke kakhulu, kodwa ingeyodwa abaxhasi babo, kodwa ukuthembeka kwabo bonke ubugwebi.

Yintoni Umthetheleli Kawonke - wonke?

Umkhuseli weNkundla ePhakamileyo usisigqeba esiqeshwe yisebe likarhulumente (ngokuqhelekileyo kwingingqi, kurhulumente, okanye kumgangatho karhulumente) ukumela abantu abangakwaziyo ukuqesha ngemali icebiso lobuqu. Indawo isuka ngqo kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Gideon v. I-Wainright [1963] [iiiinkundla zorhulumente], ezithi zikholelwa ukuba iSindululo seSithandathu seSinyuko siyafuna ukunikela isiluleko esisemthethweni sokunika abamangalelwa-mthetho abagwebi abajongenetyala abanzima. Phambili [[FLT.FLT:]] [FLT]], kuphela iinkundla zesizwe zakufuneka zimisele isiluleko kwabo banganokusilawula. Ityala elinyusekunikwa ityala lonke, kufuneka ukuba kuvezwe lonke ityala lenkundla soburhulumente.

Namhlanje, iiofisi zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke ezisebenza kwimibutho emininzi ye-U.S., nangona isakhiwo sazo singafani kakhulu, ngokunjalo, ezinye zixhaswa yi-ovential system, ezinye zisekelwe kwingingqi, kwaye zimbalwa zixhomekeke kwizivumelwano zesivumelwano okanye kwiinkqubo zesiluleko ezibekiweyo. Ngaphandle komzekelo, umsebenzi ongundoqo uhlala uhleli: ukunikezela ngomelo olunamandla, olusebenzayo kubo bonke abaxhasi abakhululekileyo abasengozini. Oku kubandakanya yonke into esuka kwityala lemali engekho mthethweni kunye netyala elingekho mthethweni kulutsha oluye lwabantwana, nakwiimeko ezininzi, amacandelo okuqala emicimbi yokufuduka.

Imbopheleleko yendlela yokuziphatha yomkhuseli kawonke-wonke iyafana neyoyeye nawuphi na ummeli wezolwaphulo-mthetho: ukukhuthalela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho, imfihlo, nokuphepha iimfazwe ezinika umdla. Okwahlula abakhuseli boluntu lubuninzi babathengi abameleyo kunye neengcinezelo zenkqubo abajongene nazo.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yabakhuseli Bakawonke - wonke Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni

Abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke basebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi, engenayo efunekayo kwinkqubo yomthetho osebenza kakuhle. Le misebenzi iquka ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela kokusesikweni, ukukhusela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko, ukubonelela ngobuchule obukhethekileyo obusemthethweni, ukunciphisa ukulingana kwesixokelelwano, nokukhuthaza ukuthembana kwabantu.

Ukulungiselela Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Kubantu abangenayo imali ephantsi, imali yokuqesha igqwetha labucala, qha, ingakumbi amawaka eerandi nje ngenxa yomgcini-sango. Ngaphandle komkhuseli kawonke-wonke, abamangalelwa abaninzi banokujongana nenkqubo yebheyile yodwa, ukuqhuba ibheyile, ukucela izicelo, kunye namatyala ngaphandle kokhokelo olusemthethweni. Abakhuseli boluntu bawuzalise lo msantsalo, beqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa abanyanzelekanga ngokunempumelelo phambi kokuvavanywa nje ngenxa yokuba bengakwazi ukumela. Ngokutsho kweZiko le Brenan [ie] iziko zeJanum], malunga nama-80% abamangalelwa-mthetho eUnited States bayafaneleka njenge-idgignts kwaye baxhomekeke ekufumaneni inkxaso.

Ukukhusela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Ngaphandle kokuvela nje enkundleni, abakhuseli boluntu bawalondoloza ngokukhutheleyo amalungelo omgaqo-siseko abaxhasi babo − kuquka ilungelo lokuya kwityala elikhawulezileyo, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, ilungelo lokuthula, nelungelo lokukhululeka ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. Baye bathathe inyathelo lokuphelisa ubungqina obungekho mthethweni, ukucelw' umgwebi ojongene nomthetho ojongene nolwaphulo-mthetho olugqwethekileyo, kwaye babambe umthwalo wabo wokubonakalisa ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Kwinkqubo apho amatyala angaphezu kwama-90% aphela ekucebiseni, umkhuseli onobuchule bokukhusela urhulumente angabona ubuthathaka kwityala kunye nokuqhubana kwetyala elincitshisiweyo, iinkqubo zokugweba, zokuzingela ityala, okanye kwanokugxothwa.

Ukunikela Imvume Esemthethweni

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho untsonkothile, unemizekelo esoloko ihamba-hamba kunye nemithetho egqwethekileyo. Abamangalelwa abaninzi abanalo uqeqesho olusemthethweni yaye abaqondi kangako ngeengcamango ezifana nolumxeba, umxokelelwano welungelo lokugcina umntwana, okanye imigaqo egwebayo. Abakhuseli boluntu bazisa ubuchule obuthi bume bungalingani nolawulo lwabatshutshisi, abasoloko befumana iingcali zamapolisa, iingcaphephe zokukhusela, kunye nobuncwane obuninzi. Ulwazi lukawonke-wonke lwenkcubeko yenkundla, izithethe ezigweba, kunye notyekelo lwezomthetho lunokuba ngumahluko phakathi kwegama elinde nemiphumo elungileyo.

Ukunciphisa Ukungalingani Nokukhuthaza Ubulungisa

Inkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho engokwembali iphazamisa abantu abanemibala engafaniyo, abantu abaneengxaki zempilo, nabo bahlala ebuhlweni. Abakhuseli boluntu basebenza njengesixhobo esiphambili sokuphelisa olu qhekeko. Bacel ’ umngeni izenzo zokuhlasela ngorhwaphilizo, baxhasa ezinye iindlela zokungabanjwa, kwaye babalaselisa ukwahluka kwindlela umthetho osetyenziswa ngayo. Ngokwenjenjalo, banceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zomntu azimiselwanga kwangaphambili ngekhowudi yezip okanye ngebala lolusu lwakhe.

Ukwakha Intembelo Kuluntu

Xa abamangalelwa bebona ukuba banommeli ozinikeleyo olwela amalungelo abo ``omnye umntu ophulaphula, ahlole, kwaye acel ’ umngeni igunya' uqinisa ukufaneleka kwenkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lungalahlwa okanye lungekho, abamangalelwa basenokuziva beshiyiwe, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugxekweni nasekohlwayeni. Iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke ezinempumelelo zokukhusela zinceda ekuboneni ukuba inkqubo, nokuba ayifezeki, izama ukuba nesidima.

Umsebenzi Wemihla Ngemihla Womthetheleli Kawonke - wonke

Ukuqonda oko ngokwenene abakhuseli belizwe bakwenzayo imihla ngemihla kubonisa ubunzulu nokuntsonkotha kwendima yabo. Le nkqubo idla ngokuvela ngamanqanaba:

Uvavanyo lomxhasi lokuqala

Kwangoko umxhasi ebanjwa okanye ebekwa ityala, umkhuseli kawonke-wonke udibana nabo ngezantsi, rhoqo kwindlu yenkundla exineneyo ephethe isisele okanye intolongo yephondo. Le ngxoxo yokuqala ibalulekile: igqwetha kufuneka likwenze ngokukhawuleza ukuthembana, lichaze izityholo kunye nezigwebo ezinokwenzeka, liqalise ukuqokelela ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngemvelaphi yomxhasi, indlela anokuzikhusela ngayo, kunye nalo nabuphi na ubungqina obusenokuba buqokelelwe ngamapolisa. Kweli nqanaba, umkhuseli kufuneka ahlole ukuba umxhasi ufanelekele ukuthemba okanye ukukhululwa kwemali.

Uphando Nokulungiselela Ityala

Ngokwahlukileyo kumbono odumileyo wegqwetha elibonakalw'inkundla, umsebenzi omninzi womkhuseli kawonke-wonke uyenzeka ngaphandle kwenkundla. Baqhuba ingxengxezo yenyani ```Iindawo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibonisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukubuza amangqina, ukuqwalasela iingxelo zamapolisa kunye nokuhlasela kwemizimba, kwaye ukubuzana neengcali zokukhusela inkundla. Kwii-ofisi ezininzi eziphantsi, umkhuseli ungaba ngumphengululi wabo, enyusa iikhilomitha kwimoto yobuqu ngoxa edlala iziphumo ezininzi zezinye iityala. Uphengululo olunengxaki lungabhenqi, okanye ubungqina bokuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa okungabonwanga.

Uqheliselo lweNtshukumo kunye nokuQala

Abakhuseli befayile yoluntu banokuyitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo indlela yokuzimela ityala. Ukucinezela kuvavanya ukungafezeki kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphengulula okungekho mthethweni okanye ngokunyanzelisa ukuvunywa. Intshukumo yokuphikisa impikiswano yokuba uxwebhu olurhabaxa lunesiphene okanye ukuba umthetho wemiqathango uphelelwe. Intshukumo ze-bail zixabana nokukhululwa okanye ibheyile ecuthiweyo, ngokufuthi ngokunika ubungqina bonxulumano loluntu nokungabi nabungozi bokubhabhabha. Ezi zimpo zifuna uphando oluthe ngqo olusemthethweni kunye nokubhala okunempembelelo okuthatha iminyaka ukuvela.

Ukufumana ipetroli njengesixhobo esicwangcisiweyo

Ngenxa yokuba inkoliso yamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aconjululwa ngesivumelwano, abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke bachitha ixesha elibalulekileyo bethetha nabatshutshisi. Bahlolisisa amandla obungqina betyala, bahlole ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba avume ukugwetywa, baze bavavanye ubungozi besigwebo esiqatha ukuba ummangalelwa umangalelwa umangalelwa ufanele awiswe. Abaxhasi abanobuchule banyanzela ukuphelisa iziphumo ezinciphisa iziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwemali.

Umelo lokuvavanya

Xa ityala lisiya etyala, umkhuseli kawonke-wonke ujongene neemeko zonke zobugcisa benkundla: ukhetha ijaji, unikela iingxelo zokuvula, amangqina anqumlayo, ukuphikisa ubungqina obungafanelekanga, kwaye wenza iimpikiswano zokuvala. Ityala linokuphelisa iintsuku okanye iiveki, lifune ulungiselelo olunzulu kwaye linyamezele. Kwanakwezona ofisi zigqunywe yimali, abaxhasi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba abaxhasi babo bafumana uphawu olufanayo nomntu onako ukuthenga igqwetha elinobuchule obuphezulu.

Iingxaki Ezinkulu Abathetheleli Bakawonke - wonke Abajamelana Nazo

Nangona umsebenzi wabo unzima, abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke basebenza phantsi kwemiqathango enzima esongela amandla abo okunikela uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko. Olu celomngeni asiyongxaki incinci, kodwa lumela ingxaki ekhoyo esele ibhaliwe kangangamashumi eminyaka.

Ubuninzi bomzekelo obugqithisileyo

Eyona ngxaki ingapheliyo neyonakalisayo kukuthwaliswa kwetyala. Abakhuseli abaninzi babala ikhulu lamatyala ngonyaka, xa imigangatho yesizwe icebisa ukuba kungabikho matyala angaphezulu kwe 150 e-ibhunga esemthethweni kwi- yesizwe yoncedo lwe-Intefiguration Association. Kweminye imisebenzi, abaxhasi bathwala uxanduva olunzima lwabathengi abali-200 ngexesha elinye, ngelinye ixesha, ngelixa imilinganiselo yesizwe icebisa ukuba kungabikho ngaphezu kwe 150 kwetyala elinobugcisa ngeligqhinga ngalinye [[FLT:] ngonyaka . Umsebenzi onjalo ushiya ixesha elincinane lokunika ingqalelo, uphando, okanye umxhasi onentsingiselo. Isiphumo yinkqubo, xa kuqheliswa, uxinzelelo, i-eokstrists transties trans transting transting transfers transfers trans or, isalation.

Isiko Lokungacolisi

Amasebe akhusela uwonke-wonke asoloko exhotyiswe ngokusisigxina ngokunxulumene nentshumayelo kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Oku kuxhasa ii-ofisi ngokufuthi kunikezelwe abaphandi, amaqela akhethekileyo, kunye nobugcisa obuhambele phambili. Abakhuseli boluntu, ngokwahlukileyo, basenokuswela uqingqo-mali yokuqesha amangqina ochwepheshe, ukuhlawula uvavanyo lwe-entensic, okanye ukunikezela ngoncedo olusisiseko olufana nenkqubo ye-meyile. Oku kuxhasa ukudiba okuthe ngqo kulula ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yezobulungisa. iMelikanic Liberies Union

Iintlobo ngeenkqubo kunye nolwahlulo lobuhlanga

Abakhuseli boluntu ngokubanzi basebenza kwinkqubo ephawulwe ngomahluko onzulu wesizwe kunye nentlalo-ntle. Abantu abanombala, ingakumbi abantu abaMnyama nabaNtsundu, bayabanjwa, babekwe ityala, baphinde bafakwe entolongweni ngexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu. Abakhuseli boluntu kufuneka basebenzise inkqubo apho ucalucalulo olupheleleyo lunokuphembelela izigqibo, ukucela, nokugweba. Bakwamelana nocalucalulo olusemthethweni ekukhetheni abachopheli-tyala, izenzo zamapolisa, kunye nezigqibo zebheyile. Ngeli elo xesha umkhuseli angalwa nezimfako kwiimeko ngandlela, kufuneka asebenzise utshintsho olubanzi lwenkqubo ukuze aphembelele ukuphembeleka okanye afumane inkxaso engakumbi.

Ukutsha noMjikelo Ophezulu

Ukungakhuthazi okungokweemvakalelo nokugula engqondweni kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kukhulu. Abakhuseli basoloko benikela ubungqina ngomonakalo owenzakalisayo, okungekho sikweni, kunye nexabiso labantu abagqugqisileyo. Babona abathengi abagula ngengqondo, abakhotyoki, okanye abaxhatshazwayo, abaninzi beziva bengenamandla okucombulula iingcambu ezingundoqo. Ukudibene neeyure ezininzi, umvuzo ophantsi (ngokufuthi abakhuselwayo ufumana imali engaphantsi kakhulu kunabatshutshisi okanye amagqwetha abo bazimeleyo), nokungagqalwa kwabantu abaninzi ngokuphawulekayo, ukudinwa okugqithisa.

Iingcinezelo Zezobupolitika Nezeziko

Abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke maxa wambi bajongwa kakubi ngomthetho, uluntu, okanye amagosa anyuliweyo alinganisa ukukhusela ummangalelwa “nokuchanaba kulwaphulo-mthetho.” Oku kunokukhokelela ekuziphindeni intloko xa abaxhasi betyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo okanye belucel ’ umngeni ihambo yamapolisa. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba iiofisi zikarhulumente zabakhuseli zingamaqumrhu karhulumente, basenokujamelana nengcinezelo kubamisi-mthetho okanye abagwebi abangenalwaziyo ukuba balibazise ukulizisa abasebenzi abangafanelekanga.

Impembelelo Yabameli Bakawonke - wonke Kutshintsho Lobulungisa Olwesaphula Umthetho

Ngaphandle kwale miqobo, abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke bebephambili kutshintsho olukhulu kwinkqubo yobulungisa. Amava abo asemhlabeni abenza baqonde apho inkqubo ingaphumeleli kakhulu, kwaye abaninzi basebenzisa olo lwazi ukuxhasa utshintsho.

Ukunciphisa Iinkolelo Eziphosakeleyo

Abantu abangenatyala babanjwa nyaka ngamnye. Ngokufuthi ngenxa yokubonwa kwamehlo okuphosakeleyo, ukuvunywa kwezobuxoki, okanye ubungqina obungachananga. Abakhuseli boluntu abanalo ixesha kunye nobuncwane bokuvavanya le mibandela baye banceda ukukhupha amakhulu abantu abagwetywe ngokuphosakeleyo ngemiqathango, iityala, kunye nokufumana isiqinisekiso seposi. Iprojekthi yeInnocence ibhale ngaphezu kwama-35] i-DNATR, ezininzi zazo zifunyenwe ngamagqwetha afumana ubungqina obuthi nabatshutshisi abaphumi okanye abagxeli bephumile.

Ukukhuthaza Ezinye Iindlela Zokuhamba

Abakhuseli boluntu ngokubanzi baxhasa iinkqubo zokuzilibazisa, iinkundla zempilo yengqondo, iinkundla zeziyobisi, nezinye iindlela ezithetha ngokuvala ityala kunokuba zivale abantu. Ngokucela unyango endaweni yezigwebo zentolongo, abakhuseli banceda ekunciphiseni ukuncitshiswa kwemali nokulondolozwa kwerhafu. Ezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kwinani eliphantsi, abaphuli-mthetho abangenabundlobongela abanokutshayelelwa kwinkqubo yokuthunjwa kwabantu iminyaka emininzi.

Ukucel ’ Umngeni Imikhwa Engekho Mthethweni

Abakhuseli boluntu ngokubanzi baye banegalelo ekubhencani nasekuceleni uqheliselo olungekho mthethweni olufana neentolongo ezinetyala (apho abantu bafakwa khona ngemali ehlawulwayo okanye ngemali), iinkqubo zebheyile zemali ezohlwaya ubuhlwempu, nokusetyenziswa kwabaphathi bendlu yasentolongweni abanikela ubungqina bobuxoki. Ukumangalelwa kwamaqela eenkonzo eziziswa yimibutho yabakhuseli kawonke-wonke kuye kwakhokelela kwimiyalelo yenkundla efuna ukuphucula iinkqubo zokuzikhusela, njengoko kwenzekayo .HURRight-Haright v. State of New York[[FLD:1]

Ukwazisa uluntu

Ngengxelo, udliwano-ndlebe, namaphulo okufumana inkxaso-mali, abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke, bafundisa uwonke-wonke kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ngezinto ezikhoyo kwinkqubo. Bazisa ingqalelo kwisibakala sokuba iUnited States izalathiso zingaphezulu kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe, kwaye inani elothusayo labo bavalelweyo ngabavalelwe phambi kwenkundla abangazange bagwetyelwe naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuququzelela utshintsho olufana nebheilmecrand, ukukhutshwa kwetyala lomgangatho ophantsi, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemali yenkonzo zokhuselo.

Isiphelo

Abakhuseli boluntu bangaphezulu kakhulu kunamagqwetha athenjiweyo karhulumente; bangabagcini-mGaqo-siseko ababalulekileyo besithembiso sokuba bonke abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho bafanele babe nethuba elifanelekileyo lokuzikhusela. Basebenza phantsi kweemeko eziya kuba azikho kulo nawuphi na omnye umsebenzi, kwaye ziyakwaphula iimeko zokuthwalwa kwetyala, oovimba abancinane, kunye noxinezeleko lweemvakalelo olungapheliyo, kwaye ziyaqhubeka zilwela abaxhasi bazo imihla ngemihla. Ubukho bazo enkantolo bumele bubeke ityala eligqithisileyo, bubhebhebhebhethe ukungabikho kokusesikweni, kwaye buxhasa umgaqo wokuba akukho mntu ofanele agwetywe ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunamandla. Ukuba inkqubo yokugweba ilungele iinjongo zayo, kufuneka iqhubeke ngakumbi kunenkonzo yomlomo kwisiluleko esifanelekileyo. Kufuneka inikele ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko, ukuxhasa okufanelekileyo, ukuxhasa, ukuxhasa nokuxhasa omnye umntu osebenza nowenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo.