Ukwazisa Kwimithathu Ephindwe kabini

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini umi njengesiseko somgaqo wezolwaphulo-mthetho kulawulo oluqhelekileyo lomthetho, odume kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kwiSichibiyelo sesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States: “Kwaye nawuphi na umntu akasayi kubekwa esichengeni esifanayo kabini sobomi okanye ilungu.” Emongweni wayo, le mfundiso ithintela urhulumente ukuba angamvavanyi izihlandlo ezininzi umntu ngesenzo esinye solwaphulo-mthetho emva kokuvalelwa okanye ukunyaniswa kwetyala elinye, kwaye iyalela isohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yetyala elinye. Kodwa umthetho ukude kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obungaphaya kwezityholo ezininzi, ukumangalelwa okwahlukeneyo, okanye ukuncitshiswa kwemibango ezahlukeneyo, okanye ukuncitshiswa kwemibuzo ecacileyo malunga nalapho umdaniso ophindiweyo ukho, kwaye indlela enokuthi isetyenziswe ngayo imo ecacileyo ekuxhaseni iingxelo ezintsha.

Ukuqonda ezi nkcukacha kugxeka amagqwetha akhuselayo, abatshutshisi, kunye nabagwebi ngokufanayo. Ukudibana kokhuseleko oluphindiweyo kunye nobungqina obuphinda-phindiweyo kubandakanya kungekuphela nje imfundiso yezomGaqo-siseko kodwa kwanotoliko olusemthethweni, umthetho we-estonel estompli, kunye nezona zinto zisebenzayo zophando oluninzi lokugwetywa kwemiqathango. Eli nqaku lihlola ukulawula kwesiseko somthetho ukubeka ingozi kabini, iindinyana eziqwalaselwayo ezivumela ubungqina ukuba bahluzene okanye basetyenziswe, kunye nemizekelo engundoqo ekwabini namhlanje.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nenjongo

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini asingomthetho wobugcisa nje; buquka okusesikweni okusisiseko. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. baqonda ukuba amandla omlawuli okuzisela amatyala ngokuphindaphindiweyo angasetyenziswa ukukhathaza, ukukruqula, kwaye ekugqibeleni abeke ityala lomntu omsulwa. Ngokuphinda uthathe uvavanyo emva kwesigqibo sokugqibela, lo mgaqo ukhusela abantu ngokweemvakalelo nakwezemali ekuxanduvani okungapheliyo, ulondoloza umlinganiselo wokugqibela wemigwebo, kwaye uthintela urhulumente ukuba angabe “ukutyiwa okwesibini e-apu" xa ungakwazi ukungqina imeko yakhe yokuqala.

INkundla yeNkundla iphinde yaqinisekisa ukuba imposiso ephindwe kabini idibene xa iavalthi ibekwa kwindawo yolawulo kwaye ifunghiwe, okanye xa ingqina lokuqala lifungwwa ekuvavanyweni kwebhentshi. Xa imposiso yokuqala idibene, ummangalelwa angazanywa kanye ngenxa yetyala elinye. Noko ke, ingcaciso ye- “lo tyala” ibingumbandela welixanduva olubanzi. Isifungo se-imburg , esisuka kuvavanyo olusuka [[FLT:]], ku-'unqathelo oluthile. [iiiiindlela] i-fltburg.[5] isenokuqwalaselwa kwityala elohlukeneyo. Ukuba ityala ngalinye linjalo, ngoko ke ngoko ke, i-United States[FLT][5] [i32]) ibuza ukuba ityala ngalinye lifuna ukudityaniswa kwenye. Ukuba zizinto ezidityanizo zombini zifuna iinjongo ezifanayo,

Imahluko Kumgca Ophindwe Kabini

Ngelixesha ingozi ephindwe kabini isisikhuselo esinamandla, inendawo elungileyo emiselweyo. Ezi zimvo zidala isithuba esisemthethweni apho ubungqina obusuka kwityala langaphambili bungasetyenziswa kwakhona kwinkqubela elandelayo ngaphandle kokwaphula umGaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda umahluko ngamnye kubalulekile ukuvavanya ukuba bungathwalwa nini kwaye njani ubungqina obunokuthwalwa phezu kwenye imeko ukuya kwenye.

Imfundiso Yabalawuli Abahlukeneyo

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kumahluko yimfundiso yeendawo eziphakamileyo ezihlukeneyo , maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo wolawulo olubini. Ngaphantsi kwalo mthetho, umntu angamangalelwa yimeko yorhulumente kunye norhulumente wezolwaphulo-mthetho ezifanayo kuba ngamnye ungowodwa owenziwe ngemithetho yakhe nezilangazelelo. Ngenxa yokuba ingozi ezibini zibophelele ityala lesibini ngumlawuli omnye, ubungqina obufunyenweyo kwityala lorhulumente bungasetyenziswa kwityala lorhulumente (okanye ityala eligqwethekileyo) ngaphandle kokwaphula umthetho neentshukumisa zakhe.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa ukhululwe ekuphangweni kwinkundla yephondo, urhulumente wesizwe usenokumangalela ummangalelwa omnye ngokuphanga ngezixhobo ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lukwaphula umthetho karhulumente (umz., luye lwenzeka kwipropati yorhulumente okanye lubandakanyeke kwilungelo likarhulumente elikhuselweyo. Bonke ubungqina obaziswayo kwityala le-Rommental “‘ iingxelo, ubungqina obungqinayo, uhlalutyo lweDNAN----agnome-ac, lungavunywa kwityala likarhulumente, ukuba lunokudibana nemithetho ecacileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa le mfundiso v. United States[FLT:] [2010]) [2010] ithetha ukuba ulawulo oluphindiweyo luhlala lulungile. Uluvo lwaphawula ukuba ukugcinywa okuphindwe kabini komthetho ngokwalo “kubhekisela kwimithetho e-"”

Ukubuyiselwa Kwalo Emva Kokwenziwa Kwetyala

Enye into engaqhelekanga ivela xa ityala liphela kwityala eliphosakeleyo. Ukuba abachopheli-tyala abasiphumeleli ukufikelela kwisigqibo (isigqeba esixhonyiweyo), ityala lingamcimela ummangalelwa kwizityholo ezifanayo. Kwelo tyala lesibini, bonke ubungqina obuvela kwityala lokuqala bungacacanga, buxhomekeke kwimithetho eqhelekileyo ecacileyo. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ityala eliphosakeleyo livakaliswa ngenxa yokuba kuyimfuneko (ukubekwa kwetyala elifileyo), impazamo ye-avtific jart, okanye ityala elingalunganga lommangalelwa-* urhulumente angalilungisa kwakhona elo tyala. Ubungqina obuvela kwityala lokuqala eliye lalahlwayo busenokufumaneka ngenxa yokuba umgwebo okokugqibela we-Arvex okanye isiqinisekiso singene.

Umlinganiselo ongundoqo ngowokuba uvavanyo oluphosakeleyo kufuneka lunikwe ngenxa yezizathu ezingangqinelaniyo nokufikelela. Ukuba umtshutshisi ngabom ubangela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwetyala ukuze afumane uncedo, umngcipheko ophindiweyo ungavala uvavanyo kwakhona ngokupheleleyo. Oku kukuthi ukubamba orgon v. Kennedy [19982], okumisela ummangalelwa umkhalazi: makabonise ukuba ummangalelwa uzimisele ukurhoxisa ummangaleli ukuze ashukumise ityala.

Iinkolelo Nezibheno Ezigciniweyo

Xa ummangalelwa ebhenela ngokunempumelelo kwisiqinisekiso, urhulumente uvunyelwa jikelele ukuba aphinde azame ummangalelwa kwityala elifanayo. Ukunyanzeliswa kuyasuswa, yaye ityala libuyela kwinqanaba lokuvavanya. Ubungqina obusuka kwityala lokuqala bungabonwa kwityala elitsha, buphantsi kwaso nasiphi na isibheno esinokuthi sikhuphe ubungqina obuthile. Noko ke, ukuba iziphumo zesibheno zomgwebo wokugweba (kuba ubungqina babunganele ngokusemthethweni), ityala eliphindiweyo lineentambo eziphinda-phindeneyo, kwaye ubungqina abunakuphinda busetyenziswe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Burs. United States[FLT] v[FLT1] [17] [17] [17])) yenziwe ngokucacileyo okokuba ukubuyiselwa kobuphindo-buphindolo lobungangenisi.

Ukuphinda Ubungqina Ekuqhubekeni Kwabo Bahlukeneyo Ngolwaphulo - mthetho Olwahlukileyo

Kwanaxa umlawuli omnye ebandakanyekile, ubungqina obuvela kwelinye icala bungasetyenziswa rhoqo kwelinye icala ukuba imeko yesibini ibandakanya ityala elingalinganiyo. Uvavanyo lwe Blockburger lugqiba ukuba izityholo ezimbini ziyafana okanye zahlukile. Ukuba zahlukile, urhulumente angazimangalela ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye aphinde asebenzise ubungqina.

Ngokomzekelo, qwalasela ummangalelwa omangalelwe ngokuphanga ngezixhobo nangokuba nezixhobo ezingekho mthethweni ngexesha lokuphanga. Phantsi kweBlockburger, ezi zityala ezifanayo ukuba ukuphanga sele kubandakanya ipatroli yemipu, kodwa imimandla emininzi iziphatha ngokwahlukeneyo ukuba nganye ifuna ubungqina belungu elinye alingabufuni. Ukuba umgwebi ugweba ummangalelwa oxhobileyo kodwa kamva ummangalelwa uyaqhubeka ekubanjweni kompu, ubungqina obunye nobungqinelana nobungamangalelwa ekumangalelweni ngetyala lobuphangi bungabuyiselwa kwityala. Ummangalelwa akanakuvuma ukuba ugwetyelwe ngokuphindwe kabini ngenxa yokuba isityholo sompu siso solunye ulwaphulo-mthetho, nangona ityala lomthetho owenzileyo kamva lukho.

I-Colletaral Estomal Kumatyala Olwaphulo-mthetho

Umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wokuphinda usetyenziswe kobungqina kwiimvavanyo ezohlukeneyo yimfundiso ye- colteral estoppel (eyaziwa ngokuba yimbambano yangaphambi koshicilelo). Nokuba izityholo ezimbini zityala ezohlukeneyo, imbambano yenyani eyathi yagqitywa ngokwenene kwaye ngokuyimfuneko ngabagwebi kwinkundla engaphambili ayinakuphinda ibekwe ityala elilandelayo. Umzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa uhlawulwa uhlawulwa ngokubulala ngenxa yokuba ummangaleli wetyala akafumani ukuba ummangaleli-tyala, urhulumente kamva akanakummangalelwa omnye ngenxa yokuphanga kwingcamango yokuba wayengumkhuseli wetyala.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka isicelo sokumelanisa i-estolel estomal kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho Ashe v. Setson (1970). Ngelo xesha, ummangalelwa wavavanywa ukuba omnye wabadlali abathandathu bepoker, kodwa ijaji ingenatyala, ifumanise ukuba akangomnye wabaphangi. Urhulumente ngoko wamzama ukuba aphange omnye umdlali wepoker kwisiganeko esinye. Inkundla yaba netyala lokuba ityala lesibini livalelwe ngenxa yokuba umbango wesibini uphelisiwe. Ubungqina obuvela kwityala lokuqala abunakuphinda ubekwe kwityala lesibini ukuya kwimbambano.

Colleteral estoppel ingasisixhobo esinamandla kubamangalelwa, kodwa kufuneka uhlalutyo locoselelo lwesigqibo sabachopheli-tyala. Ukuba akunakwenzeka ukugqiba ukuba ziziphi izibakala ezagqitywe ngabachopheli-tyala, imfundiso ayinakusebenza. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente ngamanye amaxesha angalungiselela izityholo ukuze aphephe ukubekwa kwemiqathango ngokuvavanya ngokuququzelela ukuze isigqibo sokuqala singagqibi gqiba nayiphi na into ebalulekileyo kwisityholo sesibini.

Izicelo ezisebenzisekayo zolawulo lobungqina

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nabatshutshisi kusoloko kuqokelela ubungqina obunokuthanani nolwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi. Iisampuli zeDNA, iirekhodi zemfonomfono, amaxwebhu emali, kunye nokuchophela iziphumo zovavanyo ezilandelelanayo phantsi kwenkcazelo eyahlukeneyo esemthethweni, lo gama nje ingozi ephindwe kabini okanye i-estomple equaner ingasithinteli ityala lesibini. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kobungqina kuxhomekeke kwimithetho eqhelekileyo yobungqina kunye nemithetho yetsheyina elibuxokelelwa-chethe. Ukuba ubungqina buye bafunyanwa ngesiqinisekiso sokuphengulula kamva esiye salahlwa, okanye ukuba sonakaliswa kukuchasana komgaqo-siseko ekuvavaneni kokuqala, kusenokuvalwa ityala kwesibini ngokufanayo.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ukuvunywa kwezono okunyanzelekileyo kwetyala lokuqala kwasetyenziswa ukufumana isiqinisekiso esaguqulwayo kamva, ukuvuma izono kungangenzeki ukuba ingxingo enyanzelekileyo ayinyangwa. Okanye, ukuba ityala lokuqala laphela ngokugwetywa kuba umthetho wokukhulula uthintele ubungqina, urhulumente akanakububuyisela kwakhona ubungqina obunye kwityala lamva lolwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukileyo ukuba isiseko sokuzikhulula sihleli. Le miba ifuna ukulungelelaniswa ngokucoselekileyo phakathi kwabatshutshisi nabacuphi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina bufumaneke ngokusemthethweni kwaye bugcinwe ukuba bonke ubusetyenziswa.

Iziganeko Eziphambili Nempembelelo Yazo

Izigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zichaphazele imida yengozi ephindwe kabini kunye nobungqina kwakhona. Ngapha koko zikhankanyiweyo, United States v. Dixon (1993) lityala eliphawula iziganeko ezicacisa ukuba amatyala amabini ayafana na. EDexon, iNkundla yabamba ukuba uvavanyo lweziqalelo zeBlockburg lukuphela kovavanyo lovavanyo oluchaphazelekayo, ukugatya uvavanyo olubanzi “lonke uvavanyo”. Esi sigqibo sivumela abatshutshisi ukuba bazise izityholo ezininzi ukusuka kwisaphuli-mthetho esinye esisebenza ixesha elide xa singenalo elinye elinye. Ngokwesiphumo, uvavanyo olusuka kwityala elinye lungaphinda lusetyenziswe ekuvavaneni kwetyala olwahlukileyo olulandelayo oludityaniswe kwi-Cembunerburg.

Elinye ityala elibalulekileyo lingu Hudson v. United States (1997), eyayithetha ngomahluko phakathi kwemigwebo yolwaphulo-mthetho neyoluntu. INkundla yathi umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awusibambi isohlwayo sesibini semali emva kwetyala lesaphuli-mthetho, nokuba isohlwayo sisekelwe kwihambo efanayo, kuba isigwebo samakhaya asibangelwa “kungxengxengezwa" ngenxa yengozi ephindwe kabini. Ubungqina obuvela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho bungasetyenziswa kwakhona kwimithetho yamakhaya. Lo mgaqo uneziphumo ezingundoqo zokuphulukana nemali, ukunyanzeleka, ukuhlazisa, kunye nengqeqesho yobugcisa, kunye nobungqina obuvela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho oludla ngokuvela kwityala lobugqeqeqeshi.

Imeko ye [[FLT: 0] Grady v. Corbin[FL:1] (1990) ekuqaleni yamkela “ihambo” yovavanyo olubanzi, kodwa yalawula iminyaka emithathu kuphela kamva Dixon. Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lomthetho lubalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuhlala ngokuhambisana nomzekelo xa uceba indlela yokusebenzisa ubungqina ngaphaya kwemvavanyo ezininzi. Ukhuselo lwamagqwetha kufuneka lukulungele ukuvavanya ukuphinda usebenzise ubungqina kwimiqathango ephindwe kabini kunye ne-evaleeeemail, ngexa abatshutshisi kufuneka benze izityholo zabo ukuphepha i-preclius.

Iimbono Zehlabathi Nekamva

Imigaqo ephindwe kabini yemigaqo yomngcipheko yahluka kakhulu kwiinkqubo zomthetho. KuManyano eUnited Kingdom, iCriminal Justice Act yadala umahluko olinganiselweyo wokuvumela ukuqulunqwa kwetyala elinzulu xa “butsha nobunyanzelisayo” buvela, nasemva kokugwetywa. Oku kukushiya umthetho oqhelekileyo. IConvention on Human Rights iyayithintela ingozi ephindwe kabini phantsi komthetho we- 7, kodwa amazwe amaninzi aye athethana ngokuchasene nomthetho osemthethweni. EUnited States, akukho mahluko jikelele wobungqina obukhoyo emva kokuvunjululwa kokuphela komthetho ogwetyiweyo, nangona amanye amazwe aye acinga ukuba iinguquko zomthetho womthetho. Ukusetyenziswa kobungqina kwiimeko ezinjalo kuzakulawulwa yimithetho engqalileyo.

Ubugcisa bale mihla bokuxilonga iDNA, buye bayenza yaqina impikiswano. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukuba ubungqina obutsha be-DNA bungqineka bunetyala ngokupheleleyo emva kokugwetywa, urhulumente ufanele akwazi ukuphinda aphinde asebenzise ubungqina obudala obusecaleni kobutsha. Abanye baphikisa ukuba uphelo lokugwetywa kufuneka luphelele ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Okwangoku, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ayikabuboni ubungqina obutsha, kwaye ityala eliphindwe kabini lihlala lingumqondiso okufuphi ne-absolute emva komgwebo wokugqibela wokuvala ityala.

Imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo

Ukuze kunikelwe isiluleko sokuzikhusela, ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kobungqina kwakhona kubalulekile ekwakheni iqhinga elibanzi letyala. Ukuba umxhasi ujongene nezityholo kwinkundla yetyala yorhulumente neyorhulumente, okanye ukuba kulindelwe izityholo ezininzi, icebiso kufuneka lilindele ukuba bonke ubungqina obuqokelelwe ekuhloleni bungasetyenziswa kuzo zonke iimvavanyo. Iintshukumo ezikwilimine ngamanye amaxesha zingabukhupha ubungqina obuzakuba yingozi kwenye into nokuba ngaba i-admission esemthethweni isenokusetyenziswa kwenye inkundla, amagqwetha akhusela kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba ingxelo evela kwityala lokuqala ibonisa ngokucacileyo oko kuqinisekiswe kuko.

Kubatshutshisi, isitshixo kukulungisa ngenyameko izityholo zokuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwengozi ephindwe kabini ngeli xesha usenza kucace ixabiso elicacileyo lophendlo olunye. Ukufuna ukuqinisekiswa kwityala elincinane kuqala, ngoko usebenzisa obo bungqina bunye ukuzama ukuchophela okukhulu, kusenokungavunyelwa ukuba ezi zityholo zithathwa njengetyala elinye phantsi koMnqami we-Blockburger. Indlela engcono kukuzisa zonke izityholo ezikhoyo kanye, okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba ityala ngalinye linento eyahlukileyo. Xa abaphathi abahlukeneyo bebandakanyekile, umanyano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente nabatshutshisi borhulumente lungavumela ubungqina ukuba buhambele phambili kwelinye icala, kodwa ukhathalelo kufuneka luthatyathwe ukuze luphephe ukukhutyelwa okunokuthi kukhokelela kwi-injini exel-smal-emple.

Isiphelo

Ingozi ephindwe kabini ikhusela abantu ekucinezelweni kwetyala eliphindaphindiweyo, kodwa asiyomqobo opheleleyo ekusebenziseni ubungqina kwakhona kuzo zonke iimeko. Imfundiso eyahlukileyo, uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwetyala elhlukeneyo, ukukwazi ukuphinda ulwenze emva kokuphosa okanye ukubhena, kwaye imida yokuvavanya i-eccel egcijileyo yenza zonke iindlela ezisemthethweni kubatshutshisi abasebenzi abaqokeleli beminye. [FLT: FF: [[FF:]] njengendlela ebonwa ku-[FLT:] [FLT] [12]] [[FLT]] [2] [2] [FLT] [3] [iiiiiiindlela] elungileyo yokukhusela, iqinisekisa ukuba kufumane ukhuseleko olupheleleyo, kwaye i-FLT] inceda i-emperectsting. [FLT] kunye nolupt .[FFlms.[FLT] [igne .[6] [iglavelv] [irl] [iced , izibone

Ulungelelwano olubethwa yimiqathango ephindwe kabini luchasa ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yokugweba kunye nelungelo lomntu lokukhululeka ekuhlukunyezweni. Njengokuba uphando lwenzululwazi kunye nophando oluninzi lwezigwebo luguqula, ngokufanayo nemibuzo emalunga nokuba ubungqina bungaphi na obunokuphinda busetyenziswe. Kodwa umthetho ongundoqo uhlala: xa umntu eye wavavanywa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye wafumana umgwebo wokugqibela, imeko mayiyamkele loo ziphumo //ngaphandle kokuba isebenza inyani ebhaqwayo. Kuzo festile zixinene, ubungqina obuncinane obusuka kwimeko entsha.