Ukwazisa: Isiseko Soluntu Olulungelelanisiweyo

Ukugcinwa komthetho kuyinto enye yemiqathango ebalulekileyo yempucuko yanamhlanje. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo enikezelwe ekunyanzeleni imithetho, ekukhuseleni abemi, nasekusekeleni okusesikweni, ibutho labantu lingabangela isiphithiphithi. Kwanaloo ngcamango yomthetho ixhomekeke kumalungiselelo anokusebenzisa ngokungakhethiyo imimiselo, iphande ukwaphula umthetho, kwaye ibangele ukuba abantu baphendule. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima eninzi yokugcinwa komthetho, indaleko yalo, isiseko sembali, iziphumo zentelekelelo, iziphumo ezithethsa-ncopho, iingxaki eziqhubekayo, kunye nendlela engaphambili. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu ayibalulekanga abafundi bembali kunye nezifundo zentlalo kodwa nakunye abahlali bengenelwa kwintlalo kodwa nakuhlala elungileyo.

Umthetho onyanzelisayo uqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuba umgaqo omiselwe liqumrhu lomthetho. Oku kuthobela akuyonto nje yokohlwaya; kungokokwakha imekobume apho abantu banokuhlala khona, basebenze khona, kwaye baqhubeke bengenaloyiko lokubekwa okanye ukuphazamiseka. Ukubekwa komthetho kuxhomekeke ekuthembekeni kwabantu, kwaye oko kuthemba kwakheke ngokuziphendulela, ngokucace gcaba, nangempumelelo. Kumacandelo alandelayo, sixinga kwimisebenzi ethile, iingcambu zembali, kunye nezenzo ezilawulayo ezichaza ukugcinwa komthetho namhlanje.

Indima Yokunyanzeliswa Komthetho Ebuthweni

Amagosa agunyazisa imithetho enza uludwe olubanzi lwemisebenzi enokuthi ihlanganiswe ibe yimisebenzi emithathu engundoqo: ukuthintelwa nokuthintelwa, ukuphanda nokuxhalaba, ukulungiswa kocwangco kunye nokudityaniswa kwebutho labantu. Umsebenzi ngamnye unegalelo kusukelo olugqithisileyo lokulondoloza ukhuseleko loluntu nokuphakamisa umthetho.

Ukukhusela Ulwaphulo-mthetho Nokuphazanyiswa

Uphando oluqhelekileyo lubonisa ukuba ubukho bomthetho obubonakalayo kwiindawo eziphezulu ezixhobisa ityala. Noko ke, iindlela zale mihla zigxininisa ukuba ukuthintela kusebenze kakuhle xa kudityaniswe namaqabane anamandla oluntu. Umzekelo, [FLT: 0] abaphathi beenkqubo zoqeqesho abasebenza kakuhle kwimimandla ephezulu, bangabandakanyeka kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, baphawule izinto ezixhalabisayo zobulali, kwaye bavelise izicombululo zokhuseleko. Oku kugxininisa ukuba ukuthintelwa kusebenza kakuhle xa kudityaniswe namaqabane oluntu anamandla. Umzekelo, [[FLT:] abaphathi-mastimunity projective [ iinkqubo zoqeqesho] abasebenza kunye nezikolo zoqeqesho zokusebenza ukuze babandakanye nabahlali bemeko-ntle.

Uphando Neziphako

Xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenzeka, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kumele kuphandwe ngesiganeko, kuqokelelwe ubungqina, kuxelwa iimkelweno, kwaye kubanjwa. Lo msebenzi wophando uxhomekeke kwinzululwazi yezentengiso, udliwano-ndlebe, ubugcisa bokuqwalasela, kunye nohlalutyo logcino-lwazi. Uphando olunempumelelo aluzizisi nje kuphela izaphuli-mthetho kodwa lukwathintela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo ngokunyusa isohlwayo esicingelwayo. [Bureauaute of Justicity Atisticstications[[FLT]] Imilitys ecacileyo yemichiza eyahlukeneyo, inika umlinganiselo oluncedo wokusebenza kwe-ARCUPRC. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inkqubela ekuhlolweni kweDNA nenkqubo yotyando-manani e-octivesss transtyyworkings.

Ukulondolozwa komgaqo-nkqubo kunye nobandakanyeko loluntu

Ngaphandle kokuphendula kwizenzo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kunendima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Oku kuquka ukuphatha izihlwele kwiziganeko, ukucombulula iimbambano, ukusabela kwiimeko zempilo yengqondo, nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwendlela. Igama elithi "ulungiso-zimo zemoto" ladume ngenkqubo "eqhawukileyo" yenkcubeko, ephikisa ukuba iimpawu ezibonakalayo zengxaki `njengezigqubuthelo zemiqadi, ukunxiba kwabantu, kunye nobundlavila-mali", zikhuthaza ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu oluthiweyo ukuba lunganqandwanga. Ngoku ke kugxininisa ukuba isimilo sinone, ukuphatha imbeko, ukunikela ilizwi, nokulungisa izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Xa amapolisa eqhubana nokuthemba, oko kunyuswa kolwaphulo-lwazi nolwanolwano.

Ingxelo Engokwembali Yomthetho

Ukuqonda le mbali kusinceda siqonde iinkalo ezikhoyo nokuqhubeka sixambulisana.

Imvelaphi Yamandulo Neyamandulo

Impucuko yamandulo enjengeYiputa yamandulo, iMesopotamia, neTshayina yamisa amagosa ukuba anyanzelise imimiselo yobukumkani kunye nocwangco lukawonke-wonke. KwiRoma yamandulo, i- ivigiles zasebenza njengabacimi bomlilo nabalindi basebusuku, abaphambili kumsebenzi wobupolisa obukhethekileyo. Ngexesha lamaxesha aphakathi eYurophu, inkqubo "yezinto zobuzwilakhe" kunye no"ukulila" kwafuneka ukuba abantu basebenze ngokwabo ngokwabo. Iofisi yokuzimela i-ofisi yomthetho yavela, nangona yayingahlawulwa kwaye ingancediswanga ekulawuleni ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuzalwa Kwepolitiki Yanamhlanje

Ithuba elizinzileyo lokunyanzeliswa komthetho wangoku lafika ngo1829 ngokusekwa kweNkonzo yamaPolisa eMetropolitan eLondon nguMhlekazi uRobert Peel. Imigaqo yePeel ``iquka amapolisa ukuba afana nabemi, ukusebenzisa amandla ancinane, kwaye kuxhomekeke kwimvume kawonke-wonke . Imodeli yeLondon yasasazeka eUnited States, apho izixeko ezifana neBoston neNew York zayila imikhosi yazo. Noko ke, ekuqaleni amapolisa aseMelika ayesonakele, ngokwezobupolitika, kunye nenkohlakalo, ingakumbi ekunyanzelweni kwawo ngamakhoboka esizwe, kwaye kamva ngemithetho kaJim Crow.

Utshintsho Lwenkulungwane Yama - 20

Ukuhambelana kobuchule kwasekuqaleni kowe-1900 kwafuna ukususa ezopolitiko kwimithetho yobupolisa ngomyalelo ophakathi, ingqeqesho yomkhosi, kunye nokuthembela kubugcisa (iinqwelo-mafutha ezinomtsalane, oonomathotholo, njl.). Kodwa lo mzekelo wadala umgama phakathi kwamapolisa kunye noluntu, okhokelela ekuphakameni kwenkxwaleko kunye nobunzima. Ii1970 zabona ukungalawuleki kwabemi, okuxhobisa ukunyuka kwemithetho yamapolisa kunye nophuhliso lwengxaki ye-opolitiki (POP). Isiba seNKriteji yeN kweNtlunxa-Orients Polist [ ichaza i-POP njengendlela ebandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuphuhlisa izimvo eziqhelekileyo. Ukususela konyaka wowe-19909, ubungqina obusekelwe kwi-omatilathi, inkxaso ye-operative, ingeniso engqine yeminye yemienzaniso engqimini yophando engqibileyo.

Izixhobo zesakhelo ezisetyenziswayo

Iinkqubo eziliqela zengcamango zikhokela indlela abameli bomthetho abasebenza ngayo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kunceda ukuchaza umahluko kwimiqathango neziphumo.

UMthetho weSizwe

Ubuchule bobupolisa boluntu bugxininisa unxulumano phakathi kwamapolisa nabemi ukucombulula iingcambu zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kubandakanya ukuthomalalisa, ukuzilawula, kunye nokukhuthaza. Intanda-bulumko ithi ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke luyimbopheleleko eyahlulwe kunye. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba amapolisa oluntu anokuphucula ulwaneliseko nokuqonda ukuba amapolisa asemthethweni, nangona iziphumo zawo ekuncitshisweni kolwaphulo-mthetho zithe shwaka.

Inkcubeko eBalulekileyo (POP)

POP itshintsha iliso kwiziganeko ukuya kwiengxaki ezikhoyo. Abaphathi-mikhosi basebenzisa imodeli ye-SARA (uhlolo, uhlalutyo, ukuphendula, ukuxilonga) ukusingatha iziphumo ezicwangcisiweyo ezifana neemarike zeziyobisi okanye ubusela bezithuthi. i-POP iboniswe ukucutha ulwaphulo-mthetho kwiindawo ezijoliswe kuzo; ukuxilongwa kwe-meta-junication yeCampbell Colbantium efunyenwe ziziphumo ezithe cala. Ifuna uqeqesho ekuhlalutyeni ugcino-data kunye nengxaki yokuyila.

Ukwandiswa Kweqanda kunye Nefestile ezophukileyo

Umthetho wokwahlula izilwanyana, ophenjelelwa yingcamango yokwaphuka kweefestile, ubandakanya ukunyanzeliswa kolwaphulo-mthetho oluncinci. Abaxhasi baluphikisayo lunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu ngokunika imiqondiso yokuba isiphithiphithi asizukunyanyekelwa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba lukhokelela kukwahlukana kweentlanga, ukuvalelwa kwabantu, kunye nokklunyezwano lwamapolisa. Ukusetyenziswa kweSebe lamapolisa laseNew York ekumiseni ukuyeka nokuzimela phantsi kwale ndlela kuye kwawiswa umthetho othe ngqo. Uninzi lwamaziko luye lwafuduka lude lungahambi nolwanolwano olunogonyamelo lusiya kwimimiselo olulungeleleneentlobo.

Impembelelo Yomthetho Kubantu

Ukugcinwa komthetho okunempumelelo kunemiphumo enzulu kukhuseleko, ukuthembana, nomgangatho wobomi.

Ukunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho nokhuseleko loluntu

Ubukho obunamandla bamapolisa bungaluthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho, ingakumbi amatyala empahla. Uphando olusebenzisa i-quasi-emperiances, njengeMinneapolis Hot Spots Patrol Uvavanyo, lufumanise ukuba ukuqwalasela ulwaphulo-mthetho kwiindawo ezishushu kunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokushenxiswa okukhulu. Icandelo lesizwe leJaji liyaqhubeka lixhasa uphando kwimingxube yamabala ashushu. Noko ke, iziphumo kulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo zixubene kakhulu, kwaye ezinye iindlela `ukubanjwa okuzimo ezithelelayo kwetyala ezincinane].

Ukukholosa Nokusesikweni Kwemveli

Ukuthemba ukugcinwa komthetho likomkhulu elibalulekileyo lentlalo. Ingcamango yokugweba ngokwesithethe ingqina ukuba abantu basengozini yokuthobela umthetho yaye basebenzisane namapolisa xa bebona le nkqubo ifanelekileyo. Iziqalelo ezine eziphambili lilizwi, ubundilele, intlonelo, kunye nokuthembeka. Amagosa oqeqesho kwimicimbi yobulungisa yenkcubeko abona intsebenziswano ephuculiweyo yabemi kunye nenani eliphantsi kwezikhalazo. Ukwakha ukuthembana kubaluleke ngakumbi kuluntu oluncinane oluye lwafumana imicimbi enyanini naphantsi kwemigaqo-mthetho.

Isisombululo esichaseneyo kunye neenkonzo zentlalo

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwangoku kusebenza ngokuqhubekayo njengomntu wokuqala ophendula kwiingxaki zempilo yengqondo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, kunye nokungabinamakhaya. Amasebe amaninzi ngoku asebenzisana nabasebenzi bokunceda abantu kwi-Custervention Atting (CIT) okanye imodeli encedisanayo. Ezi nkqubo zinciphisa ukubanjwa kwabantu abagula ngengqondo kunye neziphumo eziphuculiweyo. Súbiance Abusedism kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zezempilo zeMental zinika imigaqo-sikhokelo yomanyano olunjalo. Xa amapolisa enxibelelana abantu kwiinkonzo kunokuba akhusele intolongo, impilo yoluntu iphucule nokungaphicoceki.

Ucelomngeni Olujamelene Nokunyanzelwa Komthetho

Phezu kwayo nje indima yayo ebalulekileyo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kujamelana nemiqobo enzulu enokudodobalisa ukusebenza nokufaneleka kwawo.

Ukungaqiniseki Kwabantu Bonke Nokuthemba

Iziganeko eziphezulu zogonyamelo lwamapolisa, ingakumbi ngokuchasene nabantu abanombala, baye balonakalisa ukuthembana kwabantu. Iingxelo zibonisa izithuba ezibanzi zobuhlanga ekuthembeni amapolisa.

Ukusikelwa kwezibonelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa

Amasebe amaninzi amapolisa asebenza ngoqingqo-mali olungqongqo, ekhokelela ekusebenziseni phantsi kwemisebenzi, izixhobo eziphelelwe lixesha, kunye noqeqesho olulinganiselweyo. I-COVID-19 ekhuphisanayo i-operand neengxaki zokuzigcina. Amanye amasebe aphendule ngezixhobo ezizizo ezithe ngqo kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni yokubiza okungeyomfuneko, ukukhulula abaphathi abafungelwe ukulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, ukusoloko uphantsi kokuzinzisa kungayekelela ukukwazi ukunikezela ngoqeqesho olwaneleyo ekupheliseni ukuhlaziywa, ukuchasana, ukuqwalazela, nokusabela kwempilo.

Ukusetyenziswa komkhosi nokuphendula

Ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwamapolisa kuselucelomngeni olukhulu. Ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kokusetyenziswa kweekhamera zomzimba, iinkqubo zokulumkisa, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kwemigaqo-nkqubo yolungiso kunyanzelekile ngabaxhasi botshintsho. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi-Bureau of Justice Statistics lubonisa ukuba uninzi lwamapolisa aqhagamshelana nabantu abangekho semthethweni alubandakanyekanga, kodwa xa kusetyenziswa ngamandla, kukho umahluko ocacileyo wobuhlanga. Amagosa owesizwe kunye neebhodi zohlolo-hlolo lwasekuhlaleni axhase ngokuhambelana. Ucelomngeni lukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lwamapolisa nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke kunye namalungelo abantu.

Impilo yengqondo nobugosa

Amapolisa axinezelekile, axinezeleke kakhulu yaye adinwe kakhulu engqondweni nasemzimbeni.

Ukunyanzelwa koMthetho namalungelo asekuhlaleni

Ukusetyenziswa komthetho bekusoloko kukhusela amalungelo yaye kubangela ukuxhatshazwa.

Ukungekho Sikweni Kwimbali

EUnited States, ukugada kwamakhoboka kwakuyintlobo zomthetho ezinyanzelisa ukuthotywa kobuhlanga. Ngexesha leNtlanganiso yamaLungelo yaBantu, amapolisa eMzantsi alwa ngokukhutheleyo aphelisa ukuqhankqalaza koxolo. USelma "Blody Sunday" ngumzekelo ocacileyo. Ungenelelo lomanyano ngoMthetho wamaLungelo kunye nemithetho egunya kamva ejolise ekulungiseni imisebenzi yamapolisa. Noko ke, ukwahlukana kobuhlanga ekuzinzeni, ukuphendla, ukuvalela, nokusebenzisa umkhosi, njengoko kungqinwe zizifundo ezininzi kunye nophando lweziko lwendlela-Jaji.

Imiyalelo Neenguqu Ezingavunyelwanga

IDOJ isebenzise imimiselo evumela utshintsho kumasebe amapolisa aneengxaki, njengalawo aseLos Angeles, Ferguson, naseChicago. Ezi zivumelwano zisoloko zigunyazisa iinkqubo ezintsha zokusetyenziswa komkhosi, amapolisa asekelwe kwikhethe, ukudityaniswa koluntu, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi. Uvavanyo lubonisa iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo; ukuthobela ixesha elide kunye nokutshintsha kwenkcubeko kunzima ukukuxhasa. Noko ke, imigaqo yokuvuma ikhokelele kwinkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni nasekuphenduleleni amasebe amaninzi.

Ikhamera yomzimba kunye nokubonakala kwelinye icala

Iikhamera zomzimba zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengesixhobo sokuziphendulela nokubonisa. Uphando lubonisa ukuba banciphisa izikhalazo ngokuchasene nabaphathi kunye nokusetyenziswa komkhosi weziganeko kwezinye iimeko kodwa iziphumo zahluka. Isitshixo kukufumana iinkqubo ezicacileyo xa iikhamera kufuneka zibe khona, indlela ezigcinwa ngayo kwaye zihlolisiswe ngayo, nendlela uwonke-wonke onokuzifikelela ngayo. Iikhamera aziyo i-pancacace", kufuneka zibe yinxalenye yokuzinikela okubanzi kwimithetho kunye nolawulo.

Ikamva Lokunyanzelwa Komthetho

Xa ukhangela phambili, izinto eziliqela ziya kuchaphazela indlela okusebenza ngayo ukugcinwa komthetho kumashumi eminyaka azayo.

Ukhupho-siseko sobuxhakaxhaka kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha

Ubukrelekrele obuye baqikelelwa, ubuchule bokuyila, ukuqwalaselwa kobuso, ii-drones, kunye namaziko okwenene olwaphulo-mthetho anika izixhobo ezintsha zokusebenza nokuthintela. Noko ke, ezi tekikiniki ziphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngemigaqo-siseko enzulu malunga nokuzimela, ikhethe, kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Umzekelo, amanani angaphambili amapolisa agxekwe ngokuqhubekisela phambili iingcinga-zembali. Amagosa omthetho kufuneka athathe izicwangciso ezinamandla zokulawula, asebenzise uphicotho-manani, aze abandakanye nowonke-wonke kwizigqibo malunga nobugcisa obutsha.

Unyuso noqeqesho

Kukho ukugxininiswa okukhulayo kobugcisa bokuphelisa uphando, ungenelelo lwentlekele, kunye noqeqesho olusekelwe kwimifanekiso. Injongo kukunciphisa imfuneko yokunyanzeliswa nokuphuculwa kweziphumo kunxulumano oluguqukayo. Iimeko ezininzi zidlulise imithetho efuna ukususwa koqeqesho. I-Escrinice-Application Research Network inika abameli abafumana ubuchule bokwamkela ezona zinto zilungileyo. Uqeqesho lusebenza kakhulu xa lukhatshwa ziinguqu kwimpucuko yentlangano kunye nomsebenzi ozinzisa ingxaki enxulumene nokubanjwa.

ISebe lifumana inkxaso-mali

Ikamva lokunyanzeliswa komthetho libandakanya intsebenziswano enzulu nemibutho yoluntu, iinkonzo zoluntu, kunye namaqumrhu ezempilo kawonke-wonke. Imizekelo exhobisayo kwiminxeba yempilo yengqondo, abasebenzi abasebenza ngokwezentlalo, neenkqubo zolutsha iyakhula. Ingcamango kukuba amapolisa kufuneka abe lilungu elibanzi lemeko yokhuseleko loluntu. Iibhodi zolawulo loluntu noqingqo-mali olunolwahlulo-mali lwamapolisa nazo ziya zifumana igalelo.

Ukubonelela Nokulungisa Iingxoxo

"Intshukumo yamapolisa" exhotyiswe yimibutho yama-2020, ecelwa ukuba ibonelele imali ekhoyo ukusuka kumapolisa ukuya kwiinkonzo zentlalo. Nangona ukuthotywa kwemali kungakhange kwenzeke kwiindawo ezininzi, izixeko ezininzi zitshintshe iimbopheleleko (umz., ukunyanzeliswa kweenqwelo-mafutha, ukusabela kwempilo yengqondo) kumasebe asekuhlaleni. Isiphumo sesi sikho. Okucacileyo kukuba umlinganiselo womthetho wokunyanzelisa kufuneka ubekwe kakuhle kwimisebenzi yawo engundoqo, kwaye ezinye iimpendulo kwimibandela engeyoyoyomfazwe kufuneka zihlolwe.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Ulungelelwano, Okusesikweni Nenkululeko

Ukugcinwa komthetho kuyimfuneko ekulondolozeni ucwangco nokuqinisekisa ukuba kuyavisisana nomthetho. Kodwa ukusebenza kwawo kuxhomekeke ekuthembekeni kwabantu, okufuneka kufumaneke ngokuziphendulela, ngokusesikweni, nangenkonzo yokwenyaniso. Imbali yomsebenzi wobupolisa ifundisa ukuba amandla akhokelela ekuxhatshazweni; utshintsho luyimfuneko ukudibanisa uqheliselo nemigangatho yedemokhrasi. Njengoko ibutho lisenza kubekho, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kulungelelaniswe (ukuqhelisela ubugcisa obutsha kunye neendlela zokukhusela amalungelo abantu. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabemi, ukuqonda obu buchule buyimfuneko ekuxazululeni imicimbi yolwazi ngokhuseleko lukawonke nobulungisa. Injongo epheleleyo ayikokuthobela imithetho yedemokhrasi nje kodwa ukwenza umgaqo apho umthetho uhlonelwa ngokuzithandela ngenxa yokuba kuqwalaselwe njengokusesikweni.