Ukwazisa Kwimithathu Ephindwe kabini

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini lisiseko somthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho okhusela abantu ekuzanyweni okanye ekohlwayweni kaninzi ngenxa yetyala elinye. Owasungulwa kwizithethe zamandulo zezomthetho-mthetho wamaRoma ukuya kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi . Le mfundiso ijolise ekuthinteleni urhulumente ukuba angamchaphazeli ngokuphindaphindiweyo umntu, onokuthi akhathaze, asebenzise kakubi igunya, nesohlwayo esingekho sikweni. EUnited States, iingcinga ukuba ingozi ezibini zikhuselwe ngokucacileyo nguMphetho-mthetho wesihlanu, ethi akukho mntu uya "kubekwa esichengeni sobomi okanye isiganga esiphindwe kabini." Le migaqo ayingomthetho nje yobuchule; ibandakanya ukuzinikela okungundoqo kokusesikweni, ukugqibela, nokukhulula umntu ngamnye kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.

Embilinini wayo, ingozi ephindwe kabini iqinisekisa ukuba xa umntu ekhululwe okanye egwetyiwe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho, imo ayinakuqhubeka ityala lesibini ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo esisekelwe kwizibakala ezifanayo. Oku kuthintela urhulumente ukuba angasebenzisi ubuncwane bakhe obukhulu ukutyhalela phantsi ummangalelwa, ukubeka iingxalabo eziphindaphindiweyo kunye nemali, okanye ukuphepha isigqibo esingafanelekanga. Ukuqonda umqathango, imiqathango, iintsilelo, kunye nokungaqondani kwengozi eziphindwe kabini kuyimfuneko kubafundi, iingcali ezingokwasemthethweni, kunye naye nabani na onomdla ekusebenzeni kwemithetho esesikweni. Eli nqaku lihlola ukukhuselwa okungundoqo, iimeko ezishicinekileyo, iimeko ezingezizo eziphinda-phindeneyo zokukhusela izityholo eziphindiweyo kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuqonda Ingozi Ephindwe Kabini

Ingcamango yengozi ephindwe kabini inemvelaphi enzulu yembali. KwiAthene yamandulo, umgaqo walela ukuzama umntu emva kokumgweba. Umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi waphuhlisa isibongozo se- ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo [ (ukungabi natyala ngaphambili) kunye [[FLT:] ne[FLT]] ityala elinobungozi [[FUT]] [[FULT]]] [ukubekwa ityala] [ukubekwa kwetyala] [ukubekwa phambili)] kwimiqathango elandelayo. Abalandeli be-lo matshini balugqala olu khuseleko lubaluleke kangangokuba baluquke kwiSinyuso sesihlanu, esavunywayo ngo1791).[5] [5] [5] [5] [5]

I-Jeopardy "abopha" kwinqanaba elikhethekileyo kwityala. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ityala lincanyathiselwa xa ijaji ithe yafunga; kwityala lebhentshi, iyancamathela xa inkundla iqalisa ukuva ubungqina. Xa ityala lidibanisa, ummangalelwa ufumana ikhuselwa ngokupheleleyo kwijoni eliphindiweyo eliphindiweyo u-Iapardale. Ukuba ityala liphelela ekuvalweni (isigwebo sokungabohlwaywa) okanye ekuqinisekisweni, urhulumente akanakumcingela ummangalelwa ngetyala elinye, ukungabikho kwetyala. Olu khuselo lukwanwebela kwisohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo: urhulumente akanakukhupha izigwebo ezilandelelanayo xa ityala elinye lifuna isohlwayo.

Ukhuseleko olungundoqo olunikelwa yi-Reopardy ephindwe kabini

  • Ukhuseleko nxamnye namatyala amaninzi ukwenzela isenzo esinye. Emva kokugwetywa okanye ukuqinisekiswa, urhulumente akanakusungula tyala elitsha lesenzo esifanayo solwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba kukho imimandla emitsha yobungqina. Oku kunika ugqibelo kwaye kuthintela urhulumente ukusuka ku "ukungenisa" kwinkundla elungileyo yabachopheli-tyala.
  • Ukhuseleko kwisohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo solwaphulo-mthetho olunye. U-Claus uvalela ukwenziwa kwesohlwayo esingaphezulu kwesinye ngenxa yetyala elinye, ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho igunyazisa ngokucacileyo ukunyuka kwesohlwayo phantsi kwemimiselo eyahlukeneyo.
  • Ukhuseleko ngexesha lamaqondo ahlukeneyo enkqubo yomthetho. Ingozi ephindwe kabini isebenza kungekuphela nje kwiimvavanyo zokuqala kodwa kwanokugweba ukuva, izibongozo, kunye nokuphinda kuqulunqe emva kovavanyo okanye ukubuyiselwa ekubheneleni. Umzekelo, ukuba ukukhutshelo lutshintshiwe ekubheneni ngenxa yobungqina obunganele, urhulumente akanakumzama kwakhona ummangalelwa kuba oko kuyakuba kumzamo wesibini emva kokuvalwa.
  • Ikhuselwa nxamnye nentelekiso emiswayo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Imfundiso ye-conteral estoppel (ii-ssuepreclusion) lilungu lengozi ephindwe kabini. Ukuba i-Astyle yangaphambili igqibe imbambano yenyaniso enconywayo, urhulumente akanakuyiphinda avume loo mbambano kwityala elahlukileyo. Oku kwasekwa kwi-[FLT] Asche v. Aspeson[FLT:][4] [1970].[FLT:]

Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa abamangalelwa bavavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yehambo efanayo, eya kuba yindlela yokucinezela neyokuchitha ubuncwane bokugweba. Bakwaxhasa ukuthembeka kwesigqibo kwaye bakhuthaza ukuthembana kubulungisa benkqubo.

Imida Nezinto Ezikhethekileyo

Ngoxa ingozi ephindwe kabini inikela ukhuseleko oluqinileyo, le mfundiso ayiphelelanga. Iinkundla ziye zavuma iindidi eziliqela ezingafaniyo nezithintelayo ezivumela ukutshutshiswa okanye isigwebo esilandelelanayo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ukuqonda ezi meko zingaqhelekanga kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ngokupheleleyo umlinganiselo wengozi ephindwe kabini.

Imfundiso Engolongamo Olumanyeneyo

Umahluko obaluleke kakhulu yimfundiso yolawulo olubini. Ngaphantsi kwalo mgaqo, izinto ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo ezifana norhulumente wesizwe norhulumente wesizwe, okanye amazwe amabini ahlukeneyo, “‘ ingomnye umangalelwa ngumntu omnye ngesenzo esifanayo ukuba ihambo ichasene nemithetho yazo zombini iinkosi. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu uphanga ibhanki ekhutshelwe phantsi, urhulumente wesizwe angagunyazisa ukuphanga, kwaye urhulumente angawuchasa umoya wokuphanga. Inkundla ephakamileyo isoloko ixhasa le mfundiso, kutshanje ininzi kwi . Gagggne. [20]] [20]] [FLT]

Iingxaki Nemfuneko Ebonakaliswayo

Ukuba ityala liphela kwityala eliphosakeleyo phambi kwesigqibo, iingozi eziphindiweyo aziyi kuphinda-phindeka uvavanyo. Noko ke, ityala kufuneka libonise "imfuneko enkulu" kuvavanyo oluphosakeleyo, njengejaji ebotshelelweyo (i-gconf) okanye ukuziphatha okubi ngummangalelwa. Ukuba ityala libangelwe ngumtshutshisi okanye impazamo yogwebi ngaphandle kwemvume yommangalelwa, ukuqulukwa kwakhona kungavalwa ukuba urhulumente wenza ngokholo olubi ukuxhobisa ummangalelwa ukuba ashukumise ityala ukuze lishukumise ityala. Oku kwasekwa ku [FLT]] [OLT:1].[12]

Izibheno Zokutshutshiswa

Kwimeko ezilinganiselweyo, urhulumente angabhenela ekugxothweni kwangaphambi kwesigwebo okanye kwisigqibo sasemva sokugwetywa esiphumela ekuhleni. Ukuba ummangalelwa uphumelele ukubuyiselwa ekubhenqweni kwityala kwaye ityala libuyiselwa kwiziphumo ezithe vetshe, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awuzenzeki ngokuzenzekela ukuba ibhatyiwe kwakhona. ngaphandle kokuba ukuguqulwa bekusekelwe kubungqina obunganelanga, obulinganayo nokungagwetywanga. Ngokufanayo, ukuba isiqinisekiso sipheliswa kwimimiselo ebhaliweyo, urhulumente angamvavanya ummangalelwa. Kodwa ukuba inkundla yenkundla ifumani ukuba ubungqina abufaneleki ukuxhasa ukuthembeka, ummangalelwa akanakuphinda abuyiselwe.

Uvavanyo Olufanayo (Inkangeleko Enqabileyo)

Uvavanyo lwe-Reopardy Claus lukwalela ukubethwa ngetyala okulandelelanayo kuphela ukwenzela "ukuma elinye icala" iinkundla zisebenzisa i-' i-stamburger uvavanyo: "apho isenzo esinye okanye intengiselwano ithetha ulwaphulo olubini olucacileyo, uvavanyo lokufumana ukuba kukho amatyala amabini okanye elinye kuphela elifuna ubungqina bento enye engafunwayo. Ukuba ummiselo ngamnye ufuna into engathanga, ityala lithathwa njengelohlukileyo, kwaye ukugwetywa kohlukeneyo kuyavunyelwa. Umzekelo, ukuphanga nokuhlasela nokuhlasela kungavela kwisiganeko esinye kodwa zinokuzanyaniswa nelungu elithile, ngokokuba elinye liqukene netyala elincinane.

Ukubiwa Kwabantu Nabezaphuli - mthetho

I-Reopardy Claus ephindwe kabini isebenza kuphela kwisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, hayi kwisigwebo sabemi. Urhulumente usenokunyanzela ukulahlwa kwetyala kwabemi okanye iintlawulo zoluntu ezisekelwe kwihambo efanayo eyakhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, lo gama nje ukuqhubekeka kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni kungathethi kuthi kusekwe njengesaphuli-mthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi-U.S. i-[FLT] [FLT]] [1] United States v. Ursery [1966] ikholelwa ukuba ukulahlekelwa kwemiqathango phantsi kwemithetho yeziyobisi yomthetho yomthetho ayizange ibe yisohlwayo ngenxa yezizathu eziphindiweyo ukuba ukukhutshelwa kwetyala okuyintloko (g., ukususa impahla esetyenzisiweyo). Oku kunokubangela impikiswano yolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho

Uphawu lwetyala lokugutyungela imitha ephindwe kabini

Blockburger v. waseUnited States (1932)

inqabile ukurhoxisa imimiselo emibini esekelwe kuthengiselwano olunye. Inkundla ye-.[FLT] , iNkundla Ephakamileyo yacacisa "ityala elifanayo" uvavanyo oluhlala lusezantsi namhlanje. Lo mmangalelwa wagwetywa ngokuthengisa ii-narcotics ngokuchasene nomthetho ohlukeneyo osekelwe kwintengiso enye. Inkundla yabambelela kwi-mbombo xa omnye egqiba ukumisela ityala elinye elinye, ityala lahlukile kwaye linokohlwaywa ngokulandelelana. Olu "ziqalelo" luye lwasetyenziswa kwimiqathango eziphinda-phindene, kuquka ezo zibandakanya isigwebo esiphinda-phindene. Ikho xa kusenziwa iinjongo ezimbini.

UAshe v. uSwenson (1970)

Imeko ye Ashe v. Sentason waqinisekisa ukuba iNkundla ePhakathi yeJeopardy Claus iquka umgaqo wokumela i-estoppel estop. Ummangalelwa wazanywa ngokuphanga omnye wabadlali abathandathu bepoker. Emva kokungamniki ngenxa yokuba ubungqina buhlulekile ukumchaza, urhulumente wamzama ukuphanga umdlali owahlukileyo kwisiganeko esinye. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba u-Asterer'''''''''''''''', umeva ukuba akakwazi ukuphinda afumane into kwityala yesibini. Esi sigqibo sandisa ukhuseleko oluphindiweyo ukuze kunqandwe iziphumo zenyani zigqitywe kwisigqibo sobunyani sobubugciphelo lomngxhuphelo.

Benton v. Maryland (1969)

Bhenton v. Maryland yaquka i-Yeopardy Claus ephindwe kabini ngokuchasene namazwe nge-Adentirmenti ye-14th Amendment Claus. Phambi kweli tyala, ukhuseleko lwengozi oluphindwe kabini lwahluka ngokubanzi ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente ngamnye. INkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba igalelo le siseko sisisiseko kwiqhinga le-Melika lobulungisa kwaye ngaloo ndlela lisebenza ekuwiseni imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Le sigqibo siqinisekisa ukhuseleko olufanayo lukarhulumente kubo bonke abamangalelwana babaphuli mthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangaliphi na ilizwe abazanywa kulo.

IUnited States v. iDiFrancesco (1980)

I-Dia Francesco, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha ngetyala lesigwebo esandisiweyo kwisibheno sikarhulumente. Inkundla yathi iMibini Jeopardy Claus ayiwuthinteli urhulumente ekukhupheni isigwebo ukuba umthetho wesibheno uyagunyazisa, lo gama ummangalelwa engakhange afumane ukulindela okupheleleyo" kwisigwebo. Oku kuvumela isigwebo esithile sinyuswe emva kokuba kusenziwa, lo gama nje ubomi okanye ilungu lommangalelwa lingaphinde libekwe esichengeni.

Indima Yengozi Ephindwe Kabini Kubulungisa Bale Mihla

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini buhlala bulukhuselo olubalulekileyo nxamnye nokuphangwa ngurhulumente. Kwixesha apho ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nabatshutshisi beyalela oovimba abaninzi, ilungelo lokugqibela emva kwesigqibo siqinisekisa ukuba abantu abamsulwa abaphindi bephulwe ngokungenasiphelo. Le mfundiso ikwanyanzela urhulumente ukuba anikele ityala lakhe elingcono xa evavanywe, akhuthaze ukuphumelela nokucokiseka. Ngaphandle kwengozi ephindwe kabini, abatshutshisi bangasebenzisa iimvavanyo eziphindaphindiweyo kumangqina oxinzelelo, ukukhupha abamangalelwa, okanye ukuvala imithetho engeyiyo yobungqina qhaqhoqhoqho enokuthi iphelise ukuthemba abantu bonke kwinkqubo.

Noko ke, iingxaki zale mihla ziye zayivavanya imida yenkqubela kaClaus. (umz., ubungqina be-DNA) iphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokuvavanywa kokuncitshiswa kwabamangalelwa ngokungenatyala xa kuvela ubungqina obutsha. Okwangoku, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba iinqobo zengozi eziphindwe kabini zigqitywe emva kokuba kufunyenwe ubungqina obutsha. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba oku kunakho ukukhulula abantu abanetyala, kodwa abaxhasi abachasanayo ukuba indleko yokunikezela ekugqibeleni iya kuba phezulu kakhulu, kodwa inokuba ikho indlela apho kungekho sigqibo siphela. Ngaphezu koko, ulawulo olubini oluchaseneyo luhlala lunempikiswano, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya ihambo efanayo, njengenkohlakalo okanye ukugxabana kwamapolisa. Kwimeko ezinjalo, abamangali be-Shudmistrist, basenokujongana iimvavanyo ezimbini, ezinye iimbono zokukhusela eziphindidi.

Omnye ummandla ojikelezayo lunxulumano phakathi komngcipheko ophindiweyo nelahleko yabemi. Emva kokuba isigebengu sigwetyiwe, urhulumente usengafuna ukuphulukana nempahla engokwabemi ekwakukholelwa ukuba inxulumene nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekumangalelweni "ngokokuba ityala likhululwe" njengesiphelo sokujikeleza uMphetho-mva weSigqibo sesihlanu. INkundla ePhakamileyo ivumele oku, kodwa iintkompathiso zikarhulumente ziphucula ngokuqhubekayo ukulahlekelwa kwemithetho efuna ukunyanzeleka kwetyala ngaphambi kokuphazanyiswa.

Kubo bonke, ingozi ephindwe kabini isebenza njengokuhlola amandla omtshutshisi kunye nesiqinisekiso senkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Iquka umgaqo wokuba urhulumente angafanele avunyelwe ukukhathaza abemi kwiimvavanyo eziphindaphindiweyo. Kubafundi kunye neengcali ezingokwasemthethweni, ukuqonda ukukhusela kunye nokungeyomfuneko. Le mfundiso iyaqhubeka iguquka njengeenkundla ezimelana nemeko entsha, kodwa injongo yayo engundoqo yokuthintela isohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo nentshukumo ephindaphindiweyo yesehlo esifanayo.

Isiphelo

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini wenza indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni abantu kwityala eliphindaphindiweyo kwisiganeko esinye. Owasekwa kwiinkulungwane zesithethe esisemthethweni kwaye wafakwa kwiSigqibo sesihlanu, uqinisekisa ukuba kulungile, kugqibelo, kwaye kuthintelwa igunya likarhulumente. Ngoxa le mfundiso ibona ukuba ibalulekile, ingekokunye kolawulo olubini, ukulahleka, kunye novavanyo olufanayo oluthi "/ukungalinganiyo" nokungalungisi-kungalungisi. Imeko efana ingulowo umgangatho wesibo esingumthetho, , ], ingakumbi [[FFLT:], kunye novavanyo olufanayodwa olukhoyo, nolungaphi naluphi na ukhuseleko olufunekayo, oluthe qhaqhaqhaqhaqhazelelwa nanga nanga nanga naluphi naluphi naluphi na ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, oluqhelekileyo, oluye lobulungisa kunye noluye lobulungisa obuqhelekileyo, oluye lwalenze oluthene, luqhubekeka noluthi oluthi luqhubekeka naluphi naluphi

Ukuphinda ufunde ngengozi ephindwe kabini, jonga [[FLT: 0] I-Canell Incatshulwa ye-Gradical Information ne Isebe leSiko leJaji kwi-Impostardy yePhondo ephindwe kabini. Ezi zinto zinika ukhokelo olunegunya lokubhekisa nokufunda.