Table of Contents

Amagosa agunyazisa ukhuseleko loluntu nemithetho yezomthetho yephondo enza indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nasekumiseleni imithetho engaphakathi. Ukuqonda oko kuvunyelwayo noko kwalelweyo kuyanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba zicace, ukuphendula ityala, nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Igunya lamapolisa libandakanya amandla okunyanzelisa imithetho, ukuphanda ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokugcina ucwangco lukawonke wonke kumazwe awo azimeleyo, kodwa eli gunya alikho nakwemiqathangopheleli kwaye lisebenza kwimida entsonkothileyo yemithetho-siseko, imigaqo-mthetho, kunye nemida.

Ukuqonda igunya lamapolisa aseburhulumenteni nesiseko somGaqo-siseko walo

Kumthetho womgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, igunya lamapolisa ligunya leemeko ze-U.S. ukumisela imithetho yokulawula ukuziphatha nokuqinisekisa ucwangco phakathi kommandla wabo ukuze impilo, ukhuseleko, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi babo. Eli gunya lisisiseko libumba isiseko sayo yonke imisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho karhulumente kwaye lahlula igunya lorhulumente kwigunya lorhulumente

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi Namagunya KaRhulumente

Ngaphantsi koMgaqo-siseko weSihlaziyo weshumi leshumi kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente okanye abantu agcinelwe urhulumente okanye abantu. Ngenxa yoko, amandla amapolisa ngokuyintloko ngawarhulumente, nangona urhulumente wesizwe wase-U.S. enegunya elilinganiselweyo apho unegunya elinamandla, njengakwihambo eyenzekayo kwimimandla yaseUnited States kunye nemisebenzi enxulumene norhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Lo mgaqo-siseko umisela ukuba igunya elibanzi kunye nokunyanzelela kwimida yabo.

Eli gunya linikwe ngomgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho, zidala uxubo olukhethekileyo lomsebenzi wobupolisa bobulali nomgangatho worhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko ngamnye worhulumente kunye nesakhiwo somthetho sichaza umda okhethekileyo kunye nemiqathango yamandla okugcinwa komthetho, okuphumela kwiiyahluka-hlukeneyo ngaphaya kolawulo olwahlukeneyo.

Indlela Amagosa Karhulumente Ahluke Ngayo Kwigunya Lomanyano

Ngokuvisisana nesakhiwo sikarhulumente waseUnited States, urhulumente wesizwe (wesizwe) akagunyaziswanga ukuba aphumeze amagunya aqhelekileyo amapolisa ngomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Igunya lokuba negosa lamapolisa linikwe ngamnye kumazwe angama-50 eUnited States aqeshiweyo. Lo mahluko usisiseko uthetha ukuba uninzi lwabagqeba-mthetho lumele lwenzeke kurhulumente nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, urhulumente olawula kuphela kwimicimbi ethile okanye kwimicimbi yezabelo.

Kumapolisa, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho olungelulo ulwaphulo-mthetho lwetyala lwenziwe kwilizwe lase-U.S. kwaye imbacu ayilimeli, urhulumente wengingqi akanagunya. Noko ke, xa umbhadlili enqumla umgca karhulumente, uyawuphula umthetho wesizwe wokubhabha epalazwe yaye uphantsi kolawulo lwamagunya orhulumente, apho amagosa omthetho asekuhlaleni anokubandakanyeka khona.

UMthetho kaRhulumente unyanzeliswa ngokunyanzelisayo kwe-Geographic noMthetho omiselwe uLawulo

Igunya eliseburhulumenteni kunye nemimandla ephambili yePatrol

Ulawulo lwamapolisa karhulumente luchazwa ngokubanzi yimida yelizwe. Ngokungafaniyo namapolisa kamasipala akwimida yesixeko okanye abaphathi-mikhosi abasebenza kwingingqi, amajoni karhulumente anegunya lokugcinwa komthetho kulo lonke iphondo. Eli gunya lilonke livumela amapolisa aseburhulumenteni ukuba asebenze ngaphaya kwemida kamasipala nemimandla, enika umsebenzi wokulawula imisebenzi yomthetho.

Uninzi lwamapolisa aseburhulumenteni anika amapolisa urhulumente ukuba anyanzelise imithetho engaphaya kwemida kamasipala, ajolise ingqalelo kwiindlela zokugwetywa, kwiimpawu zikarhulumente, kunye nophando lwezorhulumente jikelele. Amapolisa asekuhlaleni asingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa kwisixeko okanye kwidolophu, ngoxa amapolisa karhulumente engenelela ityala elingaphaya kwemida kamasipala okanye elibandakanya izilangazelelo zikarhulumente.

Indlela Ephakamileyo Nonyanzelo Lomjelo

Iindlela zikarhulumente ziwela phantsi kolawulo lwamapolisa aseburhulumenteni, kuquka ukumiswa kweenqwelo-mafutha, iingozi, kunye nokugcinwa kwemithetho yeenqwelo-mafutha. Kumazwe amaninzi, amapolisa ahlala enegunya kwizitrato zesixeko, kodwa amapolisa aseburhulumenteni anokuncedisa okanye athathe isikhokelo ngexesha leziganeko ezinkulu, uphando olunqamleza imida kamasipala. Eli candelo liqinisekisa ukuba inkxaso yezithuthi zorhwebo isebenza kakuhle ngoxa ukulondoloza ulawulo lwengingqi kwimijelo kamasipala

Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni ajongene nokunyanzelisa imimiselo yomgangatho karhulumente, eyahlukileyo kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni ephethwe sisixeko okanye amapolisa kamasipala.

Inkonzo ekhoyo kunye nentsebenziswano enxulumeneyo

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wephondo kusoloko kusebenza kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni kunye norhulumente kwiindawo zolawulo lwamaqumrhu. Ulwaphulo-mthetho ludla ngokunqumla imigca karhulumente, luxhobisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwamapolisa karhulumente, amasebe asekuhlaleni, kunye namasebe karhulumente.

Izivumelwano zoncedo lobabini zizivumelwano ezivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuncedene ngaphaya kwemida yazo eqhelekileyo ngexesha longxamiseko okanye kuphando olukhethekileyo. Ezi zivumelwano ziyamkelwa yaye zichaza imigaqo yentsebenziswano, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa asebenza ngaphandle kolawulo lwasekhaya anegunya elisemthethweni kunye noncopho lwetyala.

Umlinganiselo Ongagqibekanga KuMazwe Olwahlula-hlulayo Namazwe

Ulawulo lwamapolisa aseburhulumenteni lunemida ecacileyo kumazwe orhulumente nazimeleyo. Kwiziko lomkhosi okanye kwiipaki zesizwe, abameli bomthetho besizwe banegunya eliphambili. Kumazwe esizwe, igunya lintsonkothile kwaye lidla ngokuwela kumasebe esizwe okanye amaziko karhulumente, isakhiwo esibunjwe yimithetho karhulumente enjenge-Ogray kaRhulumente 280 kunye nezigqibo zenkundla ezinjenge-Castro-lirta v.Oklahoma.

Oko Amagosa emithetho kaRhulumente Avunyelwa Ukukwenza

Ukubanjwa Kwamandla Nophando Lwezaphuli - mthetho

Amapolisa asekuhlaleni anikwe lonke igunya negunya elalifudula likwiofisi yoorhulumente bomthetho oqhelekileyo yaye abeke ityala lokuthintelwa nokufunyaniswa kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukoyika izaphuli-mthetho, ukulondolozwa kobomi nempahla, ukulondolozwa koxolo nokugcinwa kwemithetho yesizwe neyoluntu, imimiselo nemithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Amagosa omthetho karhulumente anegunya eliphangaleleyo lokubamba abantu ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuquka amandla okubamba abantu abarhanelwa ukuba benza amatyala okanye abaphambuki, ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa. Amagosa angenza ukubanjwa okungenasiqinisekiso kwiimeko ezithile, njengaxa ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenziwa ebukhoni babo okanye xa iimeko ezichaphazelekayo zikho ezibangela ukuba kufumanelwe isiqinisekiso esingasebenziyo.

Ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa kwezithuthi, amagosa amapolisa asebupoliseni asoloko ekhokela kuphando oluntsonkothileyo lolwaphulo-mthetho oludibanisa ulawulo oluninzi okanye olufuna oovimba abanobuchule. Oku kunokuquka ukuphanda ngolwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu olufana nokubulala, ukurhwebelana ngemilinganiselo emikhulu yeziyobisi, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo. Amapolisa amaninzi asebenza iiyunithi ezikhethekileyo ezingafumanekiyo kumasebe amancinane, njengakwizibhejaji ze-topiki, amaqela eebhombu, namaqela e-SWAT.

Igunya lokukhangela nokuBekelwa

Amagosa omthetho karhulumente angaqhuba uphando kunye nokuxhuzula, kodwa ezi zenzo zinyanzelwa nguMgaqo-siseko wesine wase-U.S., okhusela ukuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Amagosa asenokuqhuba uphengululo kwiimeko eziliqela ezivunyiweyo:

  • Ngesiqinisekiso esisemthethweni sokukhangela esikhutshwe yimantyi engathathi-nxaxheba ngokusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo
  • ngemvume yokuzithandela evela kumntu onegunya kwimpahla
  • Ukubanjwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuvumela amagosa ukuba akhangele i-oyile
  • Kwiimeko ezizinzileyo, njengaxa ubungqina buza kutshatyalaliswa okanye kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo sokhuseleko
  • Ngokucacileyo, xa ukungabikho komthetho okanye ubungqina bubonakala ngokucacileyo kwigosa elikhoyo ngokusemthethweni
  • Xa kukhangelwa imoto xa kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba le nqwelo - mafutha iqulethe

Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka baqwalasele ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko naxa besenza kwindlela zikarhulumente, ngesizathu esilindelekileyo kunye nemvume ezifunekayo zokuphengulula kwiimeko ezininzi.

Unyanzeliso Lwamandla Omjelo

Amagosa omthetho karhulumente anegunya elikhulu lokunyanzelisa imithetho yeenqwelo-mafutha kulo lonke igunya lawo. Oku kuquka amandla okumisa izithuthi ngenxa yokuchana kwezithuthi, ukuqhuba iindawo zokuhlola ukunganxibi ngokwemigaqo yomthetho karhulumente, ukukhupha uqikelelo ngeenqwelo-mafutha eziphazamisayo, nokuphanda ngeengozi zeenqwelo-mafutha. Abaphathi-mikhosi bangayinyanzela imimiselo yezithuthi, kuquka imiqathango yobunzima, iiyure zokuqhuba iinqwelo-mafutha, kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko lwezithuthi.

Ukuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka nokhuseleko loluntu

Amagosa omthetho asebenza ngokusemthethweni e-Rhulumente enza indima ebalulekileyo ekuphenduleni kongxamiseko nasekulawuleni iintlekele. Amagosa amapolisa aseburhulumenteni asoloko ecelwa ukuba ancede abasebenzi bomthetho basekuhlaleni ekulawuleni ingqwalasela yoqhankqalazo enkulu okanye ezongxamiseko. Eli gunya likwabelana nokuququzelela iimpendulo ezininzi, ukubonelela izinto ezikhethekileyo ngexesha leentlekele zemvelo, nokugcina ucwangco ngexesha lesiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi.

Ulawulo lwamapolisa erhulumente lunganwebeka okanye luthatyathwe phantsi kweemeko ezikhethekileyo. Imizekelo iquka imisebenzi yesithethe okanye yokhuseleko lwelizwe, izilwanyana zasendle okanye ukugcinwa kwemekobume kwimimandla ethile, kunye noomatiloshe abakhethekileyo ukwenzela izibonelelo ezichuliweyo. Eminye imimiselo inika amagosa karhulumente igunya lokwexeshana ngokwemibandela ethile, njengokuqokelela ubuncwane ngexesha lokufuna, ukulungisa izinto zikarhulumente, okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba imeko yempilo kawonke wonke kunye nemiyalelo yokhuseleko ngexesha longxamiseko.

Unyanzeliso lolawulo

Amagosa asebupoliseni aseburhulumenteni akwayalela ukugcinwa kwemithetho karhulumente kwiindawo ezinjengokhuseleko lwemeko-bume nokhuseleko lwabathengi. La masebe asoloko esebenza ngemibutho yolawulo karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho karhulumente. Igunya lawo kule mimandla libalulekile ekulondolozeni impilo nokhuseleko loluntu.

Uphando Lokwaphulwa Komthetho KaRhulumente

Amazwe anegunya eliphambili lokuphanda nokugweba ukwaphulwa komthetho karhulumente, kwanangoorhulumente. Eli gunya ligxininisa ukunyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho karhulumente kwimida karhulumente lize liqinisekise ukuba amagosa karhulumente angaphanda nakuphi na ukwaphulwa komthetho karhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani owenzeyo.

Ukusetyenziswa koMkhosi

Amagosa omthetho welizwe agunyaziswe ukusebenzisa amandla afanelekileyo xa kuyimfuneko ukuqhuba ukubanjwa, ukukhusela, ukuzikhusela okanye ukukhusela abanye ekonakalisweni, okanye ukoyisa ukuchasana. Umgangatho wamandla kufuneka ulungelelane nesoyikiso kunye neemeko zemeko. Abaphathi-mikhosi bafumana uqeqesho ekusetyenzisweni kwemilinganiso yenkqubela-phambili yenkqubela-mandla eyenza isigqibo kwiimeko ezinamandla.

Oko Amagosa emithetho kaRhulumente Angavunyelwanga Ukuba Akwenze

Imiqathango Ekhoyo Kumandla amapolisa

Amazwe anamandla okunyanzela ukuthobela le mithetho ngawo nawuphi na umlinganiso ayibona ufanelekile, ukuba la manyathelo akangquzulwani nawaphi na amalungelo akhuselwe ngumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States okanye umgaqo-siseko wawo kwaye akangomkhethe okanye akacinezeli ngokungekho ngqiqweni okanye acuthekisayo. Lo mda ungundoqo uqinisekisa ukuba kwanamagosa karhulumente abanzi kufuneka awahlonele amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngamnye.

Urhulumente kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni anamandla aphangaleleyo okulawula impilo yoluntu nokhuseleko, kodwa kukho imida, umzekelo, kumagunya ngokwawo nawawawasebenzisayo. Umthetho karhulumente uthetha oko kunokwenziwa, inxalenye yesebe elilawulayo engakwenza, xa indlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka ibandakanyeke, kwaye nayiphi na imithetho ingahlala ixesha elide. Omnye umda ngumyalelo karhulumente ofuna ukuthethelela nawuphi na umqathango wenkululeko esisiseko, nokuba kukuhamba, ukuqhelisela unqulo, ukufumana ubomi, okanye ezinye iindlela ezininzi abantu abafuna ngazo umbono wabo wokulunga.

Ukukhuselwa Kwiphulo Elingekho Mthethweni Nophando

IsiHlaliso sesine sibeka imiqathango engqongqo xa amagosa omthetho karhulumente enokuqhuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula. Amagosa akanakuqhuba uphando okanye ukuxhuzula ngaphandle kokuba kufanelekile ukuba kusetyenziswe imvume echaphazelekayo. Uphando olungenatyala oluqhutywa ngaphandle kokugwetywa okufanelekileyo kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko lungaphumela ekukhutshweni komthetho-siseko yaye lungaphumela ekubeni kukhutshwe kubungqina obungaphunywanga kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho wokuzikhulula.

Amagosa omthetho karhulumente ayalelwe ekusebenziseni imvume jikelele okanye ekuqhubeni uphengululo ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekileyo. Ukukhangela kufuneka kuchaze indawo efuna ukukhangelwa kwaye izinto eziza kuthinjwa, ukunqanda abaphathi ukuba baqhubele ububanzi, bangaqwalaseli ekuphengululeni izinto.

Imiqathango Kumandla Agqithileyo

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente akavumelekanga ngokungqongqo ekusebenziseni amandla agqithisileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kufuneka kube nokusengqiqweni okusekelwe ekupheleleni kweemeko, uqwalasela oothunywashe abafana nobungozi bolwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba umkroti usisisongelo esikhawulezileyo, nokuba lowo urhanelwayo uxhathisa okanye uzama ukubamba.

Iziganeko ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa komkhosi ngomthetho, njengokufa kukaGeorge Floyd nokufa kuka-2023 kwe-Tire Nichols, ziye zaphakamisa imibuzo malunga negunya leBhunga lokulawula abaphathi bomthetho. Ngoxa imigaqo yorhulumente imisela umlinganiselo wokugqithisa imithetho echaphazela urhulumente ngqo namagosa asekuhlaleni, iBhunga linegunya eliphangaleleyo lokulawula amagosa omthetho kunye namaqumrhu anjengeFederal Bureauau of Investigation (FBI), iDigraviment Administration (DEA), okanye i-Crostoms kunye noKhuselo loMdalo (CP).

Amagosa asebenzisa amandla ngaphaya koko kusengqiqweni angajamelana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala loluntu, kunye nesenzo soqeqesho. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla abulalayo kuthintelwe ngokukodwa kwaye kuvunyelwe kuphela xa igosa likholelwa ukuba kusemnyango isisongelo sokufa okanye ukonakala komzimba okunzulu kumphathi okanye kwabanye.

Ukupheliswa Kocalulo

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente ayalelwa ukuba angabagxeki abantu abasekelwe kwisizwe, ibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, unqulo, isini, iziphene, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Oku kukwalela kudlulela kuzo zonke iinkalo zokunyanzeliswa komthetho, kuquka ukumiswa kweenqwelo - mafutha, ukuphengululwa, ukubanjwa nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.

Ukusetyenziswa kobuhlanga nezinye iindlela zolwaphulo-mthetho lobuhlanga zaphula izivumelwano zomGaqo-siseko ezilinganayo zokhuseleko kunye nemithetho yamalungelo abantu. Ngaphantsi komthetho kuthetha ukuba umntu usebenza "usebenzisa amandla awanikwe nguye ngumbutho karhulumente," kwaye akunamsebenzi ukuba lowo udlalayo ungoyena mdlali unegunya lakhe elifanelekileyo. Amagosa abandakanyekileyo kuqheliselo lolwaphulo-mthetho lo gama esenza okokuba esebenza phantsi kombala womthetho angajamelana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lomthetho elingu18.C.

Ukusikelwa Imida Kwimibandela Yamakhaya

Igosa lamapolisa alinalo igunya kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, ngaphandle (i) lokusebenzisa ukuvalelwa nokusetyenziswa kwexeshana kunye nemiyalelo yexeshana yokugcinwa kwamagosa omtshato kunye nawo onke amanye amagunya anikwe amagosa omthetho-othutho ku-68 16.1-340, 16.1-34.1-31.1-31.1,1.1,1.1, okanye 37.2809, (ii) ukulungiselela umyalelo wokukhusela ukubuyela ku-68 16.1-253.1, kunye no-16.7-29.1 (i) ukwenza zonke iziqinisekiso okanye izimemo njengoko zinokubekwa ezandleni zakhe ngalo naluphi na ulawulo nokusebenza nokubuyisela okufanelekileyo, kunye (iv) ukunikela, ukuqhuba, ukuqhuba, nokuxhasa imiyalelo kunye nokuzikhulula.

Lo mqathango ubonisa umahluko ongundoqo phakathi komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nesigqibo sempikiswano yabemi. Amagosa omthetho karhulumente akakwazi ukungenelela kwimicimbi yamakhaya efana neempikiswano zombutho, iingxabano zomnini-ndlu, okanye ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala, ngaphandle kweemeko ezixelwe ngokwemithetho.

Isigwebo Sokunganyaniseki Nokusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Amagosa alawulayo esizwe akavumelekanga ukuba alisebenzise kakubi igunya lawo ukuze afumane inzuzo okanye abandakanyeke kwizenzo zobuqhophololo, afune imali okanye athandwe, abe impahla okanye ubungqina, anikele ubungqina bobuxoki, acebe ubungqina okanye asebenzise isikhundla sawo ukuze ancede wona okanye abanye.

INkundla ePhakamileyo ichaze ukuba ukugweba ngempumelelo umntu otyholwayo . "njengegosa lamapolisa-242" elifana neCandelo-242, iDOJ kufuneka libonise ukuba ummangalelwa u "nenjongo engqalileyo yokuhlutha umntu welungelo lesizwe elenziwe liqinisekiswe ngesigqibo okanye ngomnye umthetho." Ngokutsho kweDOJ, enyanzelisa icandelo 242, imizekelo yokuziphethe kakubi ebekwe phantsi komthetho iquka "umkhosi owesasinyibilikisi, ukuhlasela ngokwesini, ukubanjwa ngempazamo."

Imiqathango Ephathelele Imfumba Nento Efihlakeleyo

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente ajongene nemiqathango enyukayo ekusetyenzisweni kobugcisa bokuhlola. Amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ethintela ngokukhethekileyo ubuchule bokuhlola ukukhusela amalungelo e-ovenge yabemi. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya yeKhalifoniya ye-Electronic Communications Affcial Act ayimiqathango engabekelwe mda ukuphengululwa kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye nothungelwano. Lo mthetho ugxininisa ukuzimisela kukarhulumente ukukhusela imfihlo yamanani nxamnye nokujongwa okungekho mthethweni.

EIllinois, uMthetho we-Biometric Information Ancy Act (BIPA) umisela imiqathango engqongqo ekuqokelelweni, ekusetyenzisweni, nasekugcinweni kogcino-lwazi lwe-biometric njengoominwe kunye nolwazi lolwamkelo lobuso. Le miqathango yomgangatho worhulumente ibonisa inkxalabo ekhulayo malunga nokungamelani kwamanani kwaye ibeka imiqathango enenjongo ekuqinisekiseni amandla okugcina umthetho okuhlola.

Imida Ekusebenzeni Ngaphandle Komkhosi

Ukusebenza ngaphandle kolawulo lwamapolisa kwenzeka xa igosa lithatha inyathelo lomthetho ngaphaya kwendawo yalo emiselweyo. Oku kunokuquka ukubanjwa, ukuphanda, okanye ukwenza eminye imisebenzi egcinelwe amagosa kuloo gunya. Ngoxa amapolisa aseburhulumenteni ngokuqhelekileyo enegunya lorhulumente, kufuneka aqhubeke ehlonela imida elawulayo yamazwe orhulumente, imimandla yezizwe, nezinye iindawo apho igunya lawo lilinganiselwe khona.

Xa imithetho yasekuhlaleni neyasekuhlaleni okanye amapolisa engqubana, imigaqo yokukhulula kunye nezenzo zomthetho ezikhokelayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, umthetho karhulumente uyalawula ngaphandle kokuba imithetho yasekuhlaleni inikwe amandla acacileyo ngomthetho wesizwe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ubukhulu borhulumente bungamisela izenzo zamapolisa kwiindawo ezilawulwa ngumthetho worhulumente. Amagosa kufuneka aqonde xa igunya likarhulumente lingundoqo okanye lingaphantsi kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni, kwaye alungise imithetho elandelwayo ukuze aphephe ukuqaqaqa imida.

Ukuphendula Okusemthethweni Nokulawula Umatshini

Inkohliso Yezaphuli - mthetho Ebangela Ukuziphatha Okuphosakeleyo

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente aphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko okanye abandakanyeke kwihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho angajamelana netyala phantsi komthetho wesizwe nowesizwe. Umthetho woMasipala unika izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho kumagosa asebenza phantsi komthetho ukuze ahluthe abantu amalungelo awo angokomGaqo-siseko. Imithetho yezolwaphulo-mthetho yaseburhulumenteni ikwaquka imigaqo ethetha ngehambo engafanelekanga esemthethweni, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, kunye nezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezichanekileyo kumagosa omthetho.

Ukuhlala kunye noluntu

42 U.S.C. ngo1901 (Ulwandiso lowe-1998), njengoko kuxoxwe ngakumbi kweli Candelo leMithetho-mthetho, ngumthetho wesizwe ocetyelwe ukukhusela nokubuyisela ukwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko, njengamalungelo okukhululeka ngokugqithisileyo phantsi koMphetho-Mdathiso-mvaba wesine, ngabadlali bakarhulumente kunye nabadlali basekuhlaleni. Lo mthetho unika abantu abamalungelo omgaqo-siseko aye aphulwa ngamagosa omthetho asebenza phantsi kombala womthetho.

Icandelo eliphumeleleyo 1983 linokuthi lingenza umonakalo wemali, isiqabu esingeyomfuneko, kunye nemali yegqwetha. Noko ke, amagosa anokuba nelungelo lokuzikhusela ekukhuseleni ukuba izenzo zawo azizange zaphule amalungelo acacileyo omgaqo-siseko amiselwe ngokucacileyo amagosa anokuqiqayo.

Ulawulo lolawulo kunye nenkqubo yemfundo

Amagosa agunyazisa ukugcinwa komthetho wephondo agcina izahlulo zangaphakathi kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho ukuphanda ngezityholo zokuziphethe kakubi nokuqinisekisa ukuba abasemagunyeni banokuphendula. Ezi nkqubo zolawulo zingaphumela kwisigwebo esisuka ekukhalimeleni nasekugxothweni komsebenzi. Kwakhona amaphondo amaninzi anemigangatho yoxolo yabaphathi-mikhosi kunye neekhomishini yoqeqesho enokuthi inyanzelise isiqinisekiso somphathi ngehambo engafanelekanga enzulu.

Uphando lolawulo lomanyano kunye nomgangatho

ISebe leMithetho yeSigwebo laseUnited States linegunya lokuphengulula amaziko agunyazisa umthetho asekuhlaleni okanye amaziko omthetho ngenxa yendlela aphulwe ngayo okanye izenzo zokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Olu phengululo lungaphumela kwimimiselo evumelanayo efuna ukuba abameli baphumeze iinguqu, uqeqesho olunyusiweyo, iindlela eziphuculiweyo zokuphendula, kunye nokugadelwa okuqhubekayo kwesizwe.

Igunya Lengqungquthela Lokumisa Umthetho Karhulumente

Ukusebenzisa Amandla Neemeko

IBhunga lisebenzise amandla alo okusebenzisa ukumisela umthetho ukuphembelela imisebenzi yomthetho karhulumente nowomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Umthetho womanyano womthetho wesizwe nowokunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni udla ngokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokunika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye namapolisa imali.

Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo yeSebe leMisebenzi yePhondo yoMbutho (COPS) egunyazisa iSebe lezeMithetho ukuba lisasaze inkxaso yokuxhasa urhulumente woluntu. Abamkeli bangasebenzisa ezi zibonelelo kumagosa aqeshwayo, izixhobo zokuxhobisa, okanye bamisele unxulumano phakathi kwamaziko omthetho asekuhlaleni kunye nemimandla yasekuhlaleni. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yenkqubo yeSibonelelo soLawulo lwezezimali inika inkxaso yemali kwiinkqubo zesizwe kunye nezezolwaphulo-mthetho zasekuhlaleni.

Amandla Okunyanzelisa UMthetho Wolawulo We - 14

INkundla ePhakamileyo itolike ilungu elisezantsi le-Ault Processol Claus njengelibandakanya phantse onke amalungelo afunyanwa kwiBhili yamaLungelo, kuquka lawo anxulumene nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolawulo lwehambo lwamapolisa. ICandelo 5 loMmiselo we-14th Amendment linika iNkqutyana amandla okunyanzela uLawulo loMphengululo ngo "mthetho ogunyazisiweyo" Icandelo 5 "Umthetho ogunyazisa amandla omthetho" ligunyazisa iBhunga lokuphelisa nokuphelisa ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko; kwaye ngokwenza njalo, iBhunga lingayithintela indlela ethile elawulwa ngumGaqo-siseko ephazamisayo kwimiGciso-siseko esikwimiba-Gcimbini we-GOM.

Imithetho engokwahlukeneyo kaRhulumente kwiGunya lokunyanzelisa

Umahluko kwiMisebenzi yeFegi yeRhulumente

Imeko nganye ichaza umgangatho wegunya lokugcinwa komthetho ngomgaqo-siseko wayo, imimiselo, kunye nemimiselo. Oku kuphumela kwiiyantlukwano eziphawulekayo kwiindawo ezinjengemimandla enokubamba amagunya, ukuphengulula nokuqhwabela igunya, ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo yokunyanzela, kunye nenkqubo yokuphendula. Amanye amaphondo anika ingqiqo ephangaleleyo ekunyanzeleni umthetho, ngoxa amanye emisela iimfuno ezingqongqo ngakumbi.

Amagosa asebupoliseni aseburhulumenteni asebenza kumaphondo angama-37 ezigidi e-U.Amagosa angaphezulu kuma-200 ezigidi anegunya elibalulekileyo, alungelelanisa ukugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye nolawulo lomgangatho karhulumente. Amazwe angenawo amasebe azinikeleyo amapolisa axhomekeke kwimibutho yoohola-ndlela okanye kwamanye amaziko angoorhulumente akhethekileyo agcina umthetho aphumeza imisebenzi efanayo.

Umahluko kwimithetho eqhubekekayo kunye nezobuxhakaxhaka

Umgangatho wemeko-ntle unegalelo ngokuphawulekayo kwimiqathango yamapolisa yobugcisa bokuhlola eUnited States. Amazwe ahlukeneyo aye asebenzisa imimiselo nemithetho eyahlukileyo ukusingatha inkxalabo yangasese kunye negunya lomthetho. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya i-Confucian Asty Rights Act imisela imiqathango ekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo ezithile zokuhlola, igxininisa ukubonakala nokuphendula. Ngokuchasene noko, amaphondo anjengoTexas atyekele ekufumaneni ingqiqo engakumbi ekunyanzeleni umthetho, kunye nemiqathango encinane kwizenzo zokuhlola.

Iingcaciso zeNkundla yeRhulumente kunye neziHlahlo

Amatyala aziwayo enkundleni karhulumente anemiqathango ejikelezweyo yokuqwalasela. Kubantu . Riley (California), inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukuphengululwa okungenasizathu kogcino-lwazi lweselfowuni kuchasene namalungelo obuqu, kugxininisa ukucaciswa okucacileyo kweSine soMmiselo-Mbetho. Ngokufanayo, iNkundla yeZibheno yaseNew York yamkela izilangazelelo zobuqu ngokulinganisela ukusetyenziswa kolwazi lwendawo yeseli ngaphandle kwemvume.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Neengxaki Ezimandundu

Igunya likaRhulumente lokuHlahlela iiNkcukacha

Umthetho wasekuhlaleni noworhulumente waseKhalifoniya unegunya lokuphanda ngokophulwa komthetho karhulumente, kwanaxa oko kwaphulwa kwenziwa ngabameli borhulumente. Iinkundla zoManyano zide zaqonda ukuba abameli bakarhulumente abanawo ngokupheleleyo amandla okuthintelwa ekuchotshelweni komthetho karhulumente. Nawaphi na amangqina achaseneyo nawo akayonyaniso — yaye ayingozi ngokunzulu ekuthembeni uluntu kunye nengqibelelo yenkqubo yethu yokusesikweni.

Lo mgaqo ubonisa indlela esisiseko yolawulo lorhulumente yaye uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho isebenza kubo bonke abantu abakumda karhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwisikhundla esingakanani na kwimisebenzi yabo yorhulumente. Amagosa agunyazisa ulawulo aseKhalifoniya angazenza ingqwalasela ngokwawo ezo ziganeko yaye akuyomfuneko ukuba athobele amagunya karhulumente.

Indima eyandisiweyo yeAttorney yeSizwe

Kuwo wonke umnyaka wama-2025, amagqwetha esizwe (AGs) athatha iqonga kuludwe lophando, izenzo zonyanzelo, kunye nokuhlaziywa. Njengoko ulawulo lweziko lorhulumente luhamba kancinci kwezinye iindawo, namanye amasebe karhulumente ezama ukufumana iindawo ezifanayo ngaphaya kwepaseji, urhulumente i-AGs iye yavela njengeenkokeli kumsebenzi wokunyanzelisa nokusebenzisana kwe-bipartarian. Urhulumente AGs osuka kuwo omabini amaqela udityani rhoqo kwaye ngokuqhubekayo udibana ngoonobumba be-bipartarian kunye nophanti, uphando, uphando, uphando, kunye nezinye izenzo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nolungiselelo lobuntlola olwenziweyo

Amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho karhulumente ajamelana ngokuqhubekayo nemibuzo ephathelele ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa obuvelayo, kuquka ubukrelekrele obungachananga, ukuqwalaselwa kobuso, kunye neenkqubo eziphambili zokuhlola. Amazwe avelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula obu bugcisa, ukulungelelanisa iimfuno zokugcinwa komthetho nokukhuselwa kwasese kunye nenkxalabo yenkululeko yabemi.

Izenzo Ezilunge Ngakumbi Zokunyanzelisa Umthetho

Uqeqesho nophuhliso

Iinkqubo zoqeqesho ezifanelekileyo zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba amagosa omthetho karhulumente ayabuqonda ububanzi kunye nokulinganiselwa kwegunya lawo. Uqeqesho kufuneka lugubungele umthetho womgaqo-siseko, ukusebenzisa amandla, ubuchule bokususa ulawulo, ukruthakruthakruthwano olucacileyo, ukhuphiswano olucacileyo, inkcubeko, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.

Iintlobano Nezenzo Ezicacileyo

Amaziko okuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza kufuneka ahlale ecacile, ebhaliweyo achaza izenzo ezigunyazisiweyo nehambo engafanelekanga. Le nkqubo kufuneka ithethe ngeendawo eziyingozi njengokusetyenziswa kwegunya, ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula, ukubanjwa, ukuncinwa, nokuhlaziywa kwabemi ababuthathaka. Amapolisa kufuneka asoloko ehlolisiswa aze ahlaziywe ukuze abonise inkqubela engokwasemthethweni nezifundo ezifundwa kwiziganeko.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Iinkqubo zobugcisa bokuphendula kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa omthetho asebenza kwimida esemthethweni. Ezi nkqubo ziquka iikhamera ezihamba kunye nebhodi yezilumkiso, iinkqubo zokuqala zokuphawula iipakethi zesimilo, iibhodi zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, kunye neenkqubo zophando olucacileyo kunye noqeqesho. Ukuxelwa kwabantu ngokubanzi kokusebenzisa iziganeko zesantya, izikhalazo, kunye neziphumo zoqeqesho zinyusa ukubonakala nokuthembeka koluntu.

Ubandakanyeko Loluntu Nokusesikweni

Amaziko alawula imithetho abeka phambili ukuganana kwebutho labantu kunye nemigaqo yokusesikweni engokwesithethe abonakala ephumelela ngakumbi kwaye enanditshwa yintlawulo engakumbi yoluntu. Imithetho yomthetho igxininisa ukuphatha abantu ngesidima nentlonelo, ukubanika intetho ebonakalisa ubundilele, ukubonakalisa ubundilele ekwenzeni izigqibo, nokudlulisela iinjongo ezithembekileyo. Le migaqo isebenza ngokufanayo enoba amagosa asebenzisa igunya okanye awalathisi kwizenzo ezilahliweyo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Ngexesha Lomthetho

Umele Uhlale Uthe Tyaba

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu sikhusela abantu ekunyanzelweni ukuba bangenise umthetho ngokwabo. Ngexesha lokunyanzeliswa komthetho karhulumente, abantu banelungelo lokuhlala bethule kwaye akuyomfuneko ukuba baphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokunika inkcazelo esisiseko echaza ukuba ithintele nokukhupha imithetho. Ukukhupha eli lungelo akunakusetyenziswa njengobungqina betyala.

Imibala

Abantu banelungelo lokungavumi ukuphengulula abantu babo, inqwelo-mafutha okanye impahla yabo. Ngoxa amagosa esenokuqhuba uphengululo olusekelwe kwisiqinisekiso okanye olungaziwayo kwimfuneko efunekayo, abanakuphengulula ngokusekelwe kwisivumelwano esisekelwe kuphela ukuba loo mvume ayinikwanga ngesisa nangenkululeko. ukwala akuniki magosa igunya lokuqhuba uphando, nangona esenokuqhubeka ukuba anokuzithethelela ngokwasemthethweni.

Ilayini esuka kwilayini ye Marcus

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso siqinisekisa ilungelo lokumela isigwebo esisemthethweni. Abantu ababanjwayo okanye abavavanywayo ukuba bagcinwe egumbini banelungelo lokucela igqwetha, yaye kufuneka baphendulwe de igqwetha libe likho.

Ukusuka Kwifayile Kuya Kukhaba

Abantu abakholelwa ukuba amagosa omthetho karhulumente angaphaya kwegunya labo okanye ababandakanyeke kwihambo engafanelekanga banelungelo lokubhala izikhalazo ezibhaliweyo ngombutho oqeshiweyo, amaqumrhu olawulo, okanye amagunya karhulumente. Izikhalazo zingabangela uphando lwangaphakathi, kwaye kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, zisenokukhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ityala loluntu. Ukuchasa abantu ngenxa yokufaka izikhalazo ezisemthethweni kuyalelwe.

Oovimba bolwazi oluthe vetshe

Ukuqonda indlela entsonkothileyo yegunya lomthetho lokugcinwa komthetho karhulumente kufuna ukufikelela kwimithombo yolwazi ethembekileyo. Isebe leJaji lase-U.S. linikela ubuncwane kwimithetho yamalungelo orhulumente kunye nokungamela korhulumente kunye nokugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni. I-American Liberes Union [ inikela ulwazi malunga namalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngexesha lokudibana kwamapolisa. Igqwetha eliqhelekileyo lee-ofisi ligcina iindlela ezichaza ulawulo lomthetho kunye neenkqubo zokukhalaza.

Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni namaqela alwela amalungelo abantu anganikela uncedo kubantu abakholelwa ukuba amalungelo abo aphulwe. Ngokufuthi amaqumrhu aselugcinweni lwezikhundla zegqwetha anokunxibelelana nabantu abanamagqwetha afumana amalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye nemicimbi yokhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho. Imibutho yoluntu ejolise kwimbopheleleko yamapolisa nokuhlaziywa kwamalungelo oluntu ikwasebenza njengobuncwane obuxabisekileyo bemfundo nobuqhetseba.

Isiphelo

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente anegunya elibanzi lokunyanzelisa imithetho, aphande ulwaphulo-mthetho, agcine ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kwimimandla yawo. Eli gunya liyimfuneko ekukhuseleni uluntu nasekuqinisekiseni umthetho. Noko ke, eli gunya alingomda kwaye kufuneka lisetyenziswe ngaphakathi komGaqo-siseko, kwimithetho, nakwimida yemithetho elawulayo ekhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwaye ithintele ukuxhatshazwa.

Ukuqonda oko amagosa agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente avunyelweyo kwaye angavunyelwa ukuba akwenze kukhuthaza ukuba cace, ukuphendulana nokuhlonela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Amagosa aqonda ubungakanani kunye nokusikelwa umda kwegunya lawo axhotyiswe bhetele ukuze afeze imisebenzi yawo ngokunempumelelo ngoxa ehlonela amalungelo abantu abakhonzayo. Abahlali abayiqondayo le mida banokuwakhusela ngakumbi amalungelo abo baze bagcine umthetho ubeke ityala xa kufikelelwa ukwaphulwa.

Ulwalamano phakathi komthetho onyanzelisayo kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye luyaqhubeka luguquka ngomthetho, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nezindululo zenkqubo. Ukuqhubeka kwengxoxo phakathi kwabameli bomthetho, abamisi-mthetho, iinkundla, kunye noluntu kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amapolisa karhulumente kusoloko kuhambelana nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kunye namaxabiso olawulo-siseko. Ngokugcina olu lungelelaniso, amaphondo anganika ukugcinwa komthetho ngeli xesha kugcinwa amalungelo asisiseko achaza ibutho laseMelika.