Isiseko Somthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Ngezizwe

Umthetho wehlabathi unamandla angakumbi kwimibutho yomhlaba wonke yokulingana komtshato. Ngoxa ulawulo lwesizwe luhlala lulilitye lenkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe, uthungelwano lwezivumelwano, iindibano, izilawuli zenkundla, kunye nezixhobo zomthetho ezithambileyo ezibumba umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe zidala isiseko esikhuthaza, kwaye maxa wambi sinyanzelela, amazwe ukuba aqonde aze akhusele amalungelo abo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuba baluphi na ucalucalucalulo okanye ubudoda. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe okhuthaza ngazo ukulingana, izivumelwano ezingundoqo kunye nemigaqo ebandakanyekileyo, impembelelo kwimigaqo yesizwe, kunye nocelomngeni eziseleyo.

Isiseko samalungelo abantu sale mihla savela emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngokumkelwa kweSindululo Somhlaba Wonke samaLungelo Oluntu (UDHR) ngo-1948. Nangona iUDHR isisisivumelwano esigunyazisayo ngokusemthethweni, iye yafikelela kwimo yomthetho wehlabathi jikelele kwaye isebenza njengesiseko sazo zonke izixhobo zamalungelo abantu ezilandelayo. Igalelo 1 livakalisa ukuba bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile yaye belingana ngesidima nangamalungelo. Inqaku 2 liyalwalela ucalucalulo kulo naliphi na ilizwe, kuquka uhlanga, ibala, ulwimi, unqulo, iimbono zezobupolitika, imvelaphi yesizwe, impahla, okanye enye indawo ekhoyo. Nangona ukuzalwa kwabantu kunye nokuziwa ngokwesini akukhankanywwanga ngokucacileyo, isivakalisi, isivakalisi "ukuma kolunye udidi" isivakalisi semi.

Isivumelwano seZizwe Ezihlangeneyo samaLungelo Oluntu NawamaProvil (ICCR) kunye neSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe eSocial Agrees, Social and Cultural (ICECCR), zombini zamkelwa ngo- 1966, ziguqula imigaqo ye-UDHR ibe ziimfanelo ezibotshwayo. Ezi zixhobo zombini kunye ne-UDHR, zazisaziwa njengeSigqeba sezizwe saMalungelo oluntu. I-ICPR, ngokukodwa, iye yafumana isiseko somtshato esilinganayo. Inqaku le 17 likhusela ilungelo lokufumana ilungelo lokutshata kwaye alifumani nelungelo lentsapho, nangona lingaluchazi ngokucacileyo njengomtshato phakathi kwendoda nomfazi nebhinqa. Inqaku lama-26 liqinisekisa ukulingana phambi komthetho nokhuseleko olulinganayo. Ikomiti ephethe amalungelo oluntu, eliphethe i-ICalso komiti ephethe i-ICR, eliziphethe ngokuzi izigwebo ezizi zithelelanisa ezi zivumelwano.

Umgaqo wokungangqubani uyinto esisiseko apho impikiswano yomtshato zihlala khona. Phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, umisela imbopheleleko yokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu banandipha amalungelo abo ngaphandle kokwahlulwa naluphi na uhlobo. Xa urhulumente ekhanyela izibini ezifanayo ezingokwabelana ngesondo, idala ucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo. Amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu amazwe ngamazwe afumanise ukuba ucalulo olunjalo lufuna uqinisekiso olunyanzelekileyo. Amazwe angenakunikela uqinisekiso olunjalo afunyaniswe ekuphuleni iimfanelo zawo zesivumelwano. Olu qikelelo olusemthethweni luye lwasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezininzi phambi kweenkundla ezininzi zamalungelo abantu kunye namaqumrhulu-UN, adala iqumrhu elikhulayo elixhasa ukulingana komtshato.

Izixhobo ezingundoqo zezomthetho wehlabathi kunye nemisebenzi yesakhelo

Izixhobo zomthetho ezininzi nezakhiwo zezizwe ngezizwe ziye zaphembelela ngokukhethekileyo ekuqhubeni phambili umlinganiselo womtshato. Ezi zinto zisuka kwizivumelwano ezibophelelekileyo ukuya kwimigaqo ethambileyo elawula inkqubo yorhulumente kunye nokucaciswa kwezomthetho. Ezona zibalulekileyo zihlolisiswe ngezantsi.

Umnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Wamalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nawasekuhlaleni (ICCPR)

I-ICCPR ihlala isisivumelwano samalungelo abantu esivunyiweyo ehlabathini lonke, namaqela angama-173 angama-2024. Amalungiselelo ayo eemfanelo zobuqu, intsapho, kunye nokulingana aye atolikwa ukukhusela ulwalamano olufanayo lobudlelane. Kwimeko yonyaka ka19999 iToonen v. , iKomiti yamaLungelo loluntu ifumanise ukuba imithetho ephazamisa ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo, igqwethe ihambo efanayo neyokuziphatha okungalinganiyo kulwaphulo-mthetho, ichasene nelungelo lokuzimela ilungelo lokuzimela phantsi kweQumthetho lwezigwebo 17. Esi sigqibo simisela umqatha ngokumisela ukuba imbonakalo yesondo ikhuselwe phantsi kwe-ICICPR. [[FLT] [12]

Kutshanje, iKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu iqwalasele amatyala abandakanya ukulingana ngqo. Fedottova v. eRashiya kunye namatyala afanayo alandelayo, iKomiti ifumanise ukuba ukusilela kweRashiya ukunikela ulwamkeleko olusemthethweni naluphi na ulwalamano olusemthethweni olufanayo olumatyala achaseneyo namanqaku alishumi elinesixhenxe nangama-23 e-ICCPR. Ezi zigqibo, ngexa zingafuni mithetho ecacileyo yokuvula isibini esine, imisele ukuba amanani amele anikezele uhlobo oluthile lolwazi olusemthethweni nokhuseleko lolwalamano olungoko. Iingcinga ngomthetho wesizwe olungelelanisayo.

Imigaqo KaYogwarta

IYogarka Principles, eyaqaliswa ngo-2007 kwiYunivesithi yaseGadjah Mada e-Indonesia, imela ukumiselwa okubanzi kwendlela amalungelo abantu ehlabathi jikelele asebenza ngayo kwimibandela yendlela abavakalelwa ngayo ngokwesini kunye nokuzichaza kwabo ngokwesini. Nangona iMithetho ingagunyaziswanga, iye yaba nempembelelo kakhulu. Ikhonjiwe ziinkundla zesizwe, amaqumrhu eZizwe, kunye namaziko alwela amalungelo abantu. ISigqibo 24 sithetha ngokungqalileyo ilungelo lokufumana intsapho, sichaza ukuba amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ilungelo labo bonke abantu lokufumana intsapho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba banokuvela kwesini okanye kusini, kuquka nokungena kwabo kwisikhundla esinxulumene nomthetho okanye isikhundla esilinganayo.

IYogarka Principles i-Yogarkarta Principles Principles Plus Ten, ethatyathwe ngo-2017, ethetha ngeembambano ezongezelelekileyo ezifana namalungelo abantu abakwi-intersex nokusetyenziswa komthetho wamalungelo abantu kulwazi lwezobugcisa bezobugcisa. Ezi migaqo zinika imaphu yendlela echaza indlela elungelelanisa amazwe efuna ukulungelelanisa imithetho yawo nemilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe malunga nembonakalo yesondo kunye nobufana. Ziye zasetyenziswa ngabaxhasi bobugcinqila kunye nabameli bomthetho ukumisela imigaqo elungelelanisa izithethe nezomthetho eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka eLatin America ukuya e-Asiya e-Asia.

Inkqubo yamalungelo abantu yephondo

Inkqubo yamalungelo abantu yengingqi idla ngokuhambela phambili ngokukhawuleza kunenkqubo yomhlaba ekuqhubeni phambili ukulingana komtshato.

INkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu

INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu (ECTR) ikhuphe imithetho emininzi ephawulayo kulwalamano olungokwasemgangathweni. Schalk kunye neKopf v. IAustria (2010), iNkundla ifumanise ukuba ilungelo lokutshata phantsi kweGatya 12 lamaThemba aseYurophu kwiNdibano yamalungelo oluntu alifuni ukuba kuvunyelwe ukuba izibini ezidibeneyo zingene emtshatweni. Kodwa, iNkundla ibonise ukuba ulwalamano olunye nolwezo lwe-extensi lukwingqiqo ye "ubomi bendlu" phantsi kweSihlo 8 senkcazelo kufuneka inikeze uhlobo oluthile lokugqalwa okusemthethweni. Esi sigqibo sivule iingcango zemeko ezilandelayo eziye zandisa amalungelo afanayo-exmathe - Ex.

[[Nkundla: 0] igxininisa ukuba inembopheleleko esebenzayo yokuqinisekisa ulwalamano lwangasese kunye nolwabanye abantu. (2015), iECTHR yafumanisa ukuba i-Itali iphule iGatya lesi-8 ngokusilela ukunikezela nasiphi na isakhiwo esisemthethweni sezibini ezingokwasemgceni. Inkundla igxininisa ukuba ichaza ukuba inembopheleleko esebenzayo ukuqinisekisa intlonelo ngobomi bobuqu kunye nobentsapho, equka ukunikezela ngolwalamano olusemthethweni olufanayo. Emva kokugqiba oku, i-Italiya yamisela umthetho womanyano wamakhaya ngo-2016. B[FLT] Brbucuscucucucu.[2] uqikelelo olupheleleyo lweNkuhlelano oluphantsi kweNkugqibelo yeNkundlalo yomtshato [FL]] [FT]

Inkqubo yeMelika eNgenisiweyo

Inkundla yaMadoda yaseMelika yamaLungelo oluntu ithathe ukuma okuthe kratya. KwiAdvisory Comminition OC-24/17 (2017), iNkundla yathi amaqela akwiNgqungquthela yaseMelika yaMalungelo oluntu kufuneka awaqaphele kwaye aqinisekise amalungelo ezibini ezifanayo ezingokwaseMelika. Uluvo olucacileyo luchaziwe ukuba amatyala kufuneka anikezele kuzo zonke iintlobo ezikhoyo zoluvo olusemthethweni, kuquka umtshato. Inkundla yaqiqaqal ’ ukuqisa ukuba imbonakalo yesondo kunye nokuzichaza kwamadoda ngawabo amabhinqa kukhuselwe phantsi kweQumrhu, kwaye ikhethelo kwezi zizathu lichasene noMacatshulo 24. Ululo luchaziwe lucatshulwe ziinkundla zeCosta Rica, e-Ecuador, namanye amazwe ase-Latin achaza umtshato osemthethweni.

Inkqubo yaseAfrika

Inkqubo yamalungelo abantu eAfrika ayizange ivume ukulingana komtshato, ibonisa ukuchaswa okunamandla kwezithethe nonqulo kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika. ISicatshulwa saseAfrika kuMalungelo abantu nawabantu asithethi ngokucacileyo ngembonakalo yesini okanye ubufanasini. Noko ke, iKhomishini yo Afrika engobuHulumeni namaLungelo abantu ayithathi nyathelo elithile lokukhusela i-LGBTQ+ amalungelo. Kunyaka wama-2014 kwisigqibo se-LGBT abantu eAfrika, iKhomishini ebizwa ukuba iphelise ugonyamelo nocalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini nakwi-sni. Ngoxa esi sigqibo singethethi ukuba amatyala abantu amele ukukhusela i-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye, nto leyo enokwenza izizinziso zonxulumano malunga nokuqwala kolwazi oluzayo [[FLF:] [0] kwiKhomishini yoluntu ne-RGS]

Impembelelo Yomthetho Wehlabathi Lonke Ngemithetho Yomtshato Wesizwe

Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uphembelela imithetho yesizwe yokulingana ngobuchule obuninzi: izivumelwano ezifuna utshintsho lowiso-mthetho okanye lomgaqo-siseko, izigqibo zogwebo ezikhankanya izixhobo zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe namazwe, namandla athambileyo ezithethe zezizwe ngezizwe ezibumba uluvo lukawonke wonke nentetho yezobupolitika. Uhlolisiso olulandelayo lubonisa ezi zenzo zinamandla.

Isifundo Setyala: INetherlands NeBelgium

I-Netherlands yaba lilizwe lokuqala ukubhalisa umtshato ongokwasemtshatweni ngo-2001, lilandelwa yiBelgium ngo-2003. Nangona la mazwe engazange enze ngokuyintloko ngenxa yeembopheleleko zomthetho-siseko wezizwe ngezizwe, izigqibo zawo zabunjwa yinkqubo ebanzi yamalungelo abantu. I-Netherlands neBelgium sele imisele umthetho womanyano lwamakhaya ngo-1998, kwaye ukufuduka ngokupheleleyo kwaqhutywa luphawulo lokuba ukuphathwa ngokwahlukeneyo kodwa ngokulinganayo kwakungavisisani nemigaqo ebekwe kumgaqo-siseko wamaDatshi kunye neConvention on Human Rights. INetherlands ne-Belgium ukususela ngoko iye yachazwa njengemizekelo yendlela imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke enokuthi isetyenziswe ngayo kumgangatho wesizwe, kwaye imithetho yayo iye yaphembele iinguqulelo zomthetho kwamanye amazwe.

Isifundo Setyala: Taiwan

Uhambo lweTayiwan lokulingana emtshatweni lubonisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe, kwezobupolitika, kunye nokugweba. Ngo-2017, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseTaiwan yagqiba kwelokuba ukusilela kwemithetho yowiso-mthetho yabemi ukulungiselela ukulungiselela umtshato omnye, kwaphula isiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko sokulingana nenkululeko yomtshato. INkundla yacaphula amaziko amalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke, kuquka i-ICCPR kunye neMithetho yeYakhartara, ekuqikeleleni kwayo. Isigqibo sanika indlu yowiso-mthetho iminyaka emibini ukumisela iziphelo, kwaye ngo-2019, iTaiwan yaba lilizwe lokuqala e-Asia ukuqhuba umtshato osemthethweni ofanayo. Inkundla yeNkuxhomekeka kumalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke, kuquka neMithetho yeMithetho yeMithetho yeMithetho yezo yezo yezo yezo yezopolitiko yamazwe amazwe apho ithelela ukulingana kokwane.

Isifundo Setyala: UMzantsi Afrika

Umgaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika wasemva kwe-Home-parteid ngomnye weyona ntsingiselo iqhubekayo ehlabathini, eluthintela ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo ngesizinzi se-sondo. Ngonyaka wowama-2005, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseMzantsi Afrika yalawula kwi uMphathi-Mphathi-mikhosi weMakhaya . [ ingcaciso eqhelekileyo yomtshato njengomanyano phakathi komntu nomfazi olungahlanganiyo. Inkundla yezomthetho ixhomekeke kwiimfanelo zamalungelo abantu eNtshona Afrika, kuquka i-Afrika Afrika ejongeneyo kumalungelo abantu, iquka i-Afrika yeSicangcaciso-wase-Luntu nakulwano, ukuxhasa ukuqiqashela kwayo. Isigqibo sakhokelela ekumisweni komthetho we-Ovilinian Union Union (iiiiR.6,5.6) esinikezela kwimitshato yomtshato otheneyo kuphela.

Isifundo Setyala: IUnited States

Nangona iUnited States ingazigunyazisanga izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe, sekunjalo umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uye waphembelela ingxoxo engundoqo yamakhaya ngokulingana komtshato. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States yakholelwa ukuba ilungelo lokutshata linelungelo elisisiseko phantsi kweSigqibo soMgaqo-siseko we-Mgaqo-siseko. IJajinikazi u-Antho Kennedy lixhomekeke kakhulu ekuqondeni umtshato kwilizwe lonke, ingathethi ukuba amazwe amaninzi aye amkelekile umtshato ngexesha elo. Ngoxa iNkungaso ityala ayizange isekelwe kwisigqibo salo siseko somthetho wehlabathi lonke, ibhekisa kumgangatho walo njengesigqibo sokuwuxhasa ekunene ukutshata. [FFofberg], i-FFF], ithenjiwe kwezinye iinkundla zezomthetho zezomthetho ezithe zamazwe amanani amanani amanani amanani amanani aphezulu.[5]

Indima yobuGcisa behlabathi ne-NGO

Imibutho engeyoyarhulumente (NGOOs) namaqela alawulayo adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleleni imigaqo-nkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe kwiinguquko zenkqubo yesizwe. Imibutho enjenge-Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, neIntersafeal, Gay, Biy, Trans and Interssex Association (ILGA) ijonge urhulumente ukuthotyelwa kwamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke, ukuqhuba uphando, nokuxhasa utshintsho olusemthethweni. Iingxelo nezicelo zayo zisetyenziswa yimibutho yeZizwe ezizimeleyo, iinkundla zamalungelo abantu, kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho-mthetho zesizwe ukuqinisekisa ukuqulungelana kwemi

I-GOs isebenza ngokukhethekileyo. Ikomishini enjengeKhomishini yeZizwe ngezizwe yaManyano, i-International Human Clinic eHarvard Law School, kunye nemibutho yengingqi enjenge European Rights Human Advocacy Center izise amatyala phambi kokuba iKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu yezizwe ngezizwe namazwe acelw'acelw'umthetho ogunyazisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. La matyala amisela imizekelo esemthethweni ebangela utshintsho lwesizwe. Umzekelo, [FLT: 0] ityala le-Toonen[FLT] phambi kokuba iKomiti yamaLungelo Amalungelo oluntu ixhaswe yimibutho yamalungelo abantu ezizwe ngezizwe enikela ubuchule obusemthethweni kunye noovimba bemali.

I-NGOS zikwabandakanyeka ekwakheni amandla, ekuqeqesheni amagqwetha kunye nabaxhasi ekusetyenzisweni kwamalungelo abantu zwenibanzi. IYogarta Principle zaveliswa ngenkqubo encedisanayo ebandakanya iingcaphephe zamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke, kwaye ziyaqhubeka zikhuthazwa luthungelwano lweziko lentlangano. IZizwe Ezizimeleyo Zeephesenti kwiSexual Confection and Gender Intectimential, esungulwe ngo-2016, isebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni yoluntu ukuvelisa ukwenziwa kwemithetho elwahlulo lwamalungelo abantu nokunconywa. Iingxelo ze-Independent Ex Expert ziye zasetyenziswa ekubalaseni imfuneko yokulingana komtshato nezinye izibini ezisemthethweni zezibini ezifanayo [[FLD:0] [UNIK:] [UNIXEXExter I-SCM)]

Ucelomngeni Nokuxhathisa

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ebalulekileyo, iingxaki ezinkulu zisaqhubeka. Amazwe amaninzi ayaqhubeka exhathisa ingcinezelo yezizwe ngezizwe yokulingana komtshato, ngokufuthi echaza izizathu zesithethe okanye zonqulo. Kwezinye iimeko, oku kuxhathisa kuye kwakhokelela ekuphithaniseni inkqubo yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe, oorhulumente betyhola imikhosi yezizwe ngezizwe ngokumisela imilinganiselo yamazwe aseNtshona kuluntu olungengawo amaWestern.

Iimfundiso Zesithethe Nezonqulo

Kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi, izithethe nezithethe zonqulo zikholelwa ukuba umtshato lumanyano phakathi kwendoda nomfazi. Amaqela onqulo oluneembono ezingafaniyo, kuquka iCawa yamaKatolika, iimvaba ezininzi zamaProtestanti, kunye namagunya amaSilamsi, aye aphikisana ngokuvakalayo nokulingana komtshato. La maqela aphikisa ukuba amalungelo abantu azwenibanzi angaphaya kwegunya lawo ngokuphazamisa ulawulo lwesizwe nezithethe zenkcubeko. Uxakeko phakathi kwamalungelo abantu asekuhlaleni kunye nenkcubeko lungumxholo oqhubekekayo kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Ngoxa amalungelo abantu ephela, ukusetyenziswa kwawo ngokwemo ethile kudla ngokudidanisa izithethe nezithethe zasekuhlaleni.

Amanye amazwe aye asabela kwingcinezelo yezizwe ngezizwe ngokumisela ulungiso-mthetho okanye imithetho echaza ngokucacileyo umtshato njengophakathi kwendoda nomfazi. Umzekelo, ngo-2008, abavoti baseKhalifoniya bagqithisa iPrograma 8, eyatshintsha umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ukuze ithintele umtshato ofanayo, nangona kamva yaphendulwa yinkundla yezomthetho-mthetho wesizwe. Ngo-2010, iNigeria yawiswa umthetho ofanayo (Isivumelwano sobuGawulayo), lowo uwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo nolwezothelo. Ngo-2014, i-Uganda yawisa umthetho ochasene nomthetho owesizwe, owathi kamva wabethwaliswa yiNkuNkuhla kwezomGaqo-siseko we-Uganda ku-proccelval, nangona ukususela oko kuye kwayilwa kulungiswe ngendlela elungisiweyo. Le mizekelo ingumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe awuzange uyiyoyise imoyise imo.

Ulongamo Nezithethe Zesizwe Ezisemthethweni

Umgaqo wolawulo lukarhulumente ungowona mgaqo usisiseko wemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe. Amazwe akhululekile ukumisela imithetho nemigaqo yawo, kuquka nemibandela yomtshato. Nangona izivumelwano zisenokufuna ukuba kubekho izivumelwano zokuhlonela amalungelo abantu, iinkqubo zokunyanzeliswa komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe zibuthathaka ngokwentelekiso. IKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu inokwenza oko ifunyaniswe kuko, kodwa ayinakunyanzela amazwe ukuba athobele. Iinkundla zamalungelo abantu, ezinjengeNkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo oluntu, zinezinye iinkqubo ezinamandla zokunyanzelisa, kodwa kwanawo amatyala ayo anokungahoywa okanye aqukwa kuphela.

Amanye amazwe aphikisa ngelithi ukulingana komtshato yimbambano emele igqitywe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye ziinkundla zomGaqo-siseko ngeenkqubo zawo zedemokhrasi, ezingamiselwanga yimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe. Le ngxoxo ixhomekeke ngokukhethekileyo kumazwe aye afumana ubuthangalasela kwaye aziva ephazamisana namazwe angaphandle. Kula mazwe, ukunyanzeliswa kokulingana komtshato ngamaqumrhu akwimimandla yamazwe ngamazwe kungabonwa njengohlobo lobuGawula-siseko. Ukuthetha ngale ngxaki kufuna ulungelelwaniso olulukileyo phakathi kokuxhasa imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke nokuhlonela iinkqubo zesizwe ezifanelekileyo.

Ukutsala umva kunye nokubuyiselwa

Kwamanye amazwe, inkqubela kumlinganiselo womtshato ilandelwe kukungahambelani. Ngokomzekelo, eBrazil, ukulawulwa kuka-2013 yiBhunga leSizwe loBulunga beJaji kwavumela umtshato olinganayo, kodwa inkqubela-phambili yezopolitiko ivelise inkxalabo ngozinzo lwala malungelo. EPoland naseHungary, oorhulumente abakwizikhuseli bomtshato baye badlulisela imithetho kunye neziphenduso ezimisela iLGBTQ+, kuquka nokuchaza umtshato njengomanyano phakathi kwendoda nomfazi. Ezi ziganeko zibonisa ukuba impumelelo ebangelwa ngumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe isenokungagqibeleli kwaye kufuneka ukuqwala nokulawulwa okuqhubekayo ukuze kukhuselwe.

Ulwalathiso Namathuba Azayo

Xa ukhangela phambili, umthetho wehlabathi lonke uya kuqhubeka unendima ebalulekileyo kumbutho womhlaba wonke wokulingana komtshato.

Ukwandisa Ukugqalwa Ngoxabiso Nasemva Komtshato

Kwanalapho ukulingana okupheleleyo kungafikeleleki ngokwezobupolitika okanye ngokwesithethe, umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngokuqhubekayo ufuna ukuba amazwe anike uhlobo oluthile lokwamkelwa okusemthethweni kolwalamano olufanayo lobudlelane. Njengoko olu gunya lukhula, amaqabane asekhaya, okanye ezinye iindawo ezisemthethweni ezinika amalungelo nokukhusela. IKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu kunye neNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ikholelwa ukuba amaphondo anembopheleleko elungileyo yokwamkela ulwalamano olufanayo lobuhlanga ngokwendlela ethile. Njengoko olu lwaphulo-mthetho lukhula, kunokwenzeka ukuba amazwe amaninzi aya kwamkela ezinye iindlela zokuqwalaselwa, nto leyo ekugqibeleni enokuthi ekugqibeleni ikhokelele ekulingana okupheleleyo emtshatweni.

Indima YeBhunga Lamalungelo Abantu LeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo

IBhunga lamaLungelo aBantu leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo liye laba liququzelela lokuhambela phambili kweLGBTQ+ amalungelo. Ngo-2011, iBhunga lamkela isiGqibo sezenzo zogonyamelo kunye nocalucalulo olunzulu kubantu abasekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini nakubuntu . Esi sisigqibo sokuqala seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngokungqalileyo ekuphenduleni le miba. Izigqibo ezilandelelanayo zomeleza ukuzimisela kweBhunga ukukhusela iLGBTQ+ amalungelo, kuquka ngokusekwa kwe-Endependent Expex Suption on Sexual and Gender Intection. Ngoxa iBAlatiodentity ingathethi ngokungqalileyo ukulingana kwesondo kunye nokuzichaza ngokwamanani.

I-Universal Pearly Review (UPR) inkqubo, apho iBhunga lamaLungelo oluntu lihlola iingxelo zamalungelo abantu kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu e-UN, ikwasetyenziselwa ukunyusa inkxalabo ngokucalucalulo kwizibini ezingokwasemgangathweni omnye. Amazwe aye asebenzisa i-UPR ukwenza iingcebiso mayelana novumo olusemthethweni lolwalamano olufanayo lobudlelane. Ngoxa ezi zincomelo zingagunyazi, zidala uxinzelelo lwezobuzwe olunokuphembelela iinkqubo zesizwe. Amazwe anjenge-Netherlands, Canada, kunye ne-Argentina aye asebenzisa i-UPR ngokuqhubekayo ukuxhasa ukulingana komtshato kwamanye amazwe [UT] [UVT] [UVD] [Uveral Discovementation Reviewy)[FLD].

Ukuqhankqalaza Kwemikhwa Egqugqisileyo Ebugwebeni Behlabathi Lonke

Zininzi izinto ezivelayo kwimithetho-mthetho yehlabathi lonke ezinokukhuthaza ukulingana komtshato kwiminyaka ezayo. Eyokuqala, iinkundla ziya ziqonda ukuba imbonakalo yesondo kunye nokuzichaza kwabantu ngokwesini ziimpawu ezifanele ukuhlolwa ngokulinganayo phantsi kolungiselelo. Oku kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba imithetho ithethelele imithetho yocalucalulo, kuquka ezo zikhanyela izibini ezingokwasemgangeni ilungelo lokutshata. Okwesibini, ingcamango ye "intsapho" iyandiswa kumthetho wezizwe zonke ukuquka ulwalamano olumanyeneyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba izixhobo ezininzi zamalungelo abantu zikhusela ilungelo lokufumana intsapho, kwaye izibini ezifanayo ezinxulumene nesini esinesini esinesini zibonakala ngokuqhubekayo zingavisisani nokuqonda amalungelo abantu.

Okwesithathu, ukudibana kokulingana komtshato nezinye iinkalo zomthetho, ezinjengomthetho wokhuseleko, ukufuduka, kunye nokhuseleko lwentlalo, kubangela uxinzelelo olongezelelekileyo lokwamkeleka okusemthethweni. Xa izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zijamelene nobunzima ngenxa yokuba ulwalamano lwazo lungaqashelwa kwelinye ilizwe, umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe usenokufuna ukuba elo lizwe linikwe imbeko. Inkundla yeSigwebo seLuntu, umzekelo, ilawula kumthetho we-ex , i-Comen kunye nabanye b. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-Inspectivete for Immigration[[ [2018])) utshintsho oluqhubekayo.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wehlabathi ibisoloko isiso isixhobo esinamandla kwimibutho yomhlaba wonke yokulingana komtshato. Ngezivumelwano ezinyanzelisayo ezifana ne-ICCPR, izixhobo zomthetho ezithambileyo njengeYogarta Principles, kunye nokulawula kweenkundla zamalungelo abantu, umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe umisela imilinganiselo ekhuthaza ukuba amazwe aqaphele aze akhusele amalungelo abantu abatshatileyo. Impembelelo yomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe iyabonakala kumanani akhulayo amazwe agunyazisa umtshato osondelelene nezomgano, ngokufuthi emva kokuba iinkundla okanye izikhululo-mthetho-mthetho ikhe yacaphula iimbopheleleko zamazwe ngamazwe ekuqiqesheni kwawo.

Noko ke, ulwalamano phakathi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe nolawulo lwesizwe lusaphikiswa. Inkcaso yenkcubeko nolonqulo, inkxalabo ngokungenelela kwezentlalo, kunye nokuchasana kwezobupolitika kubangela iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ekuqhubeleni phambili inkqubela. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe asiyondawo yokulwa, kwaye ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomekeke ekuqhubekeni komthetho osemthethweni, ukudityaniswa kwemithetho yesizwe ngasinye, nokuzibophelela kwezentlalo-ntle. Ikamva lokulingana komtshato liya kuphenjelelwa kumlinganiselo opheleleyo wokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yabantu ngemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Uhambo oluya kumgangatho opheleleyo phantsi kwezithethe ezisemthethweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zihambana okanye ubufanasini, lisuke ekugqibeleni, kodwa iziseko zomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe zilungiselela ukuhambela phambili.