Ukwazisa: Indima Ebalulekileyo Yemisebenzi Yasebumnyameni

Imisebenzi eqinileyo kunye nophando olusemfihlekweni zizixhobo ezinamandla ezisetyenziswa ngabaqeqeshi bomthetho ukuphosa iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqokelela ubukrelekrele obunokuphunyezwa, nokwakha amatyala anokukhuselwa. Ukusuka kwimida yokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi ukuya kumaqhinga e-intanethi, le misebenzi idla ngokubeka amagosa kwiindawo ezichuliweyo apho amele abandakanyeke kwihambo efana nokusebenza okungekho mthethweni. Noko ke, umgca phakathi kokunyanzeleka komthetho osebenzayo kunye nengqwabalala yemithetho-siseko unciphile.

Ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso esifunyenweyo ngokomthetho, ubungqina obuqokelelwe ngexesha lolwamkelo okanye umsebenzi wobumshophelo bungacinywa phantsi komthetho wokuzimela, uphazamiso oluthintela ukuchotshelwa kwetyala lonke. Ukuqonda izibophelelo ezizizo zomthetho kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi, kwaye umahluko omxinwa okhoyo, ubalulekile kubatshutshisi, amagqwetha, abasebenzi bomthetho, nabani na ofunda inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Eli nqaku linika isikhokelo esibanzi kwimfuno-mthetho olawula intluthumo nokuphengulula okuphantsi komgaqo-siseko, ukuzoba kwimigaqo yemithetho yemithetho, i-statory, kunye nemimiselo ekhokelayo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Uhlaziyo Lwesine noNobangela Ofanelekileyo

UHlaziyo lwesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokukhuselwa nxamnye nokuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Ingxelo yayo yesiqinisekiso ichaza ukuba akukho mfuneko izakukhutshwa kodwa kwisizathu esifanelekileyo, ixhaswe sisithembiso okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza indawo emayiphendulwe kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjiswe. Le mfuneko yesiseko isebenza kwimisebenzi yokubetha imithambo kunye nemisebenzi engaphantsi komsebenzi wobuqu nanini ibandakanya ukuphengulula, ukuxhuzula, okanye ukugxala kummandla okhuselwe ngokwesiseko wobucala.

Unobangela ocacileyo asiyobhar ephezulu, ifuna ubuchule obucacileyo obuthi i-flut bungabhabha, ubungqina, okanye umntu othe waxhuzulayo uzakufunyanwa kwindawo ethile okanye kwimeko echazwe kwisiqinisekiso. I-affidavits exhasa izicelo zesiqinisekiso kufuneka imisele iinkcukacha ezithile, hayi iziphelo nje. Umzekelo, umphathi akanakuqinisekisa ukuba ikrokrethi igcina izinto ezibiweyo e-garaji; kufuneka anikezele iincam ezithembekileyo, uqwalaselo lobukhongozelo, okanye obunye ubungqina obuxhasayo obukhokelela kumgwebi ongathanga nxaxheba ekuvumeni ukuba isiseko esisemthethweni sikhona.

Imfuneko ekhethekileyo ibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Isiqinisekiso somsebenzi wolwamko kufuneka sichaze ngokuchanekileyo indawo ezakukhangelwa (umz., indlu e 123 Main Street), izinto ezimele zibanjiswe (umz., iingxelo zokuthengiselwa kweziyobisi), kunye neendlela zokuhlola okanye zokuphazamisa ezivunyelweyo. Imiyalelo yonobumba-mthetho. /Ngokwezihlandlo ezithile ibizwa ngokuba yimvume-wonke-wonke . "areare componitions" kuba banika abaphathi-gunya elivulekileyo lokusebenzisa iprojekthi okanye ukuvala uthungelwano lomntu.

Kwakufuneka Abasebenzi Bemfazwe Abazama Ukutsala Nabaphandi Bezonyango

Imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa kunye nophando lwangaphantsi komfihleko lungaquka iintlobo eziliqela ezahlukileyo zemithetho, nganye ilawulwa yisakhiwo sayo somthetho. Ezona ziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqinisekiso sokukhangela [ – esisetyenziselwa ukungena nokukhangela indawo ethile yobungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho (umz. indlu efihlayo okanye iseva yekhompyutha).
  • [[FLT: 0] Isivumelwano sokutsala – esisetyenziselwa ukuthatha ukrokrelo luye kwibanjwa emva kwesiphelo solobolo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imiqondiso enika imvume – esetyenziselwa ukwenza ujongo lomzimba okanye lombane lwexhoba (umz., iGPS yokufumana okanye ukhangelo lwevidiyo lwengingqi yabucala).
  • Ititle III yemiyalelo yocingo – ifunekayo ukunqanda iziqulatho zocingo, zomlomo, okanye zothungelwano lwe elektroniki (ifowuni zefowuni, ii-imeyili, ii-screens) phantsi kwemigaqo engqongqo yomthetho.
  • Imiyalelo yobhaliso kunye nomjelo- nomjelo we-'FLT'] – esetyenziswa ukuthatha amanani atsaliweyo okanye ii-metadata kwimfonomfono, ezisoloko zifuna umgangatho osezantsi womsebenzi kunonobangela olindelekileyo.

Imisebenzi Esetyenziswayo yokutsala

Utyando oluqhelekileyo lolwamkelo ludla ngokuqukunjelwa ngokusebenza komthetho osebenza kwindawo esetyenziselwa ukugcina ubungqina okanye ukurhoxisa iziyobisi. Umzekelo, kwintengiso yokuthenga iziyobisi ezifihlakeleyo, abaphathi-mikhosi bangalungiselela ukuthenga iziyobisi ezi-narcotics kumthengisi kwindlu ethile emiselweyo. Emva kokuthengisela, bafumana isiqinisekiso sokuphendla kwindlu ukuze bafumane amayeza awongezelelekileyo, imali, kunye neengxelo. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sixhaswe yi-affidavit equka uhlolisiso lwabaphathi-majoni abangaphantsi kwento, ukuthembeka kwabo nabaphi na abayamkeli, kunye netshenga lezehlo ezimisela unobangela ofanelekileyo.

Umahluko omnye obalulekileyo: ukuba ulwamviwo lolwamko lubandakanya izinto eziphindaphindiweyo kwimpahla yabucala (umz., igosa elingaphantsi kwento elizenza ngathi ngumthengi weziyobisi limenywa kwikhaya), ezo zingeniso zisenokungagunyaziswa kwaye ngaloo ndlela zingafuneki mvume. Noko ke, naluphi uphengululo olungaphaya komda wemvume (njengokuvula izikhongozeli ezivaliweyo okanye ukungena kumagumbi atshixiweyo) lufuna isiqinisekiso sokungahambi.

Izixhobo zombane kunye nezikhuseli zemfazwe III

Uphando lwaphantsi komfihleko olubandakanya ukurhuqwa kocingo, ukuphangwa, okanye ukunqanda uthungelwano lwe-elektroniki luwe phantsi koMthetho we-Phondo (Isihloko III soLawulo lwe-Omnibus Crime kunye noMthetho we-Defic Streets ka-1968) kunye nemimiselo efanayo yorhulumente. Le mithetho ibeka iimfuno ezithe tyelele ngaphezulu kwesizathu esiqhelekileyo:

  • I-affidavit kufuneka ibonise unobangela olindelekileyo wokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile lukho okanye luza kwenziwa.
  • Inkqubo kufuneka ibonise ukuba iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zophando ziye zavavanywa zaze zangaphumeleli, okanye ngokusengqiqweni zibonakala zingaphumeleli okanye ziyingozi kakhulu (ukuya kungu '] imfuneko efunekayo ye-.
  • Umyalelo kufuneka uchaze uhlobo lonxibelelwano ukuze lunqandwe, ukucaphuka okuphantsi kophendlo, ukuchazwa kwexhoba (ukuba laziwa), kunye nexesha lokunqandwa (ngokuqhelekileyo kubekelwe umda ukuya kwientsuku ezingama-30 kunye nolwandiso olunokwenzeka).
  • Umthetho onyanzelisayo mawunciphise ukunqandwa konxibelelwano olungakhawuleziyo (umz., yima ukuphulaphula xa incoko ingahambelaniyo nolwaphulo-mthetho).

Ukungaphumeleli ukuhambisana nezi mfuneko kungaphumela ekucinezelweni kobungqina obunqatyisiweyo kwanobutyala bamagosa abandakanyekileyo. Umzekelo, ku Berger v. New York (1967), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wesigqeba ongenawo umlinganiselo owaneleyo kunye nolawulo lwezomthetho, imisela ukuba ukhangelo lwezombane “luphengululo” phantsi koMphengululo wesi-C5.

Ukufumana iZixhobo zeGPS kunye nabaQuquzeleli

Ukhangelo oluphathekayo lwentshukumo yomntu esebenzisa iGPS yokufumana i-GPS okanye enye itechnoloji exhasa indawo ikwafuna isiqinisekiso phantsi kweSine Somthambeko. United States v. Jones (202]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela ekubeni urhulumente ancamathele isixhobo seGPS kwisithuthi senqwelo-mafutha kwaye asebenzise ukuqwalasela intshukumo yenqwelo-moto isenza ukuphendla ngokwentsingiselo yeSine soMbetho. Ngoko ke, unyanzelo lomthetho kufuneka ufumane isiqinisekiso esixhaswa nokwenzeka ./okanye ulwanelise ukuchasana oluqwalaselwayo ngesixhobo seGPS kwi-omfolorf okanye phantsi komsebenzi ogqunywe phantsi kwe-omati.

Imeko kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni kufuneka aqonde ukuba imfuneko yesiqinisekiso sokufumana iGPS iyasebenza naxa isithuthi sisendleleni zikawonke-wonke. Isigqibo sajika kwimposiso ephathekayo yokudibanisa isixhobo, kodwa iimeko zamva (ezifana United States v. Carplater, 2018]) zafumana kwakhona ukuba ulwazi lweseli-seli-esendaweni ende (CSSLI) lufuna isiqinisekiso kuba ityhila umfanekiso osondeleleyo wobomi bomntu.

Uphando Lwasemfihlekweni Ngaphandle Kweziphazamiso: Indima Yokuvumelana Nembono Ecacileyo

Asiyonto yonke yophando lwasemfihlekweni efuna isiqinisekiso. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kuxhomekeke kulwamkelo ukuqhuba ukhangelo okanye ukujongwa. Xa umphathi ongaphantsi komgqumo emenywa kwikhaya elirhanelwayo, iofisi, okanye isithuthi, naziphi na iingcebiso ezenziweyo kulo mlinganiselo weso simemo zivunyelwe jikelele ngaphandle kwemvume. Lo mgaqo wachazwa ngokuphandle kwi-' Haffa v. United States [196], apho iNkunye iNkundleko ePhakamileyo isithi xa ubhengezwa ngurhulumente, “ubeke umngcipheko ochaziweyo kumthetho."

Ngokufanayo, imfundiso engophilizo ivumela abaphathi ukuba bafumane ubungqina okanye i-oyile efunyenwe ngengozi kwindawo esemthethweni ye-fashoni. Ukuba umntu ongaphantsi komgqumo ubona umpu etafileni ngexesha lothengiso lweziyobisi, okokuba ujongo akufuni mvume eyahlukileyo, kwaye umpu unakho ukusetyenziswa.

Ngoko, umgca phakathi kojongo olungaphakathi kunye nophendlo olungenasiqinisekiso unokuba luhle. Ukuba igosa elingaphantsi komgqumo libandakanyeka kwihambo egqitha umlinganiselo wemvume ``njengokuvula ibhegi yencwadi etshixiweyo' okanye ukubeka isixhobo sokushicilela esifihlakeleyo. Inkundla zihlola ukuphelela kweemeko ukufumanisa enoba umntu onengqondo ukholelwa ukuba ujongwa.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ngelixesha imvume ingumthetho jikelele, imisebenzi yolwamkelo maxa wambi iqhubeka phantsi kolwahlulo oluqwalaselweyo. Ezona zibalulekileyo zichazwe ngezantsi.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kujongwa noxakeka olusongela ubomi, ukutshatyalaliswa okusemnyango kobungqina, okanye ukusukela ngokushushu umkrokreli obalekayo, bangenza uphengululo okanye baxhuzule ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Umzekelo, ukuba ngexesha lotyando lotyando oluphantsi igosa liva izandi ezibonisa ukuba umntu uyahlaselwa, basenokungena kwindawo yokuhlala ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokunikela uncedo okanye ukukhusela umonakalo. Umahluko kufuneka ube ngowokwenyaniso kwaye ungenziwa ngurhulumente ngokwakhe. Iinkundla zihlolisisa ixesha nohlobo lobuchule bokuzikhusela ngobuchule bokuxhatshazwa.

Ukholo Olulungileyo Luyahluka

Nokuba isiqinisekiso sifunyaniswe kamva singalunganga (umz., singenasizathu esifanelekileyo), ubungqina busenokungakho ukuba abaphathi basebenza ngokunengqiqo bexhomekeke kwisiqinisekiso esikhutshwe yimaji engathanga nxaxheba. INkundla ePhakamileyo yamisa olu phawu United States v. Leon [19984]. Ukucela ukholo olulungileyo, umthetho kufuneka unyanzele imigaqo esezantsi kwaye igosapho kufuneka ukuba ilandele imigaqo esesikweni ekhutshwe ngobuso ekwaneleyo igosavel's azinakwazi ukuba isiqinisekiso asisebenzi.

Umququzeleli

Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, imvume yokuzithandela evela kumntu onegunya kwizakhiwo okanye kwimpahla ayiyifuni imfuneko yokufumana imvume. Kwimisebenzi yokufihla, imvume isoloko ifunyanwa ngokupheleleyo xa ukrokrelwa emema igosa elingaphantsi komhlaba kwindawo yangasese. Noko ke, iinkundla zifuna ukuba imvume ikwazi kwaye ingabi yeyokuzithandela. Amagosa angakwazi ukusebenzisa inkohliso ukuqhatha umntu orhanelwayo ukuba avume ukuba ngenye indlela angamvumeli ukuba umphazantsi othe waqhathayo avume.

Imbonakalo Ecacileyo Nokwaziswa Okungenakuphetshwa

Imbono ecacileyo ivumela ukuxhuzula okungaqinisekiyo kobungqina obubonakala ngokukhawuleza njengetyala kwaye bufunyaniswe kwinqaku lokuqwalasela elisemthethweni. Ngaphezu koko, umthetho ongenakuphepheka uvumela ubungqina obufunyenwe kuphando olungekho mthethweni ukuba ingtshutshiso ingangqinelana nobungqina obungaphambili bokuba ubungqina bungafunyanwa ngokusemthethweni noko (umz., ngesiqinisekiso esisemthethweni ebebunokukhupha nokuba kutheni).

Ukhathalelo olukhethekileyo kwimisebenzi ekhuthaza ukukhusela intetho okanye abahlobo

Ezinye iinkqubo zolwamkelo zibandakanya imisebenzi yoMmiselo Wokuqala wesiHlazi-mvisiselo − njengokungena kwimibutho yezopolitiko, amaqela onqulo, okanye kwi-intanethi . apho umgca phakathi kophando olusemthethweni kunye nokungabinalumthetho kwentetho usiba lunzima. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi urhulumente akangebandakanyeki ekujongweni ngokufihlakeleyo kweqela ngenxa nje yeembono zayo zezobupolitika okanye ezonqulo ngaphandle kokukrokretha okusengqiqweni kolwaphulo-mthetho. NACP v. Alabacquemia rel. [[FL:1] [15] [58], iNkuvolu yavunywa ukuba ukuchazwa koluhlu lwamalungu kwamalungu kusenokuthintela umanyano. Nangona loo meko ingekangeniselu hlobo lokutyalwa kwemiqathango.

Xa utyando olulwanyayo luhlasela abantu abaqhelisela ukukhusela intetho, umzekelo, ukuphanda ngezisongelo ezingekho mthethweni ezenziwa kumagumbi okuxoxa nge-intanethi .ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba abasebenzi babo abangenisi ihambo engekho mthethweni engeyomfuneko. Oku kubandakanya ukhuseleko, oluxutyushwa ngezantsi. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba umsebenzi uquka ukujongwa kwendlela yonxibelelwano ye-elektroniki, imvume mayilungiselelwe ukunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuthethwa okunelungelo okanye okungadibaniselwanga.

Ukucalulwa Nolwalamano Lwako Neemfuno Ezingummangaliso

Ngoxa ulukuhla lulukuhla lulukhuselo oluncinci kunokuba lube yingxelo egunyazisayo, ezi zimbini zidityaniswe ngokusondeleyo kwimisebenzi yolwamkelo. Umthetho ubangela ukuba umntu enze ulwaphulo-mthetho ebengasayi kukulungela ukuba alwe. Ukuba urhulumente usebenzisa irhintyelo engafanelekanga, ummangalelwa angakhululwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba usemthethweni wemithetho engaphantsi.

Noko ke, ubukho besiqinisekiso esisebenzayo asibothuleli ngokuzenzekelayo uphando okanye uphando. Isiqinisekiso sigunyazisa nje ukuphendla okanye ukuhlola; asilawuli ihambo yabaphathi-mikhosi abangaphantsi kwegqubuthelo. Umzekelo, ukuba ulwamkelo lusebenzisa isiqinisekiso sokubeka ikhamera efihlakeleyo kwikhaya lorhalanisi, kodwa umphathi ofihlakeleyo unyanzela umkrokreli ukuba athengise amayeza ngokugqithisa amaxabiso aphezulu kwaye asebenzise kakubi ukuphelelwa lithemba kwemali, inkundla isenokufumana isichenge.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunokuzinciphisa iingozi ngokujonga ixesha elifanelekileyo kunokucenga umntu orhanelwayo ngethuba lokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho asele ekulungele ukulwenziwa, njengakwimeko apho lowo urhanelwayo eqalisa umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni okanye enengxelo engaphambili yezo zenzo ezifanayo.

Iimfuno zeMveli: ULawulo lweNkcubeko noLawulo lwezeeJaji

I-affidavit ixhasa isiqinisekiso somsebenzi wolwamko kufuneka ichazwe ngokuphandle malunga nohlobo lomsebenzi. Kufuneka ichaze:

  • Ulwaphulo - mthetho olungqalileyo oluphandwayo nesizathu sokuba kufuneka ingxwelerha okanye ulwenzelo olufihlakeleyo.
  • Indawo okanye ixhoba elimele ukukhangelwa okanye ukuphethulwa, ngokuziintlobo.
  • Izibakala ezimisela uthunywashe, kuquka iingxelo ezivela kukwaziswa, uhlolisiso oluvela kumagosa, kunye nabo nabuphi na obunye ubungqina.
  • Isakhelo sexesha lomsebenzi kunye naziphi na izithintelo kubungakanani bomsebenzi ogunyazisiweyo (umz., “imvume igunyazisa ukufaka nokuhlola isixhobo seGPS iintsuku ezingama-60”).
  • Ulwazi ngendima yomthumeli ofihlakeleyo, ukuba lufanelekile kwisizathu esinokwenzeka (umz., “ummeli wamenywa ukuba ahlale apho emva kokulungiselela ukuthengwa kweziyobisi”).

I-Magstate kufuneka ihlolisise ngokwayo i-affidavit kwaye ifuna utshintsho okanye ulwazi olongezelelekileyo ngaphambi kokutyikitya isiqinisekiso. Bakwanomsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuba isiqinisekiso asiphangalelenga. Kuphando oluntsonkothileyo, olufana nokurhwaphiliselwa kweziyobisi ixesha elide okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungafuneka kufune iziqinisekiso ezininzi njengoko ubungqina buqhubeka, isakhiwo ngasinye kumanyathelo angaphambili.

Umahluko Kumthetho Oyihlasele

Ngelixesha imigangatho yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente inika umgangatho, imimiselo yesizwe nemithetho ingamisela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo afuna isiqinisekiso sokuhlola nge-elektroniki egqitha kwisiHloko III, njengokufuna isiqinisekiso sekhamera kamabonwakude evaliweyo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Ezinye zisenokuba nemithetho engqongqo yokusebenzisa izibhengezi okanye ukuphengulula isiganeko sokubanjwa ngexesha lomsebenzi wokutyamba.

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho kufuneka awuqaphele umthetho osebenzayo worhulumente xa eqhuba imisebenzi yesizwe kulawulo oluthile. Ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngokwaphulwa komthetho wesizwe busenokubethwa phantsi koMthetho weSine woLawulo, ukuba umthetho welizwa ngurhulumente ubanzi. Ngokuchasene noko, amanye amaphondo asenokuba nomthetho olinganiselweyo okanye asebenzise ukholo olulungileyo olubanzi olungaphezulu.

Abakhuphi-mthetho kufuneka bajonge imimiselo ekhethekileyo kunye nomthetho wetyala wemeko enxulumeneyo. Kwizinto ezilwayo zesizwe eziqhutywa ngabameli abafana neFBI okanye iDEA, umthetho karhulumente usengasebenza ukuba umsebenzi uyenzeka emhlabeni okanye ubandakanya iityala zikarhulumente. Imisebenzi emininzi yezombuso ifuna umanyano olucokisekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo ezigunyazisa imigaqo ezisetyenziswayo zanelisa ulawulo olusebenzayo lokuphepha ukucinezelwa nakweyiphi na ingtshutshiso elandelayo.

Ucelomngeni Nezintlu Kwimisebenzi Eninzi Yokwahlula

Imisebenzi enqamlezayo edityanisiweyo okanye imigca yesizwe enika intlukwano eyongezelelekileyo. Ukuba ukrokrelwa unxibelelwano nomphathi ongaphantsi wesifuba ngaphaya kwemigca karhulumente, imiyalelo yentambo yecingo ingafuna ukuhambisana nemithetho yawo omabini amazwe, kunye nomthetho wesizwe. Oku kusebenza kwi-GPS yokukhangela okanye ukukhangela amafu. United States v. Verdu-Urquidez [ [1990], iNkundleko ePhakamileyo ibeke isinqumla-mva sesicelo se-GeneGene Demendmentationsting sophendlo lokukhangela okungeyo-U.S. Abahlalisaneyo, kodwa iinja ezibandakanya izikrokrethi zezizwe ezirhaneyo zekhompyutha yoonoqheketho lwekhompyutha.[1][Fluktrolks]

Ukucombulula ezi ngxaki, abameli bomthetho badla ngokusebenzisana kwimikhosi edibeneyo apho izicelo zokugunyazisa zihlolisiswa ngamagqwetha amaninzi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imvume ibanzi ngokwaneleyo ukuba igubungele zonke iindawo neendlela ezinokubonwa kwangaphambili, ngoxa isoloko ibekwe ngokwaneleyo ukuze yanelise uHlelo-Mdathi wesine.

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Ekunyanzelweni Komthetho Nakumagcisa Asemthethweni

Kumagqwetha namagqwetha athethelela ubunyani bomsebenzi wotyando, la manqaku alandelayo abalulekileyo:

  • Hlola isiqinisekiso sokugqibelela nokuchana. Imvume okanye iziganeko ezingalunganga, okanye ezingachananga, zikhokelele ekucinezelweni phantsi [[FLT: 0] Franks v. Delaware[[FLT: 1]].
  • Qiniseka ukuba naluphina uqwalaselo lwe-elektroniki lugunyazisa ukudibanisa ne-Sihloko III ezifunekayo. Phulaphula iirekhodi ukukhangela ukunqandwa okugqithisileyo konxulumano olungeyonto.
  • Xa umntu orhanelwayo evuma ukuba umntu osebenza emfihlekweni angene, kodwa kamva avume ukuba urhoxisiwe, nakuphi na ukujongwa okuqhubekayo makume ngaphandle kokuba kukho imvume okanye ingcebiso eliyithethelelayo.
  • Lumka kwimfundiso [[FLT: 0] yecandelo lesithathu : imixholo ingalindela uphakamiso lwemfihlo kulwazi oluncitshisiweyo olulunolwabela abanye ngokuzithandela (umz., iirekhodi zebhanki phantsi kwe United States v. Miller, 1976]). Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke imilinganiselo leyo mfundiso ngexesha lamanani (umz. [FLT: 4,] Carpaentb v. United States[FLT:], 2018, yeseli- data).
  • Qwalasela ukuba lo msebenzi wolwamkelo ngokwawo udala imiba yomgaqo-siseko ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, njengokwaphulwa kwe-Act Process Clause ukuba ihambo karhulumente “inzima.” Oku kukhusela akufane kuphumelele kodwa kuqatshelwe kwidistu.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa impumelelo nengqibelelo yomGaqo-siseko

Imisebenzi engqongqo kunye nophando olusemfihlekweni luyimfuneko kumthetho wanamhlanje, kodwa kufuneka zenziwe phakathi kwemida yoMgaqo-nkqubo wesi-5 kunye neemfuno zogunyaziso lomthetho. Ukufumana okufanelekileyo kokukhangela, ukuhlola, kunye nokufumana iimvume ze-elektroniki akukhuseli nje kuphela amalungelo abakrokrelekileyo kodwa kwakhona kuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina obuqokeleliweyo buya kumelana novavanyo lomthetho. Ngokunamathela kwimigaqo yesizathu esilindelekileyo, intelekiso, kunye nolawulo lomthetho, ukunyanzelisa ngokunelo olufanelekileyo, kunokuwaphelisa amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokunikezela ngamaxabiso omgaqo omgaqo ochaza inkqubo yokusesikweni.

Amagqwetha okhuselo kunye nabaphengululi bomthetho kufuneka baqhubeke behlolisisa indlela ejikelezayo yomthetho wemvume qha njengoko ubugcisa budala imilinganiso emitsha yasese. Iinkundla ziya kuqhubeka zicombulula imida yemisebenzi efihlakeleyo, zifuna imiyalelo eyomeleleyo kunye nolawulo olungqongqo apho kusetyenziswa iindlela ezingekho mthethweni. Injongo epheleleyo yinkqubo apho ukulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho kungafikeleli ngexabiso lenkululeko ezimisele ukulikhusela.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, bona [[FLT: 0] Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho - Mthetho - Icandelo lesine Ushwankathelo , Imisebenzi yeZiko leJaji kumbane Ikhununu , kunye [[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]][FLT]] United States v. Jones Uluvo lwamayela