Ukugwetywa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho bubuchule obusemthethweni obuthi inkundla ifake isohlwayo okanye olunye umlinganiselo wokulungisa umntu ogwetyiweyo. Kumela incopho yenkqubo yokuzimela isigwebo kwaye kuguqulela isigqibo esisemthethweni kwisiphumo esibonakalayo. Intsingiselo yesigwebo ingaphezulu kakhulu kwetyala ngalinye; iguqula iimbono zikawonke-wonke zobulungisa, iphembelela amaqondo olwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ibonisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yebutho labantu. Abaphengululi kunye nabaphengululi baye baphikisana kade nomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo phakathi kwesohlwayo kunye nokubuyiselwa komthetho ofanelekileyo, befuna indlela yokuba bobabini abaphuli-mthetho baphendulele nto baze banciphise ukubonakala kokubiwa kwabo. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolisiso oluphandleyo ngeenjongo, iindidi, iimeko eziphembeleyo, iimpembelelo, iimpembelelo, iimpembelelo, kunye neengxaki zolwaphulo-mthetho lwanamhlanje.

Injongo Yokugwetywa

Ukugweba asisosenzo somntu omnye. Umthetho uphawula iinjongo ezininzi ezahlukileyo, yaye maxa wambi zikhuphisana, ukuba isigwebo sisetyenziselwa ukufezwa. Ezi njongo zikhokela abagwebi ekukhetheni phakathi kwezinye izinto ezinjengokuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuvalelwa, okanye intengo. Iinjongo ezine zodidi ``unikezelo, uthintelo, ukubuyiselwa komntu, nokubuyiselwa kwakhona/ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo eyahlukileyo yentanda-ntanda-bulumko nesebenzayo.

Unikezelo

Ulwahlulo yeyona njongo indala neyona iphambili yokugweba. Ithi ifanelwe kukuba umenzi wobubi afanelwe kufumana isohlwayo esilingana nesohlwayo esibangelwa yizono. Le ngcamango "intlango" kukukhangela emva: ibhekisa ekubekeni ityala eliqatha lomntu osonileyo kunemiphumo yexesha elizayo. Ukunika ingcebiso yengqiqo ekhoyo yokusesikweni kwaye iqinisa ingcamango yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luphosakele kwaye kufuneka kuhlangatyelwe kwimpendulo ecacileyo. Umzekelo, ukuhlasela ngogonyamelo kufanelwe sisohlwayo esiqatha kunesohlwayo esingekho sigxhwephe. Ngexa imbuyelo iso singenawo ulwaphulo-mthetho siphindezelo, iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zizama ukudlulisela esi sigqibo, iziphumo ezichaphazekileyo.

Umgangatho

Ukweyisa yinjongo ejonge phambili ejolise ekuthinteleni ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokudimaza abangengobenzi. Yahlulwe yazintlobo ezimbini: ukunqanda okukhethekileyo (ukubhekiselele kumntu omnye owenze isono) kunye nokungaqiniseki jikelele (ubhekisa kuluntu ngokubanzi). Uqikelelo lokuzithintela lucingele ukuba ukufumana isohlwayo kuya kwenza umenzi wobubi angabi namathuba okubuya umva. Umthetho uthintela uxhomekeke kwingcamango yokuba ukubona abanye besohlwaywa kuza kudiza izaphuli mthetho. Uphando lokuthintela ukudiza kudityaniswa; ukuqiniseka nokukhawuleza kwesohlwaywa kudla ngokuba ngaphaya kobunzima, inqaku eligxininiswe nguJaji [[FLT:] i-ARight.

Ukubuyiselwa

IRehabilitation igxininisa ekuguquleni umenzi wobubi ukuze abe lilungu elisebenzayo, elinomthetho elibambekayo. Le njongo iphawula ukuba abaphuli-mthetho abaninzi babunjwe ziimeko ezifana nokukhotyokiswa, ukugula ngengqondo, ukungafundi, okanye ubuhlwempu. Izigwebo ezimiselwe ngokubuyiselwa ziquka unyango lweziyobisi olunyanzelekileyo, iinkqubo zokufundisa, uqeqesho lomsebenzi, okanye unyango. Injongo kukucombulula unobangela wokuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa ukubuyiselwa kokuziphatha okufanelekileyo kuthe kwahla kwimiqathango emininzi ngexesha le "staughtars" ixesha lolwaphulo-mthetho" kunye no-19909, ibone ukubuya kobuphindo-mva kwenkqubo elungiselelwe kakuhle. [[FLD:0]

Ukubuyiselwa

Ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa kuxhomekeko ekubohlwaeni umenzi wobubi ekulungiseni umonakalo obangelwa kumaxhoba kunye nabantu abahlala kunye. Le njongo isoloko iphunyezwa ngemigaqo yokulawula amaxhoba, imiyalelo yokuhlawulela, okanye inkonzo yoluntu. Ukubuyiselwa kujoliseko kujolise kuxanduva, ukuphilisa, kunye noxolelwaniso. Kunganika amaxhoba imvakalelo yokuvalwa nokunikwa amandla okungakhutshwa kwesigwebo sesithethe. Ngoku amaziko amaninzi afaka imigaqo yokubuyisela isigwebo kwimigaqo yogwebo, ingakumbi kulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane okanye kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingaphantsi kwabantu abadala.

Iintlobo zezigwebo

Imithetho yezaphuli - mthetho inika iinkundla iindlela ezininzi zokugweba, nganye kwezi meko ezahlukeneyo. Ukhetho olukhoyo phakathi kwezi zinto luxhomekeke kubukhulu bobubi, iimpawu zomntu owenze isono, nosukelo olugqithiseleyo lwenkqubo yokusesikweni.

Ukhawuleziso

Ukuvalelwa kwentolongo okanye intolongo (isigwebo esihlala sisona siqhelekileyo kwityala elinzulu. Isigwebo singanqandwa (igama elisisigxina, elinjenge "iminyaka eyi5") okanye i-indetertaminate (uluhlu, njengo "2 ukuya kwemihla emihlanu," ngokuvalelwa kweminye iminyaka," ngokugqithisileyo emva kwexesha elincinane). I-United States inesantya esiphezulu sokuvalelwa kwemingxube ehlabathini, inyani ebangele impikiswano engaphaya kwe-i-injini kunye neendleko zayo zoluntu. Iindawo ezinokuvalelwa ngokwesithethe, njengezindlu kunye nokuvalelwa kwasekhaya kunye nokujongwa ngoomatshini, zisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kubaqhubi abangenogonyamelo.

Iprojekthi

Ukubekwa kwemiqathango kuvumela umenzi wobubi ukuba ahlale kuluntu oluphantsi kolawulo, phantsi kweemeko ezifana nokuxilonga rhoqo ngegosa elilindiweyo, ukuvavanya iziyobisi, iimfuno zemisebenzi, kunye nokufika kwexesha ekhaya. Ukwaphulwa kwezi meko kungaphumela ekurhoxisweni nasekubekweni kwesigwebo sentolongo. Isenzo siqhelekile kwizaphuli-mthetho zexesha lokuqala nabo bagwetyelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane. Kuncinane kakhulu kunokusetyenziswa kunokunqandwa kweziphumo ze-criminogeneniic zentolongo. Noko ke, iimeko ezingqongqo kunye nemigaqo yokuphatha ezinde zinokukhokelela ekuphathweni kolwaphulo-mthetho okuphumela ekuvalweni okungadingekile.

Ifayile

Zintle izigwebo zemali ezihlawulwayo kwilizwe. Zisoloko zisetyenziswa kwimposiso, amatyala ezithuthi, kunye nokwaphulwa komthetho. Amanye amagunya asebenzisa "intengo yemini" elungele ingeniso yemini yomenzi wobubi ukuqinisekisa ulwahlulo. Iintle ziyathandeka kuba zivelisa ingeniso kwaye azibizi mali ingako ukunikela. Kodwa ziyakwazi ukubeka ubunzima obungalinganiyo kwizaphuli-mthetho ezifunyenweyo eziphantsi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimijikelezo yetyala kunye nokungahlawulwa kwemali.

Inkonzo yoLuntu

Inkonzo yoluntu ifuna umenzi-bubi enze inani elichaziweyo leeyure zokusebenza okungahlawulwayo kwisebe elingahlawulwayo okanye elinoluntu. Esi sivakalisi siyingenelo kuluntu, sinika indlela ecacileyo yokuba umenzi-tyala alungise, kwaye siphephe ihlazo lokuvalelwa. Ngokufuthi sidityaniswe nokulingwa okanye sisetyenziswa njengemeko yesigwebo esilengalengayo.

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona

Imiyalelo yokuhlawuliswa kwemibutho yolwaphulo-mthetho inyanzela umenzi-mthetho ukuba ahlawule ixhoba ngenxa yokulahlekelwa yimali, njengetyala lezamayeza, ukonakala kwempahla, okanye umvuzo olahlekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nemali ehlawulwayo, ihlawulwa ixhoba. Umthetho woManyano kunye nemininzi yemimiselo karhulumente igunyazisa ukuhlawulwa kwamatyala abandakanya amaxhoba anokubonwa. Noko ke, intengo yentengo idla ngokuphantsi, kwaye isenokuzama ngamandla ukunyanzelisa le miyalelo, ingakumbi xa abenzi-mthetho bebon

Ezinye Iindidi

Iinkundla zisenokumisela iimeko ezithile ezifana nokubhaliswa komenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho wesondo, ukuphulukana nempahla, okanye ukurhoxiswa kwelayisensi yokuqhuba. Kwiimeko ezimandundu, isohlwayo sentambo sihlala sikhona ngokusemthethweni kwamanye amazwe e-U.S., nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuhle kakhulu. IZiko lolwazi lwe-Deamon [FLT]] inika ugcino-data oluya kumhla wokusebenza kwayo kunye neengxaki zomthetho.

Izinto Ezibangela Isigwebo

Isigqibo somthetho singundoqo ekugwetyweni, kodwa asingommiselo. Iinkundla kufuneka ziqwalasele iinkalo ezininzi, ezininzi zazo zidityaniswe kwimithetho okanye kwimigaqo yokugweba.

Unyamezelo Lolwaphulo - mthetho

Eyona nto icacileyo kukuba nzulu kweso sono. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lulinganiswa ukusuka kwizaphuli-mthetho ukuya kwiziphumo ezilinganayo, nesohlwayo esilinganayo. Kulo ludwe, ijaji iqwalasela iimeko ezizizo: ngaba ulwaphulo-mthetho lunogonyamelo? Ngaba sisixhobo esisetyenzisiweyo? Ngaba sibandakanya amaxhoba abuthathaka? Ezi zinto zityhalela esi sigwebo esisigwebo esisisiphelo esiphezulu okanye esisezantsi soluhlu oluvumelekileyo.

Ingxelo Yangaphambi Kokwaphula Umthetho

Ummangalelwa onembali yokholo udla ngokuphathwa ngqwabalala kakhulu kunomoni wokuqala. Ulawulo oluninzi luye lwaphinda imithetho engekhoyo `njengemithetho eqingqiweyo''.

Ukufuduka Nokukhula Kweemeko

Izinto ezibangela ukuthembana zinganciphisa isigwebo. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka ubutsha bomoni, ingxaki yengqondo, indima njengentsebenziswano encinane, okanye ubungqina bokuzisola. Izinto ezibangela ingcebiso ngezantsi `njengenkohlakalo, ukuceba, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla sokuthembana] zinokunyusa isohlwayo. Zombini ezi macala anikela ubungqina ekuchotshelweni, kwaye ijaji kufuneka ichaze indlela ezi zinto eziphembelela ngayo isigqibo.

Isiphumo

Iingxelo zokuchaphazeleka kwamaxhoba, ezinikelwa enkundleni okanye ezikhutshwe ngokubhaliweyo, zivumela amaxhoba neentsapho zawo ukuba bachaze umonakalo ongokweemvakalelo, ongowenyama, nowemali abaye bawufumana. Nangona la magqabaza engenakusilawula isigwebo, anika imbono yomntu abagwebi abasoloko beyiqwalasela. Indima yegalelo lamaxhoba iye yakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekuqhubeni amalungelo amaxhoba oo 1980.

Imigaqo-sikhokelo ethoba ityala kunye nooncinanana

Ukunciphisa umahluko ongafanelekanga, ulawulo oluninzi lwamkele imigaqo yokugweba. Inkqubo yorhulumente isebenzisa U.S. Isigwebo seKhomishini sokuKhomishana Isikhokelo, esinika igridi esekelwe kumgangatho wetyala kunye nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho. Abagwebi bangashiya imigaqo kwiimeko ezithile, kodwa kufuneka bachaze indlela yabo yokuqiqa. Izigwebo ezincinci zifuna igama elisisigxina kwityala elithile (ngokufuthi ukurhwala ngeziyobisi okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olubandakanya imipu), ukukhutshwa kwabagweba. Le mithetho igxekwa ngokubanzile ukuvelisa iziphumo ezikrala, i-ekileyo ze-east iziphumo kwaye incedisa ekupheliseni ii-ntlalo-ntle.

Inkqubo Yokugweba

Le nkqubo yesigwebo iqalisa ngolandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo oluqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo nevumela ukuba amacala omabini eviwe.

Uphando nengxelo yangaphambili

Emva kokugwetywa, igosa elilungisa ityala liqhuba uphando lwangaphambi kwemvume (PSI). Le ngxelo iquka imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lomoni, imvelaphi yobuqu, ingxelo yomsebenzi, imeko yemali, kunye nohlolo lomngcipheko wokuphinda uthotyelwe. IPSI ikwanokuba nengxelo yexhoba kunye noluhlu lwezigwebo olunconyelweyo. Ijaji kunye namagqwetha omabini afumana ingxelo phambi kokuchotshelwa kwesigwebo.

Ukugweba Indlebe

Ukugwetywa kwetyala yinkundla esemthethweni apho umtshutshisi nesiluleko sokhuselo sinikela iimpikiswano kunye nobungqina obunxulumene nesigwebo esifanelekileyo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthetha ngqo kwinkundla, avakalise iimbonakaliso, okanye achaze izenzo zakhe. Ityala lisenokuphikisana ngesigwebo esiqatha esisekelwe kwizinto ezingxengxezayo, ngexa ingqwalaselo ibalaselisa iimeko.

Isigqibo soMgwebi neSibhengezo

Emva kokuqwalasela iPSI, iimpikiswano, kunye nesakhiwo semithetho, ijaji ichaza isigwebo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, ijaji kufuneka ichaze izizathu zesigwebo kwirekhodi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba gca kwaye kwenza uhlolo lwesicelo lucace. Isivakalisi singabhengezwa ngoko nangoko okanye, kwiimeko ezinzima, emva kokuqhubekeka okufutshane kwengqwalasela.

Izibheno

Ummangalelwa kunye nomtshutshisi bangabhenela kwisigwebo kwimimandla emininzi. Izibheno zingakucel ’ umngeni ukubekwa kwesigwebo (umz., ukudlula ubuninzi bemithetho) okanye ukuphikisa ukuba ijaji ayisebenzisanga kakuhle ingqiqo yayo. Amanye amagunya avumela izibheno zezivakalisi ezithi "zinkulu" okanye "ezingenangqiqo" inkundla ejongene nezomthetho ingaqinisekisa, ilungise okanye ilahle isigwebo kwaye ijike iphinde ijike isebenzise ityala lokucaphuka.

Impembelelo yokugwetywa koluntu

Izigqibo zokugweba ziphinda ziqwalaselwe ngabantu yaye ziphucule indlela yokulawula ityala.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nokuzikhulula

Ulungiso oluphambili lweziko lokugweba lukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Isigwebo esiphazamisa umenzi wobubi oyingozi sibathintela ekonzakalisani abanye ngexesha lokuvalelwa. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwe-recifithism okuphezulu kwe-60% yamabanjwa akhululwayo kuyakhululwa kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu, ngokutsho kweBreau yaseJaji Amanani amanani oluntu.

Okusesikweni Nokwahluka Kwabantu

Izenzo zokugweba zinentsingiselo enzulu yokusesikweni kwentlalo. Uphando lubonisa umahluko othe rhoqo kwiziphumo zogwebo. Abamangalelwa abamnyama nababhila-bhabhayo baseSpeyin basengozini yokufumana izigwebo ezinde kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yezo zenzo ezifanayo, kwanasemva kokulawula imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nobungqongqo. Ezi zahlulo ziphelisa ukuthembana kwinkqubo yokusesikweni kwaye zikhuthaza imibutho yokugweba utshintsho, kuquka ukususwa komlinganiselo oyimfuneko kunye nolwandiso lwengqiqo.

Inkxaso yexhoba kunye nokuvalwa

Ukugwetywa kunganika ingqiqo yokuvalwa kwamaxhoba neentsapho zawo. Ukwazi ukuba umenzi wobubi ubekek ’ ityala, yaye kwezinye iimeko kuyalelwa ukuba ahlawule okanye enze inkonzo yoluntu, kunganceda inkqubo yokuphilisa. Iinkqubo zokubuyiselwa komthetho zinokubhekela phambili olu sukelo ngokukhuthaza unxibelelwano olungqalileyo phakathi kwamaxhoba kunye namaxhoba amaninzi afumana amandla.

Iindleko Zezoqoqosho

Uxanduva lwemali lokuvalelwa lukhulu. I-United States ichitha ngaphezu kwama-R280 amawaka ezigidi ngonyaka ekulungiseni, i-avareji ixabisa imali engaphezulu kakhulu (ii-R1,50 000) ngonyaka. Amabanjwa aphezulu aphazamisa izinto zemali kwimfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, nezinye iinkonzo zoluntu. Ezinye iindlela ezisekelwe kuluntu ezifana nokuvavanywa, iinkundla zeziyobisi, kunye nonyango lwempilo yengqondo azibizi mali ingako kangako kwaye zivelisa iziphumo ezingcono, ingakumbi kwizaphuli-mthetho ezingenabundlobongela.

Iingxaki Ekufumaneni Ityala

Nangona isesikweni libaluleke gqitha, ukugweba abantu kuhlala kusiba neengxaki ezibangela ukuba abantu bangakwazi ukwenza okusesikweni.

Umahluko Nokungalingani

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, umahluko wesizwe, wentlalo, kunye nowentlalo-ntle uhleli uqinile. Ikhethe elipheleleyo, ukwahlukahlukana kwizigqibo ezifuna ukuchongwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa okungalinganiyo kobuncinanana obunyanzelisayo konke kunegalelo. Iprojekthi ye- yokufaka amaxwebhu alwahlulayo kunye nabameli beenguqu ezifana nokususa ubuncinane obuyimfuneko bemiqathango yeziyobisi kunye nokwandisa ezinye iindlela zokwandiswa.

Ukuxinana Kwentolongo

Umlinganiselo ophezulu wentolongo uye wakhokelela ekuxinanisweni okungapheliyo kwiintolongo zikarhulumente nezesizwe. Ukuxina iingcinga zokubuyisela umva, ukwandisa ugonyamelo, kunye nezibonelelo zoluvo. Kukwaye kwabangela ukuba inkundla yesizwe ingenelele kumazwe amaninzi, ngemiyalelo yokunciphisa abemi nokuphucula iimeko. Iinkqubo zokukhululwa kwangoko, ukuncitshiswa kwesivakalisi ngenxa yesimilo esilungileyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kovavanyo kuxhaphakile.

Iingcamango Zabantu Bonke Nengcinezelo Yepopu

Ukugwetywa kusoloko kuphenjelelwa luluvo lukawonke-wonke, olunokuphenduliswa ngokwempendulo kulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu. Abezobupolitika bangaxhasa "Nakulwaphulo-mthetho" imithetho ephumela kwimiqathango emide, kwanaxa ubungqina bubonisa ukuba iindlela ezinjalo azisebenzi. Ngokuchaseneyo, inkxalabo kawonke-wonke ngokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi iye yabangela utshintsho kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuncitshisweni kweso lwezono zezenzo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho nokusetyenziswa kocwangciso lokuzilibazisa.

Akukho Zinto

Iinkundla ezininzi kunye namaqumrhu alungisayo akafumani mali yaneleyo yokuxhasa iinkqubo zokubuyisela umva kwiinkqubo, iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, kunye nonyango lokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. Ngaphandle kwezi zinto, kwanezigqibo ezifanelekileyo zokugweba zisenokusilela ukufikelela usukelo lwawo lokulungisa. Ukwenziwa kwamapolisa kunye namagosa akhulula abantu asoloko ethwala iityala ezinkulu kakhulu, enciphisa amandla awo okunika ukhokelo olunentsingiselo nenkxaso.

Isiphelo

Ukugwetywa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, ephindwa ngeentlobo elungelelanisa isohlwayo, ukunqanda, ukubuyisela umva, nokubuyisela. Ukhetho oluye lwenziwa ekugwetyweni luneziphumo ezihlala zihleli kubenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho, amaxhoba, kunye nebutho labantu. Nangona iingxaki ezibalulekileyo zishiyekile ngezantsi — kuquka ukwahlukahlukana ngokobuhlanga, ukuqengqeleka, ukuqeshwa, kunye nempembelelo yoluvo lukawonke-wonke, kwaye imigudu yolungiso olulungelelwano olunempumelelo ngakumbi, inokwenzeka. Impumelelo yoluntu, ixhaswe yimfundo efikelelekayo esemthethweni nedata ecacileyo, ibalulekile ukuze kuqhubeke inkqubela. Ngokuqonda iinjongo, iindidi, iinjongo, iinjongo, kunye neziphumo zesigwebo sogwebo, abafundi, abaqeqeshi, kunye nabemi banokunikela ingxuba yendlela evakalayo yokunxibelelana nokutshintsha inkqubo yemithetho elungileyo yemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho.