Table of Contents
Kwihlabathi elinxulunyaniswa ngakumbi apho izisongelo zabanqolobi zidlula imida yobuzwe, ulwabelana ngezizwe ngezizwe luye lwavela njengesixhobo esiphambili sokuthintela ubugrogrisi nokukhusela ukhuseleko lwehlabathi lonke. Ubuchule bamazwe bokusebenzisana, ukutshintshisana ngenkcazelo ebalulekileyo, kunye nokusebenzisana kwazo ezi zinto zivelayo, ngokunjalo ukutshintsha indlela ibutho labantu bezizwe ngezizwe elijongene nobugrogrisi kule nkulungwane yama-21. Oku kuhlolisisa ngokucokisekileyo indima ephindiweyo yokusebenzisana ngobukrelekrele, imibutho ebenza bungabi nangxaki, nocelomngeni oluthintela olulu manyano olubalulekileyo.
Ukuqonda Ubuchule Bezizwe Ngezizwe
Ulwahlulo lwezizwe ngezizwe lubhekisela ekutshintshisanisenina ngenkcazelo, uhlalutyo, kunye nokuqonda phakathi kwamazwe malunga nezisongelo zokhuseleko, imisebenzi yabanqolobi, kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo. Le ntsebenziswano iquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobukrelekrele, kuquka imiqondiso yobulumko (SIGINT), ubuntlola bomntu (HIMIT), ubukrelekrele bemifanekiso (IMINT), kunye nobukrelekrele bemali. Lo mkhwa uqalisela ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwiintsuku zakuqala zezivumelwano zobukho bemfazwe yehlabathi II ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje kwimibutho entsonkodayo esasalayo egqugqithela umhlaba wonke.
Isiseko esisisiseko sokusebenzisana ngobulumko sicacile kodwa sinamandla: akukho zwe linye elinenkcazelo epheleleyo ngeenkqubo zabanqolobi ezizweni lonke. Ukusetyenziswa kwemali yabanqolobi nemali yabanqolobi kunye nokuqhekeka kwenkcazelo phakathi kwamagunya amakhaya kulinganisela ukubonakala kwayo yonke into yobungqina okanye ubukrelekrele besebe okanye bolawulo olunikiweyo. Ngokudibanisa ubuncwane kunye nolwazi, amazwe anokuyila umzobo ocacileyo wesisongelo, achaze iindlela ebezinokuhlala zifihliwe, aze aphumele ngokunempumelelo ukunqanda ukuhlasela.
Ukubaluleka Okufanelekileyo Konxibelelwano Lobuntlola
Ukubona Nokukhusela
Enye yezona nzuzo zibalulekileyo zobuntlola bezizwe ngezizwe kukukwazi ukubona iintlaselo zabanqolobi ezicetyiweyo zisemantla. Xa amaziko obulumko kuwo onke amazwe asabelana ngemisebenzi ekrokrelekayo, indlela yokuhamba, unxibelelwano, kunye nokuthengiselana ngemali, ayakwazi ukubona izinto ezisongelayo ngaphambi kokuba ahlasele ngokoqobo. Le ndlela iphambili isebenza kakuhle ekuthinteleni amaqhinga amaninzi abanqolobi kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo.
Kusetyenziswe ulwazi olwabelwanayo ukuphazamisa uhlaselo lwabanqolobi olulandelayo nokulungelelanisa ukuthunyelwa kwemikhosi, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Umzekelo, yadlala indima ekuboneni nasekuthinteleni iqhinga labanqolobi lonyaka ka-2006 lokudubula iinqwelo-moya ezili-10 ezihamba ngeebhombu ezidaliweyo. Eli tyala libonisa indlela intsebenziswano entle enokusindisa ngayo amawaka abantu ngokuvumela amagunya ukuba angenelele ngaphambi kokuba amaphekula aphumeze amaqhinga awo.
Ukulandelela Izixhobo Nenethwekhi Zamavuseleli
Imibutho yanamhlanje yabanqolobi isebenza kwimida enolwelo oluphawulekayo. Abantu banokuqeqeshwa kwelinye ilizwe, bafumane uqeqesho lwesinye, baze bafumane uhlaselo lwezicwangciso kwindawo yesithathu. Ngaphandle kwentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, ukulandelela ezi ntshukumo kuba yinto engenakwenzeka. Ubuchule bokwabelana ngeendawo bunceda amazwe acinge ukuba angabagrogrisi njengoko enqumla imida, aphawule unxulumano phakathi kwabantu ababonakala behlukene, kwaye adwelise imaphu kuyo yonke imida yabagrogrisi.
Iseli yobulumko eNATO Headquart phucula indlela i-NATO eyabelana ngayo ngobukrelekrele, kuquka nabalwa bamanye amazwe. Oku kuye kwaba luncedo kakhulu ekucombululeni isiganeko sabanqolobi bamanye amazwe abahamba besiya kwiindawo ezilwayo baze kamva babuyele kumazwe abo okanye baye kuhlala kumazwe esithathu ukuze bahlasele.
Ukuchitha Amaphekula
Ubugrogrisi bufuna imali, yaye ukulandela le mali kuye kwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemigudu yokulwa nobunqolobi. Kwanaxa imisebenzi yeqela labanqolobi ikwilizwe elinye okanye kummandla omnye, izibonelelo zayo zemali zinokuba zwenibanzi. Ukwabelana ngezizwe ngezizwe kuvumela amazwe ukuba aqonde aze aphazamise iindlela zemali zabanqolobi, aphazamise izinto ezishiywe yingqele, aze athintele ukuhambelana kwezibonelelo kwiintlangano zabanqolobi.
Emva kohlaselo lwama-9/11, iSebe le-US leKhomishini yeMali ye-Tervice I-TFP isungula iNkqubo yeMali e-TFTP eFunela i-Octive Traffion (TFP), inkqubo enamandla esetyenziselwa ukuchaza, ukulandelela izalathisi, kunye nee-metams ezinamanxuwa abo. Le nkqubo iquka i-US Treareechance ekhupha ii-supponate kuMbutho wehlabathi lonke i-Interbank Financial Telecomment (SWIFT) ukufuna ulwazi oluthelekele ii-ogrogrisi okanye iinkqubo zabo. Le nkqubo ibonisa indlela ukuncedisana kwemali okubalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yabanqolobi nokunceda ukurhoxazulula inkxaso yabo.
Ukuqhuba iinkalo eziziiNtloko
Ulwabelano lobuntlola asikokutshintshana nje ngogcino-lwazi oludaliweyo; lukwabandakanya ukwabelana ngengqiqo yenzululwazi, iindlela, kunye nobuchule. Xa amaqumrhu asebenza ngobuchule, angaxhathisana ngolwazi olukhethekileyo, amandla obugcisa, kunye nezixhobo zobuchule. Le ndlela yeqela lobulumko ivelisa uhlolo oluchanekileyo lwezisongelo kwaye yenza ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezingcono kumgangatho wenkqubo.
I-NCTC ikhokela imigudu yokulwa nobuphekula base-U.S. idibanisa inkcazelo yamanye amazwe neyamakhaya eCT, inika uhlalutyo lobugrogrisi kunye nolwabelana ngenkcazelo namaqabane alo kulo lonke ishishini leCT. Amaziko anjalo amela indaleko yentsebenziswano yobulumko, apho inkcazelo evela kwimithombo emininzi nakumazwe adityaniswayo ukuze enze imifanekiso ebanzi esongelayo.
Iintlangano ezingundoqo ezixhathisa intsebenziswano yobuntlola bezizwe ngezizwe
Umanyano Lwamehlo Oluhlanu
I-F5 Meso (FVEY) lumanyano lobuntlola be-Anglosphere oluquka i-Ostreliya, i-Khanada, i-New Zealand, i-United Kingdom ne-United States. La mazwe ayinxalenye yesivumelwano se-UTUSA esinemiba emininzi, isivumelwano sentsebenziswano edibeneyo kwimiqondiso. Olu manyano lumela eyona lungiselelo elibanzi nelidityanisiweyo lengqiqo ehlabathini.
Imvelaphi yamehlo amahlanu inokulandelwa emva kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ukudibana kwamehlo okuqhelekileyo okuntlanu kungalandela emva kweAtlantic Tracker ka-Atlantic ka-Agasti 1941, eyabeka iinjongo ezidityanisiweyo kwihlabathi lasemva kwemfazwe. Ngomhla we-17 kuMeyi 1943, oorhulumente base-UK nase-US batleine bayitle i-British-US UlGenerical Programme, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-BRUSA Commentagement, ukukhuthaza unxibelelwano phakathi kweSebe lemfazwe lase-US kunye nemithetho kaRhulumente neSikolo se-Cypher. Isivumelwano sabekwa ngokusemthethweni saze sanwe naso sanwe ngexesha lasemva kwemfazwe ukuya kuthethwana kwi-Soviet ngexesha lemfazwe yomlomo.
Njengenye yezona zinxulumani zinamandla zehlabathi zolwazi, iNtloko eziNqunu zabelana ngobuninzi bobuntlola kunye. Umanyano lwamehlo aNqunu lukhokelwa luzibophelelelo lokukhusela izilangazelelo zohlanga kunye namaxabiso edemokhrasi. Ubunzulu bentsebenziswano kumehlo amahlanu abunakuthelekiswa nanto, namazwe angamalungu asabelana kungekuphela ngeemveliso zobukrelekrele kodwa kwanemithombo, iindlela, kwananabasebenzi.
Ilungu ngalinye leNdlela eNqunu ehambelana namehlo linegalelo kwimimandla ethile ekhethekileyo kunye nobuchule bobugcisa. I-United States inika ezona zibonelelo zikhulu zobugocigoci nobugcisa. I-United Kingdom inika ubuchule bobuntlola besithethe kunye nokufikelela kwimimandla enxulumene noBukhosi baseBritane. I-Australia ijonge uMzantsi Asia neMpuma Asia. IKhanada iyaqhubeka ijonge ummandla waseRashiya nowaseTshayina ngoxa ilawula izinto zobulumko eLatin America. I-New Zealand igxininisa kummandla wasentshona yePasifiki.
Ukusebenzisana kwamalungu amahlanu eMeso kwaqhubeka emva kokuhlasela kwe-11 kweyeThupha 2001, esi sivumelwano saqhubeka siguqula izinto, sithetha ngezisongelo ezivelayo eziquka ukhuseleko lwekhompyutha, ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe, nolwaphulo-mthetho olucwangcisiweyo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukususela ngo-2013, iFrequences Couragement ibiyeyona nto iphambili ngonyaka, izisa abalungiseleli abakhuselekileyo bamazwe amahlanu anokudibana baze baxubushe amathuba okusebenza kunye ekukhuseleni ilizwe, ekukhuseleni uluntu, kwimicimbi yokufuduka.
I-INTERPOL
I-International Criminal Police Organization, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-INTERPOL, isebenza njengeqonga elibalulekileyo lentsebenziswano yamapolisa kunye nolwabelano olunzulu phakathi kwamazwe ali-195 angamalungu. Nangona i-INTERPOL ingajoliswanga kuphela kubugrogrisi, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekupheliseni inkcazelo engoogrogrisi abarha, abafuna abantu, kunye nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezisenokuxhasa ubugrogrisi.
I-I-24/7, Isicelo solwazi lwe-Europol sokhuseleko lwenethwekhi yotshintsho (SIENA), kunye ne-Egmont Web ekhuselekileyo lulwazi oluluncedo kunye namaqonga okutshintshiselana ngobuchule anokuphatha umxholo othintelweyo kwinkxaso-mali echasene nobugrogrisi. Ezi nkqubo zonxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo zinceda abagcini-mthetho ehlabathini lonke ukuba babelane ngolwazi oluchukumileyo ngokukhawuleza nangokukhuselekileyo, besebenzisana ngeny'intsebenziswano yokwenene kwimisebenzi echasene nobunqolobi.
I-INTERPOL igcina iisiseko sogcino-lwazi eziliqela ezixabisekileyo ekuthinteleni imigudu yobuphekula, kuquka ii-database zamaxwebhu ohambo, abantu, nezinto ezibiweyo. Ezi zinto zinceda abasemagunyeni abalawula imida bachaze izisongelo ezinokwenzeka kwaye zithintele abanqolobi ukuba bangahambi ngokukhululekileyo ngaphaya kwemida yezizwe ngezizwe. Kwakhona intlangano inika uqeqesho, uncedo lobugcisa, kunye nenkxaso esebenzayo kumazwe angamalungu, ingakumbi lawo anezixhobo ezilinganiselweyo zokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho.
IYUROPOL
I-European Union Agency for Law Enkorcement Community, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-UROPOL, inceda unxibelelwano lobulumko kunye nokusebenza phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu e-European Union. I-EUROPOL's European Counter Terrorism Centre isebenza njengesazulu sokutshintshiselana ngolwazi, umanyano, kunye nobuchule kwimicimbi enxulumene nobugrogrisi echaphazela iYurophu.
IYUROPOL inikela uludwe lweenkonzo zokuxhasa imigudu yokulwa nobuphekula, kuquka inkxaso yezobugrogrisi, umanyano lokusebenza, kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo zokuxhasa ii-data kwii-odoli ezirhanelwayo kunye nemisebenzi. Kwakhona eli qumrhu linceda amaqela asebenza kunye amagosa omthetho asuka kumazwe amaninzi asebenza ngokuncedisana kumatyala antsonkothileyo. Oku kusebenza kobuchule bokuncedisana kungqineka kusebenza ngokunempumelelo ekuphazamiseni iinkqubo zabagrogrisi ezisebenza kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu.
Intsebenziswano yobuchule be-NATO
I-North Atlantic Treaty Organization iphuhlise ubuchule bobuntlola obunamandla bokuxhasa umsebenzi wayo wokulwa nobuphekula. Ukususela ngo-2017, ubuntlola nokhuseleko lwecandelo le-NATO luneengenelo ezisuka ekwabelaneni ngobulumko phakathi kweenkonzo zamalungu kunye ne-Alliance, kwaye ivelise iingxelo zobugrogrisi eziququzelelayo ezinxulumene nobugrogrisi kunye nezinye izisongelo ezikhoyo. Oku kukhuthaza ukuqwalaselwa kwe-NATO kubonakalisa ukuqaphela ukuba ubugrogrisi bubangela isisongelo esibalulekileleyo ekukhuseleni.
I-Groorkitic Intelligence Cell emiselwe kwi-NATO Headquarters. Le nkampani igxininisa ngokukhethekile ekuqokeleleni, ekuhlalutenini, nasekusasazeni ubukrelekrele obunxulumene nesoyikiso sabagrogrisi esichaphazela amalungu e-NATO kunye nemisebenzi. Iseli isebenza njengendawo ephambili yokusebenzisana kobulumko phakathi kwamazwe angama-32 anamalungu e-NATO, echaphazamisisa ukutshintshiswa kolwazi kunye nemigudu yokudibanisa ulwazi kunye nemisebenzi yezonyango.
IZizwe ezimanyeneyo ezichaseneyo noyilo lobuphekula
IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zimisele amaqumrhu aliqela ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe ekulweni nobugrogrisi. IKomiti yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho, esungulwe emva kohlaselo lwe-Septemba 11 iqwalasela ukuphunyezwa kwezigqibo zeBhunga loKhuselelo ezinxulumene nobugrogrisi kwaye inceda amarhamente angamalungu. I-Ofisi yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ye-Counternetic-Trorism ilungelelanisa imigudu yentlangano elwa nolwambutho wobuphekula kwaye ikhuthaza intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe.
Ngoxa i-UN ingalwenzi lusebenze ngokungqalileyo ubuchule bokusebenza obunesabelo ngendlela efanayo nemibutho efana ne-INTERPOL okanye i-Five Meso, inika isiseko sokuphuhlisa izithethe, imilinganiselo, kunye nezona zinto zilungileyo ekulwisaneni nezobuphekula. IZizwe zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zikwanceda ukwakha amandla amarhamente okuqokelela, ukuhlalutya, nokwabelana ngobukrelekrele ngendlela ephumelelayo, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo angenabo ubuntlola obuntlola.
Ubuchule bobuntlola bengingqi
Ngapha koko, amalungiselelo amaninzi okunyanzelisa ubuntlola ephondo aphumele ukuphendula izisongelo ezikhethekileyo. Ezi ziquka iClub de Berne eYurophu, ezidibanisa iinkonzo zobuntlola ezivela kumazwe aseYurophu, kunye namalungiselelo ahlukahlukeneyo ee-biverdal kunye namacandelo amaninzi e-Asia, Afrika, kunye neMpuma Ephakathi. La maqabane asekuhlaleni asoloko exhasa amalungiselelo ehlabathi ngokubandakanyeka ngokucokiseka kwiindawo ezithile zelizwe elithile kunye neemeko zenkcubeko.
I-Evolution yoBuntlola Iyabelana ngePost-9/11
Ukuhlasela kwabanqolobi ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, kwaguqula intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe. Oku kuhlasela kwabhenca amasu anzima onxibelelwano, kumazwe naphakathi kwamazwe. Kwiminyaka ekhokelela ekuhlaseleni kwabanqolobi eUnited States ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, ubuchule kunye nokugcinwa komthetho kwavelisa imikhwa eyathi yadambisa kwanokubelana ngokomthetho ngolwazi. Ukusilela ukudibanisa amachaphazaza nokungabelani ngeenkcazelo ezibalulekileyo ezazinokuthintela ukuhlaselwa kwale zenzo zobukrelekrele.
Ukuphelisa imiqobo emisiweyo yenkcubeko ekudala ikho phakathi kobukrelekrele nabameli bomthetho, nokunceda iNgqungquthela ikwazi ukukhusela eli lizwe, iqukelwe kuMthetho weNgqiqo neyobuGrogriki wonyaka wama-2004 (IRTPA, P.L. 108-458) wokwazisa ngenkcubeko enxulumene nokuncitshiswa kwesongelo sabanqolobi bezizwe ngezizwe. Le nkqubo yowiso-mthetho yaseka izibonelelo ezintsha kunye neenkqubo ezicetyiselwe ukukhuthaza ukwabelana ulwazi ngexesha lokukhusela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni kunye namalungelo obuqu.
Emva kwethuba eli-9/11 kwabonwa ukudalwa kwamaziko amatsha enzelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukulungiselela ukwabelana ngobuchule. Iqela elidibeneyo lobuGqrhwaphilizi be-CTC, i-DHS, iFBI, urhulumente, ummandla, isizwe, kunye nengingqi yorhulumente ukuphucula ulwazi lolwabelana nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Izixhobo ezidibeneyo zimela i-paradigm entsha kwintsebenziswano yobulumko, ukwaphula imiqobo yesithethe phakathi koomeli kunye nomgangatho karhulumente.
Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezisikelwe umda Kukuthetha Ngehlabathi
Izithintelo Ezingokwasemthethweni Nezokulawula
Omnye weyona miqobo ibalulekileyo ekubelaneni ngobuchule obunempumelelo kukwahlula-hlula okusemthethweni nemithetho yemfihlo kumazwe ngamazwe. Amazwe awahlukeneyo anemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yoko kuqulunqwa kobuntlola obusemthethweni, indlela ulwazi olunokusetyenziswa ngayo, kwaye luluphi ukhuseleko olumele lunikwe amalungelo abantu ngasese. Oku kungadala ungquzulwano kulwalamano lobukrelekrele kunye nomlinganiselo weendidi zolwazi ezinokutshintshwa.
Uthintelo logcino-lwazi kunye nemithetho yokuzimela yongezelelweyo ingaveza imiqobo eyongezelelekileyo enokuthintela ubukrelekrele bezezimali ukuba bungahlangatyezwani ngokunempumelelo. Ngokomzekelo, amazwe aseYurophu, ngokuqhelekileyo anemithetho engqongqo yogcino-lwazi kune-United States, enokwenza kube nzima ukutshintsha kwentsebenziswano yobuchule bokusebenza. Ukudibanisa le milinganiselo yomthetho eyahlukeneyo ngeli lixa kugcinwa ulwazi olunempumelelo kusengucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.
Ngokufuthi, ukulungelelaniswa kokhuseleko kuthintela inkqubo yokwandisa ulwazi kunye nomlinganiselo wemigudu yokulwa iFinananzis of Terrorism (CFT). Amazwe awahlukeneyo asebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zohlelo, kwaye ulwazi olwahlulwe kumgangatho omnye kumazwe asenokungalungelelani nolwahlulo olulinganayo kwelinye. Oku kungadala ukudideka nokuphazamisa ukuqubeka kolwazi, kwanaphakathi kwamazwana asondeleyo.
Ukuthembana Neingcinga Zezobupolitika
Ukusebenzisana ngobuntlola kufuna ukuthembana okuphezulu phakathi kwamazwe. Amazwe kufuneka aqiniseke ukuba inkcazelo eyabelana ngayo iya kukhuselwa, isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo, yaye ayisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo ngaphandle kobunqolobi. Iingxabano zembali, ukungavisisani kwezobupolitika, kunye nenkxalabo ngolawulo zinokuphelisa ukuthembana nokusebenzisana ngomlinganiselo oqingqiweyo.
Izityhilelo zikaEdward Snowden ngo-2013 malunga neenkqubo zokujonga abantu abaninzi ezaziqhutywa yi-United States kunye namaqabane ayo angamaFreen Meso adala iingxwabangxwaba eziphawulekayo ze-oyile yaye zaphakamisa imibuzo malunga nentsebenziswano nentsebenziswano yobulumko. Ezi zinto zatyhila ukuchana kobukho bemali phakathi kwe-United States namaqabane ayo aseYurophu zaza zadala iingxoxo ezimalunga nokhuseleko kunye nokuzimela kobuqu kumalungiselelo obulumko.
Ukuqwalasela ezopolitiko kusenokuchaphazela ukwabelana ngengqiqo. Amazwe asenokuba mathidala ukwabelana ngenkcazelo enokutyhila imithombo okanye iindlela ezichukumis ’ umbilini, okanye esenokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezingqubanayo neemfuno zawo zolawulo lwamanye amazwe. Ukutshintsha korhulumente okanye ukutshintsha kolwalamano lwezobupolitika kusenokuchaphazela ukukulungela kwamazwe ukusebenzisana kwimicimbi yobulumko.
Ucelomngeni Lobugcisa Nomsebenzi
Kwanaxa amazwe ekulungele ukwabelana ngobulumko, imiqobo yobugcisa ingathintela intsebenziswano esebenzayo. Amaqumrhu ahlukeneyo olwazi angasebenzisa iinkqubo ezingangqinelaniyo ekugcineni, ekulungiseni nasekudluliseleni ulwazi. Imiqobo yeelwimi ingenza kube nzima ukuhlalutya nokuchaza ubuntlola. Ubalo lwendlela yobuchule kunye nemigangatho lungakhokelela kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo zolwazi olunye.
Ukunxulumanisa kunye nokuqonda okusuka kwimiqathango eyahlukeneyo kungatshintshwa kuphela ngoncedo lwabanye abameli besizwe kunye noothunywashe bamanye amazwe. Olu mlinganiselo unyusiwe kumgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe, apho amasebe kufuneka asebenzisane kungekuphela nje namaqabane awo asemzini kodwa kwananamasebe angaphandle endalo eyahlukileyo. Ukuntsonkotha kokudibanisa amasebe amaninzi, amazwe, kunye nezithethe zentlangano kubangela iingxaki eziphawulekayo.
Izahlula-hlula ezohlukeneyo
Ubuchule bobuntlola bahluka kakhulu kuwo onke amazwe. Amazwe anobutyebi anezibonelelo eziphambili zobugcisa kunye namaqumrhu anezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo angaqokelela aze ahlalutye ubuninzi obuninzi bolwazi. Amazwe asakhasayo asenokuswela amandla obugcisa, abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo, kunye nezixhobo zemali zokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kumalungiselelo obuchule bokunyamekela ubulumko. Oku kungadala ukungalingani kolwalamano lobuntlola, namanye amazwe afumana ulwazi ngokuyintloko ngexa enikela ngentabalala encinane.
Ukusingatha ezi zithuba zobuchule kufuna utyalo-mali oluxhasweyo kuqeqesho, ubuchule, kunye nophuhliso lobuxhakaxhaka. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nomanyano lwamaqela eebhiya iye yathatha amanyathelo ahlukeneyo okwakha amakhono, kodwa izinto eziphawulekayo ezingafaniyo ziyaqhubekeka. Uqikelelo lokuba onke amazwe anokuba nenxaxheba ngobuchule bokwabelana ngobuchule buyimfuneko ekwenzeni uthungelwano lwehlabathi lobuphengululi-mthetho.
Ukulungelelanisa kunye neembambano zoMlawuli
Ukungabi nasivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe ngamazwe ekusetyenziselweni izixhobo zokulwa nobuphekula. Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule bokulwa kwemali yabanqolobi phakathi kwamazwe kuthintela ukwenziwa komanyano olunempumelelo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ngaphandle kwemilinganiselo eqhelekileyo kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo, ulwabelano ngobulumko lungaqhekeka kwaye lungabi nampumelelo, namazwe ahlukeneyo asukela iindlela zokungqubana ezinokusebenza kwiinjongo ezinqamlezeneyo.
Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Nenkululeko Yabemi
Enye yeenkalo ezithanda ukuphikisana zobuntlola bezizwe ngezizwe ibandakanya ukulinganisela imfuneko yokukhusela ubugrogrisi ngokukhusela inkululeko yabemi kunye namalungelo abo ayimfihlo. Ukuqokelelwa kobulumko nokwabelana ngokuyimfuneko kubandakanya ukuqokelela inkcazelo ngabantu, kuquka abemi bamazwe ababandakanyekileyo.
I-IRTPA yayiquka amalungiselelo okomeleza uvelela ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abanobulumko kunye nabanyanzeli bomthetho, xa bebelana ngenkcazelo engakumbi, abawagqithi amagunya abo baze baphule inkululeko yabemi. Oku kubonisa ukuqwalaselwa kokuthi ulwabelana ngenkcazelo engakumbi kufuneka kukhatshwe zinkqubo zobuveleli ezinamandla zokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa.
Amazwe awahlukahlukeneyo aye asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokujongana nemisebenzi yobuntlola. Amanye aye amisela imibutho ezimeleyo enezigunya ezibanzi zokuphanda ngemigaqo-nkqubo yobuntlola. Amanye axhomekeke kakhulu ekujongeni ulawulo okanye ekuhloleni imigaqo-nkqubo yokuchonga. Kwimeko yolwabelana ngemithetho okanye yokwabelana ngemithetho.
Ucelomngeni kukuphuhlisa amalungiselelo obuchule asebenzayo ekuthinteleni ubugrogrisi nokuhlonela amalungelo asisiseko. Oku kufuna imigaqo ecacileyo esemthethweni, iinkqubo ezibonisayo, ulawulo olunentsingiselo, kunye nendlela yokuphendula enokuthi isebenze ngaphaya kwemida. Kukwafuna incoko eqhubekayo phakathi kweengcali zokhuseleko, abenzi bemithetho, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi malunga nendawo apho kufumaneka imigca phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko.
Indima yobuxhakaxhaka Bobuntlola Bale Mihla
Iifomu zoNxibelelwano eziKhuselekileyo
Ubugcisa buguqule isantya nesikali apho ubukrelekrele bunokudityaniswa khona. Amaqonga akhuselekileyo enza ukuba utshintshiselwano lokwenene lolwazi phakathi koothunywashe abanobuntlola kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ezi nkqubo zisebenzisa ukuvulwa kombhalo ophambili nokhuseleko lwemithetho elandelwayo ukukhusela ulwazi olunovakalelo ekuthintelweni okanye ekufikeleleni okungagunyaziswanga. Ukuphuhliswa kwemigangatho elungelelanisiweyo, esetyenziswayo ilungelelaniswa ngokuphawulekayo ukuphumelela kwentsebenziswano yobulumko.
Ubuchule bale mihla bokunceda amaqonga adlula ngaphaya kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano ezilula. Ziquka iinkqubo zesiseko sogcino-lwazi ezigunyazisiweyo ezivumela abasebenzisi ukuba baphengulule imithombo emininzi yolwazi, izixhobo zobuntlola ezincedayo ekuchongeni iipateni kunye noqhagamshelwano, kunye neempawu ezinceda uhlalutyo oludityanisiweyo nohlolo. Ezi misebenzi yobugcisa iye yaguqula ubuchule bokwabelana ngezixhobo ukusuka kwinkqubo esezantsi, esekelwe kuxwebhu kwintsebenziswano yempatho esebenzayo, edibanisayo.
Ubuntlola Bokwenza kunye nokufunda ngoomatshini
Ubuntlola obuzenzekelayo kunye nobugcisa bokufunda ngomatshini busetyenziswa kakhulu kuhlalutyo lobuntlola nolwahlulo. Obu bugcisa bungasebenzisa ubuninzi bogcino-lwazi ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunabantu abahlalutyi, buchonge iipateni ezingacacanga ebantwini, kunye nezisongelo ezinokwenzeka ukuze ziqhubeke zihlolwa. Kumongo wolwabelana ngezizwe ngezizwe, i-Al inokubanceda ekuncedeni ukoyisa imiqobo yolwimi ngoguqulelo oluzenzekelayo, ukuchonga uqhagamshelwano phakathi kweenkcazelo ezivela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kunye nobuchule obusemgangathweni wokwabelana ngemisebenzi nengxamiseko.
Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Al ngobulumko kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo. Imithetho-mthetho iyakwazi ukubonisa ucalucalulo olukhoyo kugcino-lwazi loqeqesho lwabo, olunokubakho kwiziphumo ezikhokelela ekukhupheni ucalucalulo. Ukungabonisi ezinye iinkqubo ze-Al kwenza kube nzima ukuqonda indlela ezifikelela ngayo kwizigqibo zazo, ezinokwenza kube nzima ukuvelela nokuphendula. Njengoko i-Al ixhaphakile kwimisebenzi yobulumko, ukuphuhlisa imigaqo efanelekileyo yolawulo kunye nemigaqo esesikweni yokusebenzisa kwayo ulwabelano lwamazwe ngamazwe ibalulekile.
Inkcitho yogcino-lwazi Olukhulu
Ukwanda kwenkcazelo yemichiza kuye kwabangela amathuba nocelomngeni lokusebenzisana. Iingcali ezinkulu zolwazi zinceda abaququzeleli bobukrelekrele bahlole inkcazelo evela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kuquka imithombo yezentlalo, imicimbi yezemali, iingxelo zohambo, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwothungelwano.
Kwangaxeshanye, umthamo wogcino-lwazi olukhoyo unokuba namandla amakhulu. Ukwahlula umqondiso osuka kwingxolo, ukuchaza iinkcukacha eziyanelisayo, kunye nokubelana ngokufanelekileyo namaqabane amazwe ngamazwe kufuna amandla antsonkothileyo kunye nemithetho ecacileyo. Ucelomngeni kukusebenzisa amandla ogcino-lwazi olukhulu ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwabelana ngobulumko kuhlala kujoliswe, kujoliswe, kujoliswe, kwaye kuhlonelwe amalungelo obuqu.
Ukucingela Ukunganqabiseki
Njengoko ulwabelano olunzulu lukhula, ukhuseleko lwekhompyutha luye lwabonakala njengenkxalabo ephambili. Amaqumrhu aqiqayo kufuneka akhusele iinkqubo zawo kwaye abelane ngenkcazelo kwiintlaselo zekhompyutha ezivela kumazwe anobutshaba, kumaqela abanqolobi, nakwabanye abatshaba. Ukungathomalali benkqubo yobuchule bokunceda abantu bafumane ubuchule bokusebenzisa ikhompyutha kusenokuphazamisana nomthombo ochukumileyo kunye neendlela, kubeka ubomi babantu abahlala kunye nabo engozini, kwaye kunciphisa ukuthembana kwabo.
Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lweqonga elinobuchule obulawula ikhompyutha kufuneka ushishino oluqhubekayo kubugcisa bokhuseleko lwekhompyutha, uhlolo oluthe rhoqo, nokunamathela kwizenzo ezingcono kukhuseleko lolwazi. Kukwafuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe angamaqabane ukuseka imilinganiselo yokhuseleko eqhelekileyo kunye nokusabela kunye kwizisongelo zekhompyutha. Ukudityaniswa kwesixokelelwano sobuntlola bale mihla kuthetha ukuba ukhuseleko lwenethwekhi lonke luxhomekeke kukhuseleko lolona nxibelelwano lwayo lubuthathaka.
Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Kwintsebenziswano Ephumelelayo Yobulumko
Iinethwekhi ze-ISIS eziDala
Ukuvela kweLizwe lamaSilamsi laseIraq ne-Syria (ISIS) ngo-2014 kwabangela umgangatho ongazange ubonwe wentsebenziswano yobulumko bezizwe ngezizwe. Amazwe ehlabathini jikelele abelana ngenkcazelo engomkhosi wamanye amazwe ayehamba ukuya kudibana ne-ISSIS, ii-intername ezixhasa intlangano, kunye namaqhinga acetywa ngabasebenzi beISSIS kunye nabaxhasi. Le ntsebenzi yenza ukuba abasemagunyeni baphazamise uhlaselo oluninzi, babambe amawaka abarhanelwayo, kwaye bathob ’ isidima amandla e-ISSIS.
Umbutho ochasene ne-ISIS wahlanganisa amaqumrhu obuchule obuninzi avela kumazwe amaninzi, ngalinye linikela inkxaso ekhethekileyo yobuchule nolwazi. Amazwe aseMpuma Mpuma anika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yengingqi kunye nee-intanethi zobume zasekuhlaleni. Amazwe aseYurophu abelana ngolwazi olumalunga nokubekwa phambili nokufakwa kwimida yawo. I-United States namanye amalungu amahlanu eMeso anikela ngemisebenzi yobugcisa ephambili kunye nezibonelelo zenzululwazi. Le nkxaso-ntlanganisela-nye yabonisa amandla okusebenzisana kobuntlola ekuchaseni isisongelo sabanqolobi behlabathi lonke.
Unyuselo lokhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya
Ulwabelano lobuntlola lubaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculeni ukhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya. Emva kocwangciso oluninzi lokuhlasela iinqwelo-moya, kuquka isiqwenga somlo webhombu ka-2006 esikhankanywe ngaphambili, amazwe aye asebenza kunye ukwabelana ngenkcazelo engezo ngozi kwinqwelo-moya, kubantu abakrokrelekayo, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlasela ezitsha. Le ntsebenziswano iye yakhokelela ekunyuseni amanyathelo okukhusela ukhuseleko kwiinqwelo-moya ehlabathini lonke kwaye iye yanceda ekuthinteleni ukuhlasela inqwelo moya.
Ukwabelana ngolwazi lwabakhweli, uludwe lwababukeli, kunye nohlolo lwezisongelo luye lwaqheleka kumazwe amaninzi. Ngoxa ezi ndlela zinyusa inkxalabo zobuqu, zikwangqineka ziphumelela ekuboneni izisongelo ezinokwenzeka phambi kokuba abantu bakhwele inqwelo-moya. Ucelomngeni lukukuzalisekisa la manyathelo okhuseleko ngeendlela ezisebenzayo nezinentlonelo kumalungelo abahambi.
Ukulwa Neentshaba Zobunqolobi
Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe ekufumaneni nasekuphazamiseni inkxaso yabanqolobi iye yaphumelela kakhulu. Ngokubelana ngezimali, amazwe aye akwazi ukufumanisa nokuyenza ingqekembe, ukuphazamisa imisebenzi yokuthuthwa kwemali, nokuthintela ukuqukuqela kwemali kwiintlangano zabanqolobi. IFinanci Action Task Force kunye neminye imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe iye yavelisa imilinganiselo neyona nto ilungileyo yokulwa nenkxaso yabanqolobi, eye yamkelwa ngamazwe ehlabathini jikelele.
Inkqubo yezeMali yoBuphekula, ebandakanya intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-United States ne-European Union, ibonisa indlela ukunyathelana ngemali okunokwenziwa ngayo ukuze kulungelelaniswe iimfuno zokhuseleko kunye nokukhusela ukhuseleko lobuqu. Ngoxa impikiswano, inkqubo iye yanika ubulumko obubalulekileyo obuye baba negalelo ekuthinteleni imisebenzi yobuphekula namatyala.
Izisongelo Ezidityanisiweyo Nentsebenziswano Eqhubekayo
Ubunqolobi Basekhaya Nokuphangwa Kogonyamelo
Nangona ukuxhathisana kwezizwe ngezizwe kujoliswe kwimingcipheko yobugrogrisi yamazwe ngamazwe, kukho ukuvunywa okukhulayo kwemfuneko yokulungisa ubugrogrisi basekhaya kunye nogonyamelo olugqithisileyo. Ukungalawuleki kwamakhaya kunye nobugrogrisi kuye kwavela ukususela ekuhlaseleni kwabantu aba-9/11, oku kubandakanya izisongelo ezivela kubemi base-U. Olu tshintsho luye lwabangela ingxubusho malunga nendlela ukusetyenziswa kobugrogrisi bamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ukuconga izisongelo ezimakhaya ngoxa kubhekiswa kwinkululeko yamakhaya.
Amazwe amaninzi alwa nocelomngeni lobundlobongela obubangelwa ziingcamango ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kubukhulu obumhlophe ukuya kwintsebenziswano echasene norhulumente. Ngelixesha ezi zisongelo zisenokuba zizinto eziqhelekileyo ezikhoyo kwindalo, zisoloko zinemilinganiso yezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka ukwenziwa kwe-intanethi, ukunqamleza komda, kunye nokuphembelela okusuka kumaqela angaphandle. Ukuthetha ngezisongelo kufuna intsebenziswano yobulumko ekwahlula izithethe phakathi kwamakhaya namazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.
Ubugrogrisi Besithoba
Abanqolobi banokusebenzisa izixhobo zekhompyutha ukuhlasela iinkonzo eziphambili, ukusasaza iingcamango, ukujolisa abantu, nokudibanisa imisebenzi. Ukulungisa ubugrogrisi obusebenzisa ikhompyutha kufuna intsebenziswano kungekuphela nje phakathi kwabasemaqumrhu abakrelekrele kodwa nakwiinkampani zobugcisa, ezisoloko zinenkcazelo ebalulekileyo ngemisebenzi yabanqolobi kwi - Internet.
Ubuntlola obunxulumene nobugrogrisi bekhompyutha kufuneka bucombulule iingxaki zobugcisa obungaqhelekanga, kuquka ukuxhathisa kohlaselo lwezibhedlele, indaleko yobugcisa kunye nobuchule bobugcisa, kunye nobume behlabathi jikelele bekhompyutha. Amazwe aqalisa ubuchule obutsha bokwabelana ngobukrelekrele bekhompyutha, kodwa iintsalela eziphawulekayo zisekho kwintsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe kulo mba.
INexus Phakathi Kobugrogrisi Nolwaphulo - mthetho Olulungelelanisiweyo
Ukwanda kolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo kunye nobugrogrisi kudibanisa abameli abasenokuba abanagunya leCFT. Amaqela abanqolobi ayaqhubeka ebandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho ukuxhasa imisebenzi yawo, kuquka ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi, ukurhwebelana kwabantu, kunye nokuqhatha. Ngokuchasene noko, amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho alungelelanisiweyo asenokusebenzisa iindlela zabagrogrisi ukufikelela iinjongo zawo. Oku kufuna ukuba kubekho amalungiselelo obulumko adibanisa ubugqhinga obudibanisa ubugrogrisi kunye namaziko alwanyanisa umthetho.
Izixhobo Zokutshatyalaliswa Okukhulu
Inkxalabo yabanqolobi abafumana izixhobo zokutshabalalisa abantu abaninzi isoloko iphambili kuluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ukusebenzisana ngobuchule kunegalelo elikhulu ekuhloleni imigudu eyenziwa ngabanqolobi yokufumana imichiza, ityhefu, imitha-mfono-mfono-mfono okanye izixhobo zenyukliya. Oku kufuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwabasemaqumrhu, abanyangweni bomthetho, amasiko namagunya okhuseleko, kunye neengcali zenzululwazi kumazwe amaninzi.
Ukukhusela ubugrogrisi beWMD akufuni nje ukwabelana ngenkcazelo engezinto ezithile eziyingozi kodwa kwanemigudu yokudibanisa ukukhusela izinto eziyingozi, ukuqwalasela iinkqubo zokwanda, nokuphuhlisa amandla okubona nokuphendula kwiziganeko ze-WMD. Ukuntlukwano kobugcisa olucelw'ucelomngeni kubangela ukuba kubekho intsebenziswano nentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe.
Amathemba Nezincomo Zexesha Elizayo
Ukuqinisa iMisebenzi yeFrame engokwasemthethweni
Ukunyanzela ulwabelo lwezizwe ngezizwe lobulumko kuya kufuna imigudu eqhubekayo yokuvisisanisa imigaqo esemthethweni nokuphuhlisa imilinganiselo efanayo. Oku akuthethi ukuba onke amazwe kufuneka amkele imithetho efanayo, kodwa kunoko kufuneka asebenzele ekuhambelaneni okungakumbi kwimimandla enjengekhuselo logcino-lwazi, amalungelo obuqu, kunye nesiseko esisemthethweni sokuqokelelwa kobulumko kunye nokubelana. Izivumelwano nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zingalungiselela intsebenziswano ngoxa zihlonela ulawulo lwesizwe nezithethe zomthetho.
Izivumelwano zebhatata nezeeNtlanganiso kufuneka zicacise ngokucacileyo iinjongo apho ubukrelekrele bunokuhlulwa khona, ukhuseleko ekumele lunikwe ulwabelano ngolwazi, kunye neenkqubo zobuveleli eziya kuqinisekisa ukuthobela. Ezi zivumelwano kufuneka zihlolwe ziphinde zihlaziywe ukuze zibonise izisongelo ezitshintshayo, ubugcisa, kunye nemigangatho esemthethweni.
Ukwakha Intembelo Nembonakalo
Ukuthemba sisiseko solwabelana ngobuchule obunempumelelo, kwaye ulwakhiwo lufuna ukuba kubekho ukubonakala gca malunga neenjongo, ubungakanani, kunye nemida yentsebenziswano yobulumko. Ngoxa iinkcukacha zokusebenza kufuneka zihlale zicalulwe, isiseko sobuninzi nemigaqo yolawulo lwengqiqo kufuneka zibe zezona zicace kangangoko. Oku kunceda ukwakha intembelo kuluntu, kunceda ulawulo-demokhrasi, kwaye komeleza ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe angamaqabane.
Amazwe kufuneka asoloko ethetha ngezenzo zawo zobukrelekrele ezibangela ukuba kubekho uphando, kuquka ingxubusho malunga neengxaki, inkxalabo, kunye nemimandla efuna ukuphucula. Ukudala ii-arhente ezicacileyo zokutshintshisana phakathi kweengcali zobuntlola, abalawuli bemigaqo kunye neequmrhu ezijongeneyo kunganceda ekucombululeni ukungaqondani kunye nokwakha umanyano olomeleleyo.
Ukuveliswa Kwezakhiwo Ezisezingeni
Uqikelelo lokuba onke amazwe anokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ekuxhaseni ulwabelo lobuchule kufuneka aqhubekeke ekuveliseni ubuchule. Amazwe asakhayo kufuneka anikele uncedo lobugcisa, uqeqesho, kunye nobuncwane ukuze ancede amazwe asakhayo afumane amandla awo obulumko. Oku kuveliswa kotyalo-mali akuncedisi amazwe afumanayo kuphela kodwa kwanalo lonke uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe ngokudala uthungelwano olubanzi nolunempumelelo oluthe xhathisa ubuphekaxhakaxhaka.
Isakhiwo esiphezulu kufuneka siqwalasele kungekuphela nje amandla obugcisa kodwa nophuhliso lobuchule, ukwenziwa komthetho, kunye nobuchule bokuphatha. Kufuneka ixonxelwe kwiimfuno ezithile kunye nomongo wamazwe ahlukeneyo, iqonda ukuba zonke iindlela zokungena zibonakala zingasebenzi.
Iinkqubo zobugcisa ezigudileyo
Ukuqhubeka kuveliswa kobugcisa kuya kuba yimfuneko ekuphuculeni ubuchule bokwabelana. Ubuchule bokwenza izinto, ukufunda ngomatshini, ugcino-lwazi olukhulu olunee-alytics, kunye namaqonga akhuselekileyo okunxibelelana kunika amandla amakhulu okuphucula isantya, umlinganiselo, kunye nokusebenza kwentsebenziswano yobuchule. Noko ke, ukusebenzisa obu bugcisa kudinga ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo oluluvo, ukubonakala, ukuphendula, nokuziphendulela ngasese.
Amazwe kufuneka asebenzisane ekuphuhliseni imigangatho yobugcisa eqhelekileyo kunye nenkqubo ezisebenzisanayo ezinceda ulwabelano lolwazi lolwabelo lokhuseleko. Kufuneka asebenze kunye ukucombulula iingxaki ezingokwesiko nezingokwasemthethweni ezibangelwa kukuvela kobugcisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa ayingeni ngokulahlekelwa ngamalungelo namaxabiso asisiseko.
Ukwandisa umanyano
Ngelixesha amalungiselelo okunceda ubulumko akhoyo engqineke eluncedo, kusenokubakho amathuba okwandisa intsebenziswano ukuze kuqukwe amazwe awongezelelekileyo kunye nemibutho. Amaliso anesithoba kunye namalungiselelo angamashumi amane eemehlo abonisa indlela intsebenziswano yobulumko enokuthi yandiswe ngayo ngaphaya komphambili wamehlo. Ubuntlola-bokudibanisa izivumelwano ngoku bunyuke ngaphezu kweMithanu Meso ukuquka amanye amazwe: 9 iMaso, ngu-Five Mas, ngokudibanisa iDenmark, iFransi, iNetherlands neNorway; 14 iMeso: 9 i-Lens, nolwandity, nolwandiso lweJamani, i-Belgium, i-Italy, i-Sweden.
Kufuneka kwenziwe ngocoselelo, ngokuqwalasela imiba yokuthembana, ukhuseleko, nokuhambelana. Asilolizwe ngalinye eliya kuba liqabane elifanelekileyo kwelona linovelwano olunochuku, kodwa kusenokubakho amathuba entsebenziswano elinganiselweyo kwimibandela ethile okanye kwizisongelo. Indlela elandelelanayo yokusebenzisana ngobukrelekrele, ngomlinganiselo owahlukeneyo wentsebenziswano esekelwe kubuchule bolwazi nakumandla olwalamano, inokubanceda ulungelelanise iingenelo zentsebenziswano nemfuneko yokukhusela imithombo kunye neendlela.
Ukulawula ukulawula nokuphendula
Njengokuba ulwabelano olunobulumko lusanda, ngokufanayo kufuneka ulawulo kunye nokuziphendulela. Imisebenzi yobulumko, kuquka intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, ifanele ithotyelwe yimibutho ezimeleyo. Oku kuhlola kungekuphela nje ukuba ubulumko bokwabelana ngemigaqo esemthethweni buyasebenza, bulungelelene, kwaye bunika intlonelo kumalungelo.
Ukusebenzisana kwezizwe ngezizwe ngobukrelekrele kunika ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo lobuveleli, njengoko imisebenzi inokuthi idlulisele ulawulo oluninzi kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo esemthethweni kunye neequmrhu zoomphathi. Iinkqubo zokuphuhlisa ukunxibelelana phakathi kweequmrhu zoomphathi, ulwabelano olungcono, kunye nokuhlola amalungiselelo adibeneyo obulumko nobuchule bokongamelana nobuchule. Ukubonakala okungakumbi ngeenkqubo kunye neemfuno zokhuseleko, kunganelisa nokuthemba koluntu.
Ukuthetha Neengxaki Zezobupolitika
Ulwabelano lobuntlola alwenzeki kwi-athom kodwa lubunjwe ziimpembelelo ezibanzi zezobupolitika. Ukuxinezeleka phakathi kwamandla amakhulu, iimfazwe zengingqi, kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo zengingqi kungabangela ukuba kubekho intsebenziswano enzulu. Ukufumana iindlela zokulondoloza intsebenziswano esebenzayo echasene nobuphekula kwanaphakathi kokungavisisani okunzulu kwezobupolitika kuya kuba yimfuneko kukhuseleko lwehlabathi lonke.
Oku kungafuna ukwahlula intsebenziswano echasene nezenzo zobuphekula kwezinye iindawo zolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, ukuseka imida ecacileyo enxulumene nobuchule obujoliswe ngokukhethekileyo kwii-grobistiki, kunye nokwakha iinkqubo ezinokumelana nokuhlasela kwezobupolitika. Kukwafuna ubuchule bobugqeba kunye nokuzinikela okuqhubekayo kwiinkokeli zezobupolitika ukubeka intsebenziswano echasene nezobuphekula kwanaxa ezinye iinkalo zolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe ziphazamisekile.
Indlela Engaphambili
Ukusebenzisana ngengqiqo yehlabathi kuye kwaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kumgudu wehlabathi lonke wokuthintela ubugrogrisi. Ukuphumelela okufunyenwe ngentsebenziswano kubonisa ukubaluleka kwamazwe asebenza kunye ukucombulula izisongelo. Ukusuka ekuphazamiseni amaqhinga abanqolobi ukusa ekususeni intsebenziswano yemali nokulandela imikhosi yamazwe angaphandle, ubuchule bokwabelana ngezonyango busindise ubomi obungathethekiyo nokhuseleko olusehlabathini lonke.
Noko ke, kusekho iingxaki ezibalulekileyo. Ukungavisisani okusemthethweni nokulawulayo, ukungathembi, imiqobo yobuchule, kunye nokwahluka kwamandla kuyaqhubeka kuthintela intsebenziswano esebenzayo. Ukulungelelanisa iimfuno zokhuseleko ngokuhlonela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni namalungelo obuqu kuhlala kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo olufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo nolungiso oluthe rhoqo.
Ikamva lokwabelana ngezizwe ngezizwe ngobukrelekrele liza kuxonxwa yindlela ingingqi yoluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe ezilucombulula ngayo olu celomngeni. Ukuqinisa ulungiselelo lomthetho, ulwakhiwo olungokwasemthethweni, ukuveliswa kobuchule, ubugcisa obuphumayo, ulwandiso oluqikelelwayo, ulwandiso oluqikelelwayo, kunye nolwandiso oluya kuba lululo lwezopolitiko lokumisela intsebenziswano echasene nezobuphembelela kunye nobuchule bolawulo lwentlalo-zwe ukulawula umhlaba wenzululwazi yehlabathi.
Njengokuba izisongelo zabanqolobi ziqhubeka ziguquka, kufuneka ziqhubeke zisenziwa ngendlela yokuba kubekho ubuchule. Ukuvela kobugcisa obutsha, ukuguquka kobume bemibutho yabanqolobi, ukuvela kweengcamango ezintsha kunye nentshukumisa, kunye nokwanda kokudityaniswa kokhuseleko kucelw'ucelomngeni olufuna ulungiso kunye nophuhliso lobuchule. Oko kwasebenza kwixesha elidlulileyo kusenokunganeli kwixesha elizayo.
Ekugqibeleni, ulwabelano olunempumelelo lwezizwe ngezizwe lusekelwe kwisiseko semilinganiselo kunye nenjongo efanayo. Amazwe kufuneka aqonde ukuba ubugrogrisi busongela zonke iintlanga yaye intsebenziswano ayingombandela nje oluncedo kodwa iyafuneka. Ngokusebenza kunye, ukwabelana ngenkcazelo, nokusebenzisana, uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lungadala ihlabathi elinqabisekileyo ngakumbi kubo bonke abantu.
Indima yobuntlola bezizwe ngezizwe ekuthinteleni ubugrogrisi iya kukhula kuphela kukubaluleka kwiminyaka ezayo. Njengoko izisongelo zisiba nzima kwaye zidibene, imfuneko yokusebenzisana iba yeyona nto ikhawulezileyo. Ngokufunda kwimpumelelo nakungaphumeleli, ngokusingatha iingxaki ezikhoyo, nangokulungiselela izisongelo zexesha elizayo, uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lungakha amalungiselelo obulumko anamandla okuthintela ubugrogrisi nokungaguquguquki kwemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi namalungelo abantu. Oku akuyomsebenzi olulula, kodwa kuyimfuneko kukhuseleko nempumelelo yehlabathi lonke.
Phendula ulwazi oluninzi ngentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe yokhuseleko, tyelela i-NATO Iphikisa-Trorserism kwiphepha. Ukufunda ngolawulo lobuntlola, bona [ iOfisi yoMlawuli woBuntlola besizwe [[]. Ukuqonda intsebenziswano lwabaphathi-mthetho waseYurophu, ukuhlolisisa [[FLT:]]] i-EUROP [[FLT]] i-ebroplat' ye-webhthi ye-UP [[FLT]]. Uninzi lwamapolisa lungafunyanwa kwintsebenziswano [[FLTL:][FLT]][FL:7].]