Indima Yokuhlawula Irhafu Ekuxhaseni Imisebenzi Yophuhliso LwaseIndiya

Ukutshintsha okukhawulezileyo kwezoqoqosho eIndiya kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu edluleyo kuye kwasekelwa kunyuso oluhambelanayo lwezibonelelo zayo zokwenyama. Ukusuka kwiindlela ezisemgangathweni kunye neziporo ukuya kwiinqwelo-moya eziluhlaza zebala le-efanti nakwiepaseji zamanani, isikali somngeniso woluntu esifunekayo sikhulu. Enye yezona zinto zingundoqo nezibalulekileyo zekomkhulu kule misebenzi yingeniso yerhafu eqokelelwa yimiqathango yezomthetho ephakathi nakwezombuso. Le ngxelo ithengiso ayiqokelelwa kuphela yimali yokwakhiwa nokugcinwa kweendlela, amazibuko eenqanawa, amazibuko eenqwelo-moya, kunye nezixhobo zamandla kodwa ikwanceda urhulumente ukuba abolekise kwimijelo yexesha elizayo. Ukuqonda ulwalamano olungenayo phakathi kwemiqatha yerhafuthelo kunye nenkciso yemali kuyimfuneko kubenzi bezomthetho, amashishini, abemibutho, kunye nabantu abahlalo-omitshi, ezibungeni.

Isiseko sokuLawula

Imisebenzi yokwayama isiseko semali ingundoqo, i-oyile ende, kwaye isoloko ifuna imali eninzi kawonke-wonke ngenxa yokuba iimpendulo zabucala zisenokungakuthetheleli ukutyala ngaphandle kwenkxaso karhulumente. Irhafu inika owona mthombo uthembekileyo nongaguquguqukiyo wengeniso yasekhaya kwimisebenzi enjalo. Ngokungafaniyo nokuboleka, okudala amatyala exesha elizayo, okanye intlawulo, enokuvelisa amafutha okuninzi, ingeniso yerhafu, xa iqokelelwa kakuhle, inika indlela exhasayo ukukhuselwa kweempahla zikawonke-wonke-wonke. EIndiya, ukwabelana ngengeniso yerhafuthelo kumali epheleleyo kunyuke ngokucothayo kwiposi yemali yemali, ebonisa ukukhuliswa okusemthethweni kwezoqoqosho kunye nokwandisa irhafuzo.

Imeko yembali yerhafu ebekwe kwizakhiwo zeIndiya

Izicwangciso zokuqala zeminyaka emihlanu zaseIndiya zaxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu enjengerhafu yengeniso, imisebenzi yokusebenza, nemisebenzi yezobufazi exhasa imisebenzi emikhulu enjengedama, intsimbi, kunye noohola besizwe. Ukusekwa kweZibonelelo Ezintle nezoBulungiseleli (GST) ngo-2017 yayilutshintsho olubalulekileyo olwayilelwe ukudibanisa inkqubo yerhafu engangqalanga kunye nokwandisa amandla engeniso engeniso. Ukususela ngoko, intlawulo lwe-GST iye yaba ngumrhumo-omkhulu kwiNgxowa-mali ePhakelelwayo yeIndiya, iphumeza iza kulwabiwo oluphezulu lwemali kwimali yemali ekhoyo. I-Infraclustragrade Willieline (NIP), esungulwe ngowama-2019, iveliswa ngomngeniselo lwemali engaphezulu kwe-la111khrecr, iqikelela ukuba indawo ebanzi iphuma kwingeniso yerhafuwo kunye nokuboloza ngexa elizayo.

Iintlobo Zerhafu Negalelo Lazo Ekuyalweni

IIndiya isebenzisa umxube werhafu engqalileyo nengangqalanga, nganye ifak ’ isandla kumlinganiselo owahlukileyo wemali yezibonelelo.

  • Irhafu yengeniso: irhafu ebhaliswe kubantu ngabanye nakumaqumrhu, irhafu yengeniso yeyona ibalulekileyo ibhaliweyo kwirhafu. KwiFY2023-24, irhafu egqithiseleyo efikelelweyo imalunga nonyaka we-1919.6 ye-crkhore, nentsabelo enkulu enikezelwe kwinkcitho yemali yesiseko soqoqosho ngoqingqo-mali olusembindini. Irhafu yemali, emva kokunciphisa isantya sakutshanje, isatyala malunga ne-20% yerhafu enzulu.
  • [[NTLT:0] Irhafu neNkonzo (GST): Njengentlawulo esekelwe kwindawo, i-GST iphucula isakhiwo serhafu engangqalanga kwaye iphucule ukuthobela irhafu. Irhafu yenyanga nganye egqithisileyo isoloko ingaphezulu ku-61.6 lakh crore, inika isiseko semali eqinisekisiweyo. Intlawulo ye-GST, eyasungulwa ukugquma iimali ezifutshane zamazwe, ikwasetyenziswa ngokuyinxenye ekuhlawuleni iityala lenkonzo ezinyusiweyo ukuze kusetyenziswe ingeniso yemizila.
  • Izandiso ezibhaliweyo: Ukurhweba koomatshini, izixhobo, kunye nezinto ezikrwada ukwenzela imisebenzi yezibonelelo ziphantsi komsebenzi wemisebenzi yezemali. Ngelixesha imisebenzi ephezulu inokuthi yandise iindleko zeprojekthi, ingeniso evelisiweyo ixhasa amandla karhulumente okufaka okanye ukuxhasa iprojekthi yemali ngqo. Ukuncitshiswa kwemisebenzi yenkcitho kwimpahla yekomkhulu phantsi kocwangciso oluthile ukulinganisela iimfuno zemali kunye nenkcitho ephezulu.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Imali yokukhupha ipetroli kunye neCesses: imisebenzi yokukhupha ipetroli kwimveliso yepetroli, icuba, kunye nempahla yobunewunewu inika imali ephawulekayo. Imali yeNdlela ePhakathi neNqanam yoTshiniso (CRIF) ixhaswa ngemali ngesixhobo sepetroli nedizili, idibanisa ngqo ipetroli kwisakhiwo somgaqo. Ngokufanayo, imfundo i-cess kunye nempilo inegalelo kwisiseko sentlalo.
  • Irhafu neLevies: Iirhafu zempahla kunye nemisebenzi yezitampu eqokelelwa ngurhulumente wezentengiso zezemali efumaneka kwizixeko ezinamanzi, iinkqubo zokulahla amda, kunye neendlela zasekuhlaleni. Irhafu yooGcisa, irhafu yokuzonwabisa, nerhafu kwizithuthi nayo ingena kuqingqo-mali lwezibonelelo lomgangatho karhulumente.

Imisebenzi Yerhafu

Uhambo olusuka ekuqokelelweni kwerhafu ukuya ekugqityweni lubandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi oqingqo-mali kunye neziko. Ukuqonda le nkqubo yokwabiwa kwemali kutyhila amandla nezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo kwimodeli yemali yaseIndiya.

Indima zikarhulumente zikarhulumente ezisemgangathweni

IUhlaziyo loHlahlo lweNkcitho yerhafu yeNkcitho yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko yeSebe leMidlalo, iNkonzo yoLawulo lweNdlela, kunye noBulungiseleli beMicimbi yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlela, neMidlalo yeMidlalo yeNdlela ne-Urbango. Le misebenzi yoHlomelo yoLwabiso yongezelelwe ngoqingqo-mali ngurhulumente, oluthi luxhase iindleko-mali eendlela zombuso, iindlela zasemasilo, kunye nemisebenzi yokuphuhlisa i-dolopha. IKhomishoni yeMali imisela ukuncitshiswa kwerhafu ephakathi ukuba ibekwe (ngoku ezingama- 41% zedifixed), nto leyo inokuthi ijolise kumgangatho wemali ekhoyo. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi axhomekeke kakhulu kwinkcitho yemali emali emali ephakathi kwintlawulo lwemali emali, inciphisa-ehhntshuntlawulo.

Ukufuduswa kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye

Inkcitho yekomkhulu (ii-capex) kwisiseko sesiseko semfundo inkcazo engundoqo yoHlawulo lweZiko loMsebenzi. Kwi-FY2024-25, urhulumente owabelwe i-7611.11 lakh creor kwimali yekomkhulu, 11.1% yokwanda kwemali kunyaka ongaphambili. Le capex ixhaswa ziimali zerhafu, iimali, kunye nemali-mali ezingabhangiyo ze-mali. I-Indiya Relagestracture Dieval jireline (NIP) inika i-pappap ephakathi yendlela, kunye nemisebenzi eyahlulwa licandelo kunye nemithombo yemali. Izivumelwano ezifana neNational Highways of India (NHAI), i-Screance Corpolation Corporation (IRFC), kunye nenkampani yenkshorement inkxaso yohlalo-mali yezoshishitomrhu ngokuxhaswa ngurhulumente noovezwa ngurhulumente.

Imali ekhethekileyo nerhafu ephawulweyo

Ingeniso yerhafu yejelo elichaza ingeniso yerhafu ngqo kwizibonelelo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Icala lendlela kunye neNgxowa-mali yeNkcubeko (CRIF): ixhaswa ngemali ngentsimbi yepetroli nedizili, imali yeCRIF kunye neeprojekthi zebrorho kumazwe anqamlezeneyo.
  • Imali yeNational Clean Energy Fund (NCEF): ixhaswa ngamandla acocekileyo kumalahle, le ngciciso yemali ingenisa amandla anokuphinda avuselelwe kunye nezibonelelo zokusingqongileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Sachh Bharat Kosh: Ibonelele nge-Swach Bharat celat cess (ngoku ephantsi kwentlawulo yeGST), ixhasa inkqubo yogutyulo.

Ukuphawula kuqinisekisa ukuba iirhafu ezithile zinxulumene nemiphumo ethile, nangona abahlalutyi besithi inciphisa ukulungelelanisa uqingqo - mali.

Iingxaki Zokuqokelelwa Kwerhafu Nendlela Eyayichaphazela Ngayo Ukwakhiwa Kwezibonelelo

Nangona kukho utshintsho oluphawulekayo, iIndiya ijamelana nocelomngeni olungapheliyo ekuqokelelweni kwerhafu oluza kunciphisa ubuncwane obukhoyo ukuze kubekho izibonelelo.

Ukugxothwa Kwerhafu Noqoqosho Olungacwangciswanga

Icandelo elikhulu elingacwangciswanga lihlala ngaphandle kwenethi yerhafu, ngokuqikelelwa ukuba malunga nama-90% abasebenzi asebenza ngokungacwangciswanga. Oku kunciphisa isiseko serhafu yengeniso yomntu ngamnye kunye ne-VAT/GST ukuthobela. Ukubhatala kwerhafu ngokungaphantsi koxanduva lwengeniso, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yelizwe kunye neenkonzo zobugcisa, kuhlutha urhulumente iimali ezithe kratyaniswe. Iprojekthi karhulumente yeProjekthi yeQuendolw

Ukuntsonkotha Nobunzima

Kwanasemva kokuzalisekisa kweGST, i-Indiya ineyona nkqubo entsonkothileyo phakathi kwezoqoqosho olusakhulayo. Izitena zerhafu ezininzi, ukukhulula okungqameneyo kwemeko-ntle, kunye nokutshintsha komthetho rhoqo kwandisa inkcitho yokuthotyelwa kwemali yamashishini. Amashishini amancinane naphakathi akufumanisa kunzima ukuthobela, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisiseko serhafu esinciphileyo. Iintlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo kwakhona zichaphazela ukuthelekisa irhafu ngokungangqalanga kwengeniso yesiseko soqoqosho kunye nokulibaziselwa komsebenzi wesiseko somsebenzi.

Utshintsho lwamanani kunye nochaphazeleko lwe-GST

Ukuvulwa kweGST yayilinyathelo elingundoqo ekuqhubeni phambili, nenyameko enyanzelekileyo yokudibanisa ugcino-lwazi lokwenene, kunye nefatyi egoqweni lokubuyisa. Inethwekhi yeGST (GSTN) inika ukubonakala kwaye inciphisa ukuvuza. Kodwa, iingxaki zokuqala ze-glitches zobugcisa, ityala lerhafu lerhafu elingundoqo lidibeneyo, kunye nexabiso eliphezulu lamashishini amancinci, uzinzo lwemali lwengeniso oluzinzileyo. Njengoko inkqubo ekhulileyo, ukuqokelelwa kwerhafuthelo kwenyanga nenyanga yonke ye-GST kunyuke kusuka kwi-FY2017-18,1,9,9,9,9,1, ukuya kumgangatho werhafuthezo lwemali kwiFYK2020, ibonakalisa ukuphuculwa nokukhula koqoqosho lwezo lwentengo.

Uhlalutyo Oluthelekisayo: IIndiya iphikisana nezinye izizwe Ezisakhayo

Umlinganiselo werhafu ye-Indiya oya ku-3,8% (FY2023-24) uhlala usezantsi xa uthelekiswa nezinye izoqoqosho ezisakhulayo ezinjengeBrazil (kufutshane no-32%) noMzantsi Afrika (kufutshane no-27%), kwaye ngaphantsi kwe-OECD umlinganiselo othe kratya omalunga nama-34%. Oku kuncipha kwemida yesithuba se-fiscal sisithuba soshishino. Ngokuchaseneyo, irhafu yeTshayina-to-ii-GP emalunga ne-17% ivumela ukutsalela intengiso enkulu kwisiseko. Ngexesha le-OECD ithengwa njengepesenti yeGDP emalunga ne-5.

Amazwe anjenge-Indonesia neVietnam aye asebenzisa irhafu yendalo kunye ne VAT yanda ukuxhasa izibonelelo. IIndiya ingafumana izifundo kwimizekelo enjalo, ingakumbi ekusetyenzisweni kwerhafu yempahla, ephantsi (ingeniso yerhafu yempahla yase-India ingaphantsi kwe-1% ye-GDP xa kuthelekiswa ne-2-3% kumazwe amaninzi). Ngokufanayo, ukuveliswa kwexabiso lerhafu yelizwe okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-levy kwimisebenzi eyingenelo kwimizi - siseko kunganika ingeniso eyongezelelekileyo.

Utshintsho Lwakutshanje Nempembelelo Yalo Ekufumaneni Imali Yokufundisa

Utshintsho oluninzi lwerhafu kutshanje luye lwachaphazela ubukho bemali yokuphuhlisa izibonelelo.

Ukusetyenziswa kweGST kunye nolwando lwengeniso

Utshintsho lokuya kuGST luye lwasetyenziselwa ukuncedisa kwityala lerhafu esetyenziswa kwisakhiwo serhafu, ukucutha iindleko zerhafu kumashishini, kunye nengeniso ekhutshwayo karhulumente. Ukwenziwa kwe-GSTANSA yooCes (ekugquma ukulahlekelwa kwamazwe ekuqaleni) kukwasetyenziselwa ukuncedisa kwityala lokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenkcitho. KwiFY2023-24, isebe eliqokelelwe kwimali yerhafu emalunga ne-191.5 lkhkh crore ukusuka kwi-ases, inxenye yalo ebisabelwe ukuhlawula ingeniso. IBhunga le-GST liyaqhubeka nohlahlolo lwemiqathango, olufana nokuzisa imveliso yepetroli phantsi kwe-GST, ngokubheke phambili.

Ukunqunyulwa kwerhafu nokuchaphazeleka kwengeniso

Ngo-2019, urhulumente wahlawuliswa ngokweemali zerhafu ezikhoyo ezingama-22% (iinkampani ezikhoyo) kunye ne-15% (iinkampani ezintsha zokwakha) ukukhuthaza utyalo-mali. Ngoxa oku kwandisa imvakalelo yoshishino nokutsalela utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwamanye amazwe, kwakhona kwanciphisa ingeniso yerhafu ngqo ngexesha elifutshane. Urhulumente wahlawula ingeniso engeyorhafu kunye nokubolekisa, kodwa iziphumo zexesha elide zemali ezisekelwe kwinkcitho yemali yesiseko semali ziya kuxhomekeka ekubeni ukucheba irhafu kukhokelela ekukhuleni kwe-GDP nokukhuliswa okugqithisileyo, ngaloo ndlela inyuseko.

UCeeses noLevi Abakhethekileyo

Urhulumente uthe wazisa ii-ceces ezikhethekileyo zezibonelelo, ezifana ne-Infrablic Cess kwiimpahla ezithile (umz., iinqwelo-mafutha zobunewunewu) kunye neKrishi Kalyan Ceses. Ezi zixhobo zibekwe phantsi okanye zilungiswe phantsi kwe-GST, kodwa intanda-bulumko yazo yokubeka irhafu ekhethekileyo yerhafu yesiseko semali ithathelwa indawo zizabelo zemali eziqhelekileyo. Ukudalwa kweBhanki yeNational Infraclustrature kunye noPhuhliso (NaBFID) ngo-201 ikwabonisa ukutshintshwa kwemali yerhafu ehlawulwa yimali ehlawulwa yimali kunye nokunyuswa kwemali ehlawulwa ngqo yerhafu.

Ikamva: Irhafu exhaswayo yokuxhasa imigaqo

Ukuze i-Indiya ikwazi ukufikelela kumaxhoba anomdla obonakalayo weAmrit Kaal (2047), kufuneka iqinise uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwerhafu kunye nenkqubela phambili ngezicwangciso ezininzi.

Ukunyanzela irhafu ngokukhuthaza

Ukunyanzelisa kukarhulumente ukuhlawula intlawulo yamanani, iTyehasi yeeFakes kunye neeNkonzo ze-AS (GST) kunye nokugunyaziswa kwecandelo lefama nge-RERA kuya kwandisa isiseko serhafu ngokuthe ngcembe. Izenzo ezifana ne-E-Shram yamasango abasebenzi abangacwangciswanga kunye ne-Open Network yeManyathelo ePhawu (ONDC) zingazisa umsebenzi othe kratya kwezoqoqosho kwi-nethingi esemthethweni. Irhafu yerhafu ebanzi ingulo yandisa irhafu, ivumela urhulumente ukuba anike imali engaphezulu yokuhlawula ngaphandle kokwandisa irhafumente. Ukunikezelwa kolawulo lwerhafu encinane neyayo (ngemili ephantsi neyalulekileyo) kungakhuthaza ukuthobela, nangona iziphumo zayo zengeniso zilawulwa.

Irhafu Eluhlaza Nezakhiwo Zendawo Esingqongileyo

Imali e-Indiya yokukhupha umthamo omninzi otshayelela ukukhutshwa kwemichiza enemichiza ngo-2070 ifuna utyalo-mali olukhulu kumandla ahlaziyekayo, i-hydrogen eluhlaza, kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma. Iirhafu ze-green, njenge-cess (ngoku eyinxenye yemali ye-GST) kunye nerhafu yekharbon kwimveliso yemizi - mveliso, zingavelisa ingeniso enikezelweyo yesiseko semekobume yendalo. I-Solonga elinguGreen Bond liyiswe yimibhobho yohla yerhafu eluhlaza, ixhaswa yingeniso ye-transport. Ukunyusa ingcamango ye-‘ices'eeee carbon ephezulu yemichiza ephezulu nokusebenzisa imali yemisebenzi ecocekileyo yombane ingenza inkqubo yerhafu egcina ingeniso egciniweyo.

Uluntu lusebenzisana neenqanawa zenkcitho

Ukongeza imisebenzi enconywayo yerhafu, urhulumente uxhomekeke kwiinqanawa zobuProteinshine (PPP) ukwenzela imisebenzi emikhulu. Izihlomelo zerhafu ezifana nokwehla komlinganiselo wemali okhawulezayo, iiholide zerhafu zokwakha intsebenziswano (BOT), kunye nokungahlawulwa kwengeniso ethile phantsi kweCandelo lama-80IA eMteko-mathikithi yerhafu zisetyenziselwa ukutsala ikomkhulu lemali yobuqu. Inkcitho yesizwe yePPPPPPly evunyiweyo ukuqokelela izikhuthazo ezinjalo. Kodwa, inkcitho yerhafuthelo evela kwezo njongo kufuneka ibekwe ngaphaya komrhumo othelo olubhekileyo. Ukunikezelwa okucacileyo kwerhafunxa yerhafu kunye nokusebenza kwayo kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yenkqubo yerhafuthelo elungele ukuhambela phambili.

Isiphelo

Irhafu ihlala ingundoqo kwisiseko sokwakha inkxaso-mali yemali yaseIndiya. Nangona inkqubela ebalulekileyo iye yenziwa `ngakumbi ngokusetyenziswa kwerhafu yengeniso kunye neGST ukuya kuphawulelwa kwirhafu, ingeniso ebangela ukuba ilizwe likwazi ukwakha, ukugcina, nokulungisa iindlela zalo, uloliwe, amazibuko, ii-mastyre, nemibutho yamanani. Inkcitho ephambili ingenziwa ngokubhekiselele) ngerhafu yeGST kunye nokunyuka kwerhafu ukuya kumgangatho wesizwe esiphucukileyo, umlinganiselo werhafuthelo lwerhafu, ukuntyelwa kwerhafu, ukuntyezwa kwerhafu, ukutyelelwa kwemali, nokungazengwa kwemali okungako. Indiya izakufumana imvume yokukhuliswa kwerhafuthelo ephambili kwingeniso ephambili.