Ubuchule bokungenelela emkhosini kwingingqi yezobuphekula

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, oorhulumente baye baphikisana nombuzo wokuba ngaba umkhosi uzakusetyenziswa njani na kumaqela abanqolobi asebenza ngaphaya kwemida yabo. Ngelixesha uxinzelelo lwezobugrogrisi, imvume yemali, kunye nentsebenziswano yezobuntlola isenza isiseko solawulo lwezixhobo ezininzi zokulwa nobuphekula, ukungenelela komkhosi kuhlala kusesona sixhobo singqalileyo nangaphephekiyo. Xa iqela elingengomazwe azimeleyo lifumana iindawo zokuzikhusela, amaqhinga okuhlasela kumazwe asemzini, okanye ukusongela oorhulumente abamanyeneyo, inyathelo lomkhosi linokuba yenye elona linokuphelisa amandla alo nokukhusela abemi abangahlali bamazwe. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwemikhosi akusoze kube sisixhobo esilula sokhetho, esifanelekileyo, esisemthethweni, kunye nesiphumo soncedo olufuna uphando olufuna uphandle.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima ephindiweyo yongenelelo lomkhosi kwimisebenzi yobuphekula kwelinye ilizwe. Lihlola imizekelo yembali, iindlela zokusebenza ezixhaphakileyo, ucelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo oluvelayo, kunye neemeko apho ungenelelo olunjalo lungafak' isandla kukhuseleko oluhlala luhleli. Ngokuqonda amandla kunye nemiqathango yomkhosi, abalawuli benkqubo noluntu bangaqwalasela ngcono xa ````nangoku) kwaye indlela yokusebenzisa esi sixhobo esinamandla.

Indaleko Yembali: Ukususela Kwiiflart Raids Ukusa Kwimibutho Yokwenziwa Kwemali

I-Inst-9/11 Uthutho

Ukuhlasela ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, kwaguqula indlela yomhlaba wonke yokulwa nobuphekula. IUnited States, icebise iGatya 5 loMntla we-Atlantic Treaty, yakhupha Umsebenzi Ozinzisayo eAfghanistan ukuchitha ulawulo lwe-Al-Qaeda kunye nokususa ulawulo lweTaliban olwalubaphethe. Oku kungenelela kwamisela umzekelo: amajoni ayengenakusetyenziswa nje kuphela ukuphindezela uhlaselo kodwa kwakhona ukuphazamisa ngokuzikhusela iinkqubo zabagrogrisi kwimibutho egqugqisiweyo okanye kwiindawo ezichaseneyo. Iphulo le-Afghanistantian yahlanganisa ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela kwemibutho ekhethekileyo, i-masties, kunye nokuxhasa imikhosi yasekuhlaleni (injini yemidlalo) kamva elungiselelwe ezinye imidlalo.

Ukunyuka Kwemfazwe Yoodreyimane Nabebengamaxhoba Okubulala

Ukususela phakathi koo-2000, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezixhobileyo kwavumela urhulumente ukuba aqhube uphando oluzingisileyo kunye nokuhlasela okuthe ngqo kujoliswe kumaxabiso aphezulu kumazwe anjengePakistan, Yemen, neSomalia. Ulawulo lwe-Obama lwandisa le nkqubo njengolunye uhlobo kulwandiso lomhlaba omkhulu. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukubetha kwe-drone kwanciphisa umngcipheko kumkhosi we-U.S. kwaye kwanciphisa iingxwelerha zezobupolitika. Abagxeki, noko ke, banyusa inkxalabo ngokubulala okugqithisileyo, ulawulo lolawulo, kunye noxanduva lwengqondo kubemi basekuhlaleni. Isakhiwo somthetho sale ngqungquthelana phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe.

Iphulo lokuQhubelana ngokuchasene ne-ISIS (204-2019)

Xa iSilamsi State of Iraq neSyria (ISIS) yagquma kwiindawo ezininzi ze-Iraq ne-Syria, uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lwasabela ngokungqinelana kwamazwe angaphezu kwama-80. Ngokungafaniyo nongenelelo lwangaphambili, eli phulo laxhomekeka kakhulu kwimikhosi yasekuhlaleni yelizwe(imikhosi yokhuseleko ye-Iraq, i-Kurdish Peshmerga, kunye ne-Syria Democratic Forces . Ngokunjalo imfazwe kaMosul kunye nokukhululwa kukaRaqqaa yabonisa ukubaluleka kokudibanisa amandla okhuseleko noomda abathembekileyo. Ukungenelela okuphumelele kokurhoxa i-melwa kwe-lifafa emeva, kodwa imingeni ekhoyo kunye nolawulo lwezimvomfono.

Ubuchule bokwenza izinto zobuphekula bale mihla

Isenzo esithe ngqo kunye nemisebenzi ekhethekileyo

Isenzo esingqalileyo siquka ukuhlasela, ukuhlangula, nokubamba iinkokeli zabanqolobi. Amandla akhethekileyo, anjengeenqanawa zomkhosi wase-U.S. okanye i-SAS yaseBritani, aqhuba ezi misebenzi ngesantya, ngokungalindelekanga, nangogonyamelo oluthe ngqo. Umsebenzi wonyaka wama-2011 obulala i-Osama bin Laden e-Abottabad, ePakistan, wabonisa ukuba kukho ubuchule kunye nomngcipheko wezopolitiko wokuhlasela ngaphandle kwethuba lokuhlasela. Le misebenzi idla ngokufuna ubulumko obusebenzayo kwaye inokuba ngqongqo kunxibelelwano olukhoyo xa lusenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume yoluntu.

Ukuhamba Ngenqwelo - moya Nemibutho Yokugutyulwa

Inqwelo-moya ezihlaselayo kunye nee-drones ezixhobileyo zisezizixhobo ezisetyenziswa rhoqo emkhosini. Zingahlasela iinkampu zoqeqesho, amaziko okuyalela, izikhundla, kunye nomkhosi ngamnye owenziwe ngomlinganiselo othe ngqo onokuthi ungacimeki kwisizukulwana esithile esidlulileyo. I-United States kunye namahlakani ayo baye bahlasela amawaka eAfghanistan, i-Iraq, i-Siriya, iSomalia, neSahel. Uncedo oluphambili lungancitshiswa kweyona ngozi kumkhosi onobuhlobo, kodwa ukuphumelela kuxhomekeke ekusebenziseni ubulumko obuchanekileyo nakukwazi ukwahlula amajoni amajoni asekuhlaleni. [[FLT: 0] Uhlaziso lohlalo lomonakalo lwengozi yabahlali bemi emoyeni [FLT] lubalase izithintelo ezingomthetho nezokuziphatha ezihlala zikhona.

Ubuchule bokwakha i-BPC

Kunokuba kusetyenziswe inani elikhulu lamajoni asemzini, ungenelelo oluninzi ngoku lujolise kuqeqesho, ukuxhobisa, kunye nokucebisa amajoni okhuseleko asekuhlaleni. Inkqubo yokwakha i-U.S. iye yaphunyezwa kumazwe anjenge Nigeria, iPhilippines, kunye neLake Chad Basin. Ingcamango kukuba imikhosi yoluntu ifaneleke ngcono ukugcina ukhuseleko lwexesha elide kwaye inandiphe ilungelo elingakumbi. Noko ke, amajoni angamaqabane anokuchaphazeleka ngenxa yokunganyaniseki, ukuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu, okanye ukungangeneli komsebenzi ongondlekileyo, okunganciphisa usukelo lwale. ufundisiso lweziko zokwakha umsebenzi [FLT] [FLD:1] lunika uhlomelo olupheleleyo lwempumelelo nokungaphumeleli.

Ubuntlola, ukhuphiswano kunye nophicotho-zincwadi (ISR)

Imisebenzi esebenzayo yokulwa nobuphekula ixhomekeke kubuntlola obufike ngexesha nobuchanekileyo. Iimpahla zomkhosi ``satellites', imiqondiso yeeqonga zobuntlola, kunye nee-renaissance drones's' . Ukuqokelela ulwazi olunceda ukuhlasela nokuphazamisa. Ubuntlola bokwabelana namaqabane asekuhlaleni bubukhali. Ukudityaniswa kobuntlola nomthetho kunye nokugcinwa kwemali kwenza kubekho umfanekiso obanzi weenkqubo zamaphekula. Ucelomngeni lusekukhuseleni imithombo neendlela zobugcisa, ingakumbi xa kusetyenziswa ubuchule ekugunyaziseni isenzo esibulalayo.

Ukuphumelela: Oko Ukungenelela Kwasemkhosini Kunokufezwa Nakungenakukufikelela

Ukubonakala Kunempumelelo

Ungenelelo lomkhosi luye lwaphumelela ubuchule obuphawulekayo bokoyisa kunye nolawulo. Ngokususa iindawo zokukhusela ezikhuselekileyo, ukubulala iinkokeli eziphezulu, nokutshabalalisa izibonelelo, amaphulo aye aphazamisana okwethutyana nemijikelezo yokuceba kwabanqolobi kwaye athintela uhlaselo olusondeleyo. Umanyano oluchasene nolawulo lwe-ISSIS lwaphelisa ulawulo lwesizwe, lwaphelisa ukukwazi kwalo ukukhuthaza ulwando olukhulu lwangaphandle. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlasela okuqhubekayo kwimimandla yesizwe yasePakistan enyanzelelwe ukuba i-Al-Qaeda igxotheda iphinde ilungelelane, inciphisa amandla ayo okuhlasela okuntluntlukwano ezinokulwa nokweziiiii.

Imida Nemiphumo Engacwangciswanga

Ngaphandle kokuphumelela, umkhosi wodwa unqabile ukoyisa ubugrogrisi. Amandla asemoyeni angenakukwazi ukucombulula izikhalazo ezingundoqo zezobupolitika, ukuphelelwa yimali, iingxubakano zobuhlanga . Ngokungaphezulu, iingozi ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokulwa nogonyamelo ezihamba emoyeni ziye zaba ngumqhubi omkhulu wamaqela afana ne-ISSES ne-Taliban. Ukuhlola iingozi zasekuhlaleni [ kuphikisa ukuba umonakalo onjalo uphazamisa inkxaso yasekuhlaleni kwaye ubangela imijikelezo yogonyamelo. Omnye umda kukuba amaqela alwayo asoloko ehambelana ngokufuduka kwiindawo ezikude, amkela izakhiwo ezifanelekileyo, kwaye esebenzisa ukubhalisa i-ebhacle.

Ukhuseleko Olude

Ukungenelela kungenza ukuxhomekeka kwinkxaso yangaphandle, ukudodobala kwamaziko asekuhlaleni. E-Afghanistan, amashumi amabini eminyaka obukho bomkhosi bamanye amazwe awazange akhe ukhuseleko oluzinzileyo lwe-Afghanistan olukwaziyo ukuzenzela ngokwalo. Emva kokurhoxa kwe-U.S., amandla akhutshwayo eTaliban anokuphakamisa umbuzo obalulekileyo: ungenelelo lomkhosi lungaze luvelise ukhuseleko oluhlala ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuzivelisa ulawulo, inkqubela phambili, kunye noxolelwano?

Iintsuku Zeenkundla Ezisemthethweni Nezokuziphatha

Ulongamo Nemvume

Ungenelelo lomkhosi kwenye ingingqi yelinye ilizwe ngaphandle kwemvume yayo luphantsi kweTshata yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, ukwaphulwa kolawulo ngaphandle kokuba kugunyaziswe liBhunga loKhuseleko okanye kugwetywe phantsi kwe-defensi. Imfundiso “yokungathandi okanye ukungakwazi” ithi ilizwe linokusebenzisa amandla kwenye ingingqi yelinye ilizwe ukuba elo lizwe alinakukwazi okanye aliyi kusithintela isisongelo sabagrogrisi. Le ngcamango idida i-U.S. i-drone ihlasela ePakistan, iqhutywa ngaphandle kwemvume kawonke-wonke, iphoxele ulwalamano olumanyuku kwaye ivuthe umva kwelizwe. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuba imfundiso ijongelandula umgaqo womthetho wezizwe ngezizwe yaye ibeka imizekelo eyingozi.

Ubungozi Boluntu Nokuzifunela Imali

Umthetho wokunceda abantu wamazwe ngamazwe ufuna ukuba naluphi na uhlaselo lomkhosi kufuneka lwahlule phakathi kwamajoni kunye nabangabemi kwaye kufuneka lungalingani kwaye kufuneka lufumaneke kakhulu kwaye kufuneka ludlule ubungozi bobundlobongela. Kwinkungu echaseneyo nolwaphulo-mthetho, apho amajoni adla ngokuxubana nabemi abangaburhulumente, le migaqo kunzima ukuyixhasa. Uphando lwemibutho efana uAmnety International ubhale iimeko ezininzi apho umoya ubulala abantu abangalwi, kuquka abafazi nabantwana.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Imisebenzi emininzi echasene ne-othoric iqhutywa ngokufihlakeleyo okanye phantsi kwemithetho emiselwe phantsi kolwahlulo, okwenza kube nzima ukugada. Iirhulumente zidla ngokukhupha iinkcukacha ezisikelwe umda ekuhlaseleni nasebuntwini, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiimbambano ngamanani. Amaqela amakhaya aphikisana ngokucace ngakumbi ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe nokuqinisekisa abo banoxanduva lokubulala okungekho mthethweni. Ingxoxo phakathi kokhuseleko olusebenzayo noxanduva loluntu ayipheliswa.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Ekungeneleleni

Afghanistan (2001 - 2021): A Opentariry Tale

Imfazwe ende edlulileyo eUnited States ibonisa amandla kunye nobungozi bongenelelo lomkhosi. Impumelelo yokuqala ekuwiseni iTaliban nokuphazamisa iAl-Qaeda yathathela indawo kumthetho owenziwe ngokuzinzileyo owenzelwe ukumelana nengxinano eqinileyo, ulawulo olubuthathaka, kunye nongenelelo lwengingqi. Nangona kukho amawaka ezigidi zeerandi achithekileyo kunye namawaka abantu abalahlekileyo, iziphumo zaba kukubuyela kumthetho weTalibhani. Umzekelo we-Afghanistan ugxininisa ukuba ungenelelo lwemikhosi kufuneka lube nezizathu zezobupolitika ezicacileyo, kunye nobuchule bokuphuma ngenyani, kunye nokwenza ulawulo olungenamsebenzi olupheleleyo olubucala oluza ngokunyuka.

ISomalia NeSahel: Iingxaki Eziqhubekayo

Izixhobo zemfazwe zifumene ubuchule bokuphumelela .ukubulala iinkokeli ezingundoqo kunye nokulungisa iidolophu u-Shabab ukususela ngo-2007, ngexesha imikhosi yamaFrentshi kunye neyaseYurophu iye yalwa namaqela e-jihadist kwi-Sahel ukususela ngo-2013. Zombini ezi ndawo zemidlalo zemidlalo yemidlalo zigula ngentlalo ephantsi kwegunya, ubuhlwempu, nemida ekhutshwayo. Imikhosi iye yafumana ubuchule bokuphumelela uRhulumente oluphezulu. Ezi meko zibalase ukuba ungenelelo lomkhosi lungathenga ixesha kodwa lungakwazi ukuthatha indawo yegunya.

IKosovo neLibya: Ityala lokukhusela (R2P) v.

Ngeli xesha i-Nato ingenayo ifakelwa njengesixhobo esichaseneyo ne-orthom, ungenelelo lwangonyaka-nyaka ka-1999 eKosovo kunye nongenelelo lwangowangowama-2011 eLibya lwaluluncedo ngokwendalo, kodwa zombini zazinobudlelane. EKosovo, ukususwa kwemikhosi yaseSerbia kwathintela ukuhlanjululwa kohlanga kodwa akuzange kuphelise zonke iinkalo ezigaba zomphambili; ummandla kamva wabona abalwani behamba besiya e-Siriya. ELibya, umsebenzi owenziweyo ukukhusela abantu abangekho mthethweni abathethobayo ekuguqukeni kolawulo, ukwenza urhulumente ongazange ube sisikhuseli samaqela amajoni alwayo. ULibyan usebenza njengesilumkiso esicacileyo sokuba ukungenelela komkhosi ngempazamo, ukwanda kwezixhobo, ukukhuthaza ubugrogrisi.

Ulwalathiso Nenkcazo Eza Kubakho Kwixesha Elizayo

Iingozi Ezihlanjelweyo Neemfazwe Ezingwevu Neengwevu

Amaqela anqolobi asebenza ngokukhulayo ngaphantsi komnyango wemfazwe eqhelekileyo, esebenzisa iimfazwe zolwazi, uhlaselo lwekhompyutha, kunye namashishini olwaphulo-mthetho. Ungenelelo lomkhosi kufuneka luvumelane nezi ndlela zobundlobongela. Amajoni alwayo alwayo abandakanya imisebenzi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi, imisebenzi yengqondo, kunye nokulandelela izimali ecaleni kwenkcitho yesithethe. Ikamva lisenokubona ukuxhomekeka ngakumbi kwi-projekti yokuvota kunye nakumandla esithathu okugcina ukuchanabeka ngokufanelekileyo nokunciphisa iindleko zezopolitiki zongenelelo olungqalileyo.

Indima yobuntlola obuyenziwa kunye neenkqubo ezizimeleyo

Inkqubela-phambili kwi-Al yenza udityaniso logcino-lwazi olukhawulezileyo kunye nolwaziwo lwendlela, ukuphucula ucoselelo lwexhoba kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo wokonakaliswa. Noko ke, iinkqubo zezixhobo ezizimeleyo ziphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ephathelele ukubuyiselwa kwetyala kwizigqibo ezibulalayo. Ngoxa isibetho esizimeleyo esipheleleyo singekasetyenziswa kwi-erobictic, intsingiselo yokubandakanyeka okungakumbi komatshini icacile. Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka bamisele imigaqo ecacileyo ukuqinisekisa ulawulo lomntu kukhetho lobomi nokufa.

Izixhobo Zokufudusa Umkhosi Nezongezozibonelelo

Owona mngeniselo usebenzayo wokulwa ne-otherobikis udibanisa umkhosi kunye nomanyano oluqinileyo lwezobugrogrisi, uncedo lophuhliso, kunye nesisombululo songquzulwano. Akukho nyaka womoya oza kuzinzisa ummandla apho oorhulumente bobonakele, uqoqosho lungaphulwa, kwaye izikhalo zishiywe zishiywe zingahlaliswanga. Uvumelwano oluvelayo phakathi kweengcali zokhuseleko kukuba ungenelelo lomkhosi kufuneka lube sisixhobo esifutshane sexesha elide sokuzicombulula. United States Institute of Peace lugxininisa ukuba uxolo oluzinzileyo lufuna ukuba luthethe ngethuba elipheleleyo lolawulo kunye nezoqoqosho.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Yokulungelelana

Ungenelelo lomkhosi ekulwisaneni nemisebenzi yobuphekula kwelinye ilizwe aluyondawo yokulwa nayo okanye ukuchasana nenkqubo yezopolitiko. Isesona sixhobo sifunekayo sokuphelisa izisongelo ezisemnyango, ukuphazamisa iingingqi zokusebenza, nokungavumelani nengcwele yamagrogrisi. Imbali ibonisa, nokokuba, amandla kufuneka asetyenziswe ngengqeqesho, kwimida esemthethweni, kwaye njengenxalenye yecebo elikhulu elibeka izisombululo zezobupolitika. Olona ngenelelo lunempumelelo "ukungenelela okuzizo zonke iiprojekthi ze-ISSIS", ngokufana nezixhobo ezithenjiweyo ezinombutho olungileyo wamaqabane kunye neentshukumo zasekuhlaleni. Elinempumelelo elifana ne-Afghanistan.

Njengokuba ubugrogrisi butshintsha, kufuneka ziphinde zisetyenziswe. Imisebenzi yexesha elizayo izakudityaniswa, ingabonakali kakhulu, kwaye ixhomekeke kakhulu kwintsebenziswano yobulumko. Ucelomngeni lwamazwe olawulo-demokhrasi kukugcina amandla okusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo ngexa uphakamisa amaxabiso , ukhuseleko lwamapolisa, nokuziphendulela ityala. Okuya kwahlula ungenelelo olusemthethweni kwinkqenkqeza phambili. Kuphela ngokudibanisa umkhosi nenkqubela yezopolitiko yokwenyaniso kunye nentlalo-ntlalo-ntle kungenza uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe luthembe ukucutha iimeko ezivumela ubunqolobi ukuba buqhubeke.