Umthetho Omfutshane Wenkululeko

UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States, owagunyaziswa ngo-1788, waseka inkqubo yokulawula eyayingaphelelanga ngabom. Abaseki abaQaquliweyo baqonda ukuba uxwebhu oluthe ngqo alunakulindela ukuba lonke ucelomngeni lwexesha elizayo kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Inkqubo yokulungisa eyadalwa kwiGatya-siseko V yenzelwe ukukhululwa njengendlela yokulungisa indlela, ukwandisa ukhuseleko, nokusabela ekususeni imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nokuqonda intlalo. Kwiminyaka engama-30 edluleyo, ukupheliswa kwemiGaqo-siseko kuye kwasebenza njengesithuthi esiphambili sokwandisa inkululeko yabemi, ukuguqula uxwebhu olwakhiwe ekuqaleni ekulalani kobukhoboka nokungalingani nommiselo owenziwa, ngokomgaqo, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo abo bonke abantu baseMerika.

Ibali lenkululeko yabemi eMelika alilolo lwenkqubela-phambili elandelelanayo kodwa kunoko lemilo enzima, ukruthakruthakruthwano olungumGaqo-siseko, kunye nolwandiso lwamaxesha ngamaxesha olulandela intlukwano ezinkulu zentlalo. Ukusuka ekudityanisweni kweBhili yamaLungelo ngo1791 ukuya kwingxoxo eqhubekayo emalunga nexesha lamanani, ukulungisa okuthelekisa uxanduva lwexesha lokuzinzisa kwayo ngexesha lokumisela imilinganiselo emitsha yenkululeko. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kubalulekile kuye kwafuneka nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela inkululeko yaseMelika eye yachazwa ngayo, yaphikiswa, kwaye yachazwa kwakhona kwizizukulwana.

IBhili Yamalungelo: Ukufumana Ukhuseleko Nemida Yawo Yasekuqaleni

Izindululo zokuqala ezilishumi, ezaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo, zavunywa ngo1791 njengempendulo engqalileyo kwinkxalabo yabaphathi-mikhosi abalwa nomkhosi ophakathi. Ezi zindululo zaseka ummandla wozibusisi bomntu ngamnye urhulumente wesizwe angenakuhlasela. Kodwa iBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni yasebenza kurhulumente karhulumente worhulumente, hayi kumazwe, kwaye inkxaso yayo yayimxinwa kunenkcazelo yesi thethathethwana.

Intetho, Unqulo Nendibano

UHlomelo Lokuqala lwamisa udonga phakathi korhulumente nesazela somntu ngamnye, ukukhusela intetho, unqulo, ukushicilela, indibano, nelungelo lokucela. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yalo yokuqala, uMthetho weSigqibo wowe-1798 wabonisa indlela ezi nqanaba ezinokungakhuselwa ngokulula ngayo, ukuqhatha urhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo ayizange iqalise ukunyanzela ukuba iSiphendulo Sokuqala sikhuselwe ngokungqongqo de inkulungwane yama-20, iphethe amatyala anjengo Brandenburg v. [1969])) imisela ukuba intetho inokuba ibinokuthintelwa kuphela ukuba ikhuthaza ukuchasana okusondeleyo. Namhlanje, uHlelo lokuqala lweSigwebo luyaqhubeka ukuphembelela iinkundla zemicimbi yoluntu, iinkundla zezentengombutho, iipropati zemali, ipropati yemali, inkculo yezentevo.

Izixhobo, Ukukhangela Nesohlwayo

ISicwangciso sesibini i-&FLTSquo; inelungelo lokugcina nokuthwala iingalo zibangele impikiswano enkulu, ingakumbi emva kweNkundla ePhakamileyo i’ izigqibo ze-Gradium yase-Columbia v. Heller [2008] kunye [FLT]]McD [iiindawo enzima ne-'i-'i-'i-'i-'Mc'ald'ede' v'i-iiiii-Choult''s''','. [[[FLT]] [iiiiii-FLT]] [ikhulu leNku.[FLT]]] [i-2010], eyamkela ilungelo lokuxhoma kwemibhobhobozelo kwaye isebenzisa ii-Geneyi-Expresssss. I-edelikine; isohlwayo isohlwayo engo ye-Alemodenti i-us, ityala nengthene, i

IziHlanziso Zokwakha: Ukunciphisa Ubumi Nokulingana

Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye neziphumo zayo zavelisa ulwando olubalulekileyo lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko ukususela kwiBhili yamaLungelo. Ukuhlaziywa kweMiqathango kweshumi elinesithathu, kweshumi elinesine, kunye nokuLandlwa kweshumi elinesihlanu, kwavunywa phakathi konyaka wekhulu lewaka lewaka linamakhulu asibhozo anesihlanu, kwathi ngokusisiseko kwaguqula umGaqo-siseko i’ ulwalamano kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Oku kupheliswa kwabuphelisa ubukhoboka, kwamisela ubuzibulo, kwaqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okulingana komthetho, kwakwalela ucalucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvotisweni.

IsiHlaziyo Seshumi Elinantathu Nokungabikho Komdla Okuzenzekelayo

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesithathu lwenze okungaphezulu kunokuphelisa ubukhoboka − iNgqungquthela enikwe amandla ukumisela umthetho wokuphelisa i &lquo; iibhado kunye neziganeko ” zobukhoboka. Eli binzana liye lasetyenziswa ukuxhasa imithetho ye-odrrandquo yesizwe echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye, ngokuthandabuza, ukuphendula iindlela zale mihla zokunyanzeleka nokurhweba kwabantu. I-amandendment ’ ukuchasa kwe &lquo; isohlwayo yolwaphulo-mthetho luchaziwe ukuthethelela izenzo zokusebenza entolongweni, ilungiselelo eliqhubeka livelisa imigudu yotshintsho.

ISindululo seshumi elinesine ’ Sigunya lokuguqula

UHlaliso lweNkqutyana yeshumi elinesine luyi-Idrom ebaluleke kakhulu ekulungisweni kwenkululeko yabemi yale mihla. Ukukhusela kwayo okulinganayo kuye kwaba sisiseko semithetho yamalungelo angabantu, ukusuka Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ (1954]), eyatshabalalisa i-kungalawuleki kwesikolo, [[FLT: 2] [iiiSikhuseli se-Obergevv v. [2020], leyo igunyazisa umtshato owe-exwelelene. UMxokelelwano kaClaus usetyenziswa ukudibanisa uninzi lweziko lwamalungelo nxamnye nolawulo, intsingiselo imele ngoku ihlonel inkululeko engundoqo enokwenziwa ngurhulumente. Umbini Calleciansscsscquers [FFothrective] kunye nolur Demous. umendolthiwe yimeko yehlabathi lanamhlanje.

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi elinesihlanu Nemigudu Yokudlulisela Amalungelo Abantu

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu lwalela ukukhanyelwa kwevoti esekelwe kuhlanga, kodwa isithembiso sayo sathotywa ngokukhawuleza luvavanyo lokufunda nokubhala, irhafu yokuvota, amabinzana, kunye nogonyamelo olucacileyo. Kwathatha phantse inkulungwane(neSivumelwano samalungelo abantu sonyaka ka-1965) kunye noMthetho wama-1901 (ngaphambi kwe-mendementment ’ iziqinisekiso zanyanzeliswa ngokunentsingiselo. Isigqibo seNkuvolo i’ isigqibo kwi- Shelby County v. Raker (2013), eyathimba phantsi amalungiselelo angundoqo e-Amalungelo oMthetho, iye yalawula iingxoxo malunga nokukhuthulwa komvota-mthetho kunye nokukhuthulwa kolawulo lwe-anderscterscrence.

IXesha Eliqhubekayo Nokwanda Kolawulo - melo

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwabakho intguqu-guquko zomGaqo-siseko ezaziqhutywa yiNkqubela-phambili. Ezi zindululo zathetha ngemibandela yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, irhafu, nokusesikweni kwentlalo, okubonisa inkolelo ekhulayo yokuba umGaqo-siseko ufanele usebenze okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo.

Unyulo oluthe ngqo lwabaququzeleli nerhafu

ISeventeenth Amendment (1913) yatshintsha ngokusisiseko indlela eyakhethwa ngayo izikhululo, yathatha indawo yokukhethwa kwemithetho yorhulumente ngonyulo olungqalileyo. Olu tshintsho lwanciphisa ukunganyaniseki kwaye lwabangela ukuba iNdlu yeSizwe ithabathe inxaxheba. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weSithoba, wagunyazisa kwangaloo nyaka, wagunyazisa irhafu yengeniso karhulumente, ibonelela umsinga wengeniso owawuza kuxhasa iinkqubo zesizwe kunye namalungelo abantu ekwandiseni amashumi eminyaka kamva. Zombini ezi zindululo zibonakalise ukuhlaziswe kolawulo olude ludelelo lolawulo lwaseMelika.

Amabhinqa Azizibonelelo; Azibanga

ISinyuso seshumi elinesithoba, esavunywa ngowe-1920 emva kwamashumi eminyaka esenzo sobuTshazi ngokubhalisa okufana noSusan B. Anthony noAlice Paul, salela ukukhanyelwa kwevoti ngesini. Oku kwaba kulwandiso olunye olukhulu kakhulu lonyuselo kwimbali yaseMerika, olufaka izigidi zamabhinqa. Utshintsho aluzange lushenxise ngoko nangoko yonke imiqobo kumabhinqa akwa’ ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika .

IXesha lamaLungelo aBami kunye noTshintsho loMgaqo-siseko

Iqela lamalungelo abantu eliphakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 lanyanzelisa iMelika ukuba ijongene nomsantsa phakathi kwamadinga omgaqo-siseko kunye nezinto ezikhoyo. Ngeli xesha le ntshukumo iphumele olona mpumelelo lwayo lukhulu ngomthetho.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine noMthetho

Ngo-1942, uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine lwaphelisa irhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwamazwe. Iirhafu zokubhexa zazisetyenziswe kakhulu kumaphondo aseMazantsi ukudiliza abavoti base-Afrika kunye nabamhlophe abangamahlwempu. Intengiselwano yamela impendulo engqalileyo kwiqhinga elikhethekileyo lokucinezela umvoti kwaye yabonisa indlela iinguqulelo ezijoliswe kwimigaqo-siseko ezazinokuyidiba ngayo imiqobo ukuze zingenelele. Kamva iNkundla Ephakamileyo yandisa lo mgaqo kurhulumente wonyulo .Harper v. Virginia Board of EFLTY[F:1]

UMthetho-nkqubo weSigqibo saMaphu amabini anesi-20 kunye noLolongo loLutsha

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu, olwagunyaziswa ngo-1971, lwahlisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba ngu-18 konyulo lonke. Utshintsho lwaqhutywa yingxoxo yexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam yokuba ukuba abantu abaselula babebadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bafakwe emkhosini, babebadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bavote. Lwadlula ngesantya esiphawulekayo. . .Njengeenyanga ezintathu ukusuka kwimvume yokuvota ukusetyenziswa kwe-Rocessiation.

Iimfazwe zale mihla zokukhululana kwabemi kunye nomGaqo-siseko ongagqitywanga

Ukususela oko ukutshintshwa kokugqibela komgaqo-siseko kwavunywa ngowe-1992 (uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesixhenxe, malunga nomvuzo woburhulumente), inkululeko yabemi iye yaqhubeka iguquka ngokuyintloko ngotoliko lweNkundla ePhakamileyo, umthetho wesizwe, kunye nomgangatho wolawulo. Akukho lutshintsho olutsha longezelelwe, kodwa intsingiselo yezo zikhoyo iye yatshintshwa ngokunzulu.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo kunye nokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko

INkundla ePhakamileyo i’ iqwalaselwa ngomtshato omnye wobufanasini . Hodges (2015]) (2015 yasekelwa kwi 144th AmendmentIdment ’ iMixokelelwano ye-Sivumelwano kunye neSikhuseli sika-Celate Celassistens, hayi nakwesiphi na isitsha isiphelo. INkundla yabambelela kwelokuba umtshato unelungelo elingundoqo elingenakukhatywa kwizibini ezifanayo. Ngokufanayo, Bhostbs v. County [Clayton [[FLT:]] 2020]) ikholelwa ukuba iSihlo seSihlo se-I&quo; ukwalelo lwesini kulwahlulo lweziko lwezocawane, ukusetyenziswa kwakhona komthetho wobuGwaluneli obusemthethweni obukhoyo.

Ukuba Wedwa, Ubugcisa Nomgaqo - siseko Wesine

Iminyaka yamanani iye yanyanzelisa iinkundla ukuba zichaze kwakhona iSindululo seSine &ctsquo; izikhuseli zokukhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni kobugcisa Abasunguli abangenakucinga. INkundla ePhakamileyo i’ isigqibo kwi Carpaent . iUnited States[FLT] [2018] [i-FLT])] ibambelele kwelokuba urhulumente usoloko efuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana iingxelo ze-cell rekhompyutha, eqonda ukuba abantu balindele ukuba bazimele kwindlela yamanani abayenzayo. Le miba ibonisa indlela imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko ekwazi ngayo ukuqhelanisa iimeko ezintsha ngaphandle kokuzinza okuqhelekileyo, nangona abaxhasi bemiqulukelo lwezintlukelo ziqhubeka ukubiza izikhuseli ezicacileyo.

Amalungelo Aphulukileyo NeADA

Amashumi amane aneshumi elinesine leMithetho eGunyazi, nangona ingeyonkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, iye yasebenza njengolwandiso lwenkululeko yabemi kubantu abaneziphene. Imfuneko yomthetho i’ imfuneko yeendawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo kunye nezithuba zikawonke-wonke ezifikelelekayo zinemvelaphi yayo kwi 1449th Amendment Amendment ’ i-Sucle Protect Claus ne-Congress ’ amandla okunyanzelisa iziqinisekiso zomgaqo-siseko. I-ADA’ indinyana yalandela iminyaka yesenzo ngabaxhasi bamalungelo esiphene nabaxhasi bobugqeqeqeleneyo ababesithi ukucingela ukuba ukucingelana kobugcipheko lobomi babantu yayiluhlobo olumele ukuthintelwa.

Inkqubo Yokulungiswa Kwemijelo: Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nzima Ukuguquka

Ubunzingo bokukhusela umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo bungumkhuseli wenkululeko, kwaye umqobo wolwandiso lwawo. Inqaku V lifuna iivoti ezimbini-ntathu kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga kunye nolwandiso lwamazwe ngeekota ezintathu, umgaqo ophezulu ngabom oqinisekisa ukuba uvumelwano olubanzi phambi kokuba umthetho ongundoqo utshintshe. Ukususela ngo1889, iinguquko ezingaphezulu kwe11,000 zicetyiwe kwiBhunga, kodwa ezingama-33 kuphela zithunyelwe kumazwe, kwaye nje ezingama-777 zivunyiwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba ulwando olukhulu lwenkululeko yamakhaya luyenzeka ngotoliko okanye ngomthetho owezomthetho.

Le nto iyinyaniso inazo zombini iingenelo kunye nezithintelo. Kwesinye isandla, umgaqo ophezulu uthintela iinkalo zezopolitiko ezidlulayo ekupheliseni iminqweno yexeshana kumthetho womgaqo-siseko. Kwenye, kuthetha ukuba ukhuseleko oluthile oluchasene nocalulo lobuhlanga nolwesini---------"eziza izizukulwana ukuba ziqondwe ngokupheleleyo ngokutshintsha. Ingxoxo yokuba umGaqo-siseko umele uqhubeke, kunye nabanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo ikhoyo kunzima kakhulu ukucombulula iingxaki zale mihla.

UmGaqo-siseko Ophilayo Nemigudu Eqhubekayo

Ulwandiso lwenkululeko yabemi ngokulungisa okusemgceni asilobali elaphela ngo-1971 okanye ngonyaka ka-1992. Le yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokutolika, ukukhuthuza, kunye nokulwa kwezobupolitika. Ukulungisa umGaqo-siseko kumela iziganeko eziphambili eMelika i’ undululo olude oluya kumbono othe tyelwe ngapha na kwinkululeko, kodwa asilogama lokugqibela. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sigqibe ukuba inkululeko ithetha ntoni ngokomongowaso, nokuba oko kubandakanya ukukhusela ukukhutshwa kwenzala, ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela ekuvotelweni, ukukhusela ukugcinwa kolwazi oluzimeleyo, okanye ukuvalwa kwemiqathango.

Ingxelo yembali ibonisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luyenzeka xa kulungelelwaniswa imibutho yentlalo, xa iinkundla zikulungele ukunyanzelisa izithembiso zomGaqo-siseko, kwaye xa iinkokeli zezobupolitika zinyuka zisiya kwisihlandlo. IBhili yamaLungelo, iMithetho eMdalekiso yeSikhundla seSithoba, kunye neSindululo saMalungelo aBantu, konke oku kuye kwaguquka ngenxa yokuba abantu bafuna ukuba umGaqo-siseko uphile ngokweenjongo zawo. Umzabalazo ofanayo usaqhubeka namhlanje, njengoko ukuxhasa amalungelo okuvota, utshintsho lomthetho, LGBTQ+ ukulingana, nezinye izizathu ezikhuthaza ukufezeka okupheleleyo kwenkululeko yaseMelika.

Ukulungisa oku akuyozinto zakudala ezikhoyo. Zizixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa sisizukulwana ngasinye ukwandisa inkululeko, ukulungisa okungekho sikweni, nokwakha umanyano olugqibeleleyo. Ukuqonda indlela eziye zasebenza ngayo kwixesha elidluleyo kubalulekile kwabo bafuna ukubumba indlela eziza kusebenza ngayo kwixesha elizayo.

Ukufunda Okungakumbi Noovimba

  • Ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe lunika umbhalo opheleleyo kunye nembali yolwahlulo lwembali ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe eenguquko kwi abaphathi.gov.
  • Ithala leencwadi leBhunga linika imithombo ephambili ephambili kwiMimiselo yokuHlaziya nokuchanabeka kwembali ekwi .gov.
  • Ulwazi olusemthethweni kumatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo ukutolika ulungiso lwenkululeko yabemi lufumaneka ngeCornell ’ iS Legal Information Institute e [FLT: 0] lomthetho.corell.
  • ISimin Liberties Union yaseMelika ilandela iimfazwe zenkululeko zabemi eziqhubekekayo kwi [[FLT: 0] aclu.org[[FLT: 1].
  • Iziko lophando lwepew linika ugcino-lwazi olumalunga nesimo sengqondo sikawonke-wonke kwimicimbi yenkululeko yabemi [[FLT: 0] phearch. org.