Umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke ulawula intsingiselo yemihla ngemihla yoluntu kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Ukusukela kwimeko yeendlela zasekuhlaleni, nomgangatho wezikolo zikawonke wonke, ukuya kumgangatho wokufumana unyango olunexabiso, izigqibo zikarhulumente kumgangatho ngamnye ziqinisekisa indlela abantu abanokuphumelela ngayo. Ukuqonda indima yenkqubo kawonke-wonke ekucombululeni iimfuno zoluntu kubalulekile kubafundisi, kubafundi, iinkokeli zebutho labantu, nabani na ofuna ukwenza utshintsho olunenjongo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela zomgaqo kawonke-wonke, ukuhlolisisa indlela ekufunwa ngayo, ukucingisiswa kwempembelelo yemibutho yemi, kwaye lixubusha ngeengxaki kunye noqheliselo olungcono lokusebenza okusebenzayo.

Ukuqonda Umgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ibhekisela kwiseti yemigaqo, imithetho, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo ezimkelwe ngamaqumrhu karhulumente ukucombulula imiba kawonke-wonke kunye nokufumana iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo. Ayipheleli kumthetho kuphela kodwa ibandakanya yonke inkqubo yokwahlula iingxaki, ukucwangcisa, ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo, nokuvavanya iziphumo. Inkqubo kawonke-wonke inokubekwa ngokwahlulwa ngokwentlobo eziliqela ezisekelwe kwiinjongo nemisebenzi yayo:

  • Inkqubo yokusasaza [ — inikezela ngobuncwane okanye inzuzo kumaqela athile okanye amacandelo, afana nemali yeprojekthi kawonke-wonke okanye imisebenzi yesiseko.
  • Umgaqo-nkqubo wokwalathisa [ — umisela imiqathango okanye iimfuno kubantu okanye kwimibutho ukukhusela izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke, njengemimiselo yemeko-bume okanye imigangatho yokhuseleko lokutya.
  • Inkqubo yokwahlula-hlula [ — idlulisela ubuncwane ukusuka kwelinye iqela ukuya kwelinye ukunciphisa ukungalingani, njengerhafu eqhubekayo okanye iinkqubo zokunceda abantu.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Inkqubo engundoqo[ — imisela imithetho karhulumente ngokwayo, kuquka ukudalwa kwamaqumrhu okanye ukuphinda kulungiswe iinkqubo zolawulo.

Uhlobo ngalunye lomgaqo-nkqubo ludlala indima eyahlukileyo ekucombululeni iimfuno zoluntu, kwaye ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ukuxutywa kwendlela yokungena edityaniswe neemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Inkqubo yokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo

Inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo ilandela imodeli yenkcitho equka amanqanaba aliqela:

  1. [[UMTL:0] Ukwahlula-hlula — Ukuqonda umba kawonke-wonke ofuna ingqalelo karhulumente. Oku kudla ngokuvela ekukhaleni kukawonke-wonke, ekuhlalutyweni kogcino-lwazi, okanye ekukhutshweni kwenzala ngamaqela.
  2. Ulungiso lweProfiki ```[FLT'] - Ukuphuhlisa izisombululo ezinokwenzeka ngophando, igalelo lolwazi, kunye nokhangelo-lwazi. Ezinye iindlela ezininzi ziqwalaselwa zize zicocwe.
  3. [[NTL: 0] Ukwamkelwa kwamaKatolika — ukukhetha ikhondo elithile lokusebenza ngomthetho okanye ngokwenza isigqibo segunya. Oku kungabandakanya ukuva, ukuphikisana, kunye neevoti ezisemthethweni.
  4. Uzalisekiso lobupolisa — ukubeka inkqubo eyamkelekileyo ekusetyenzisweni. Amasebe karhulumente namaqabane aphumeza izenzo ezifunekayo, ukwandisa ubuncwane, kunye nemimiselo yokunyanzelisa.
  5. [[Uvavanyo lobupolisa] — Ukuvavanya ukusebenza nefuthe lenkqubo. Iziphumo zovavanyo zingakhokelela kutshintsho, ukuphelisa, okanye ukuqhubeka komgaqo-nkqubo.

Iqonga ngalinye liyadityaniswa, kwaye ingxelo yovavanyo idla ngokuphinda iqalise umjikelo, yenza inkqubo iqhubekeke kwaye ilungelelanise.

Iintswelo Zoluntu Ezibonakalayo

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke esebenzayo kufuneka isekelwe ekuqondeni ncam oko kufunwa luluntu. Ukubona ezi ntswelo kufuneka iindlela ezicwangcisiweyo neziqukiweyo.

  • [[UMTL:0] IiNkcukacha kunye neMibuzo — Isasazwe kubemi ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi ngezinto eziza kuqala, imigangatho yolwaneliseko, kunye nezithuba kwiinkonzo. Uhlolo lwezixhobo ze-intanethi kunye nephepha lungafikelela kubemi abahlukahlukeneyo.
  • Iintlanganiso ezidityanisiweyo kunye neeNtetho zoluNtu — Vula iindawo apho abemi bakhona banokuthetha khona into exhalabisayo baze banikele igalelo elithe ngqo. Ezi ziganeko zingakha ukuthembana kwaye zityhile iingca.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iqela leFocus — Iingxubusho ezincinci, ezijoliswe kuzo ngeecandelo elithile loluntu (umz., abaphezulu, abazali, abaninizo beshishini) ukuqwalasela iimbambano ezichanekileyo.
  • [[UKWENZIWA:0] Uhlalutyo lwezicwangciso - Ukusebenzisa iinkcazelo ezikhoyo ezifana nobalo-lwazi, amanani empilo, iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nezalathiso zezoqoqosho zokuchonga intsingiselo kunye nomahluko.
  • I-aset-Based Uphuhliso loLuntu (ABCD) — Indlela esekelwe kwizixhobo zoluntu zemephu, ii-aspect, imibutho, ii-meter--rather kunokubhekisa kuphela kwintsilelo. Oku kunceda abenzi benkqubo yokuxhobisa izibambi zoovimba basekuhlaleni.

Ukudibana namalungu oluntu kwangethuba kwaye kusoloko kuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo ifanelekile kwaye abemi baziva benobugocigoci obuchaphazela ubomi babo. Ngaphandle kohlolo lweemfuno ezifanelekileyo, kwanemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo ingaphosa uphawu okanye ibangele iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.

Impembelelo Yomgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke-wonke kwiimfuno zoLuntu

Umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke uphembelela phantse wonke umlinganiso wobomi boluntu. Ngasezantsi ziindawo ezingundoqo apho ungenelelo lwenkqubo lunokuba neziphumo ezitshintshayo:

Imfundo

Imithetho emisela ii-arhente zemali yesikolo, imigangatho yesiqinisekiso sokufundisa, imiqathango yomlinganiselo womgangatho wodidi, kunye neemfuno zokufundisa zichaphazela ngqo iziphumo zemfundo kunye nomgangatho wabafundi. Umzekelo, iSihloko I seSibonelelo semfundo seCandelo kunye neSpredient Act sinika inkxaso yemali yesizwe kwizikolo ezinabafundi abafumana imali ephantsi, ejolise ekuvaleni izithuba zokuphumelela. Noko ke, ukungalingani kwemali yesizwe nesengingqi yemali kuyaqhubeka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungeneni koovimba abakwiziqinga eziqesho eziqengqeshini. Inkqubo yemfundo esebenzayo kufuneka idibanise kwasekuqaleni, uqeqesho lwabantwana, kunye nokuphumelela kwemfundo ephezulu.

Impilo

Ukufikelela kwimiqathango efikelelekayo, yomgangatho wempilo yenziwe yimigaqo enjenge-Medicaid, ulwandiso lwezibonelelo, uMthetho wezonyango lwe-Affordive, inkxaso-mali yempilo kawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo zokulawula iimarike ze-inshorensi. Ingingqi ezinezibonelelo ezisikelwe umda okanye ezinemigangatho ephezulu ephezulu yempilo zifumana iziphumo ezingezizo ezingakumbi, kuquka umlinganiselo ophezulu wesifo esinganyangekiyo kunye nobude bobomi.

Indlu

Imithetho yokuzimela, imithetho yokulawula, ulawulo lweendawo, utyalo-mali lwezindlu zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukufumaneka nokufumaneka kwezindlu. Kwimimandla emininzi yasedolophini, ukuvalela imiqathango engqongqo kufake isandla ekunqongopheleni kweyunithi ezinokufikeleleka, ukushenxiswa nokungabi namakhaya. Izinto ezintsha zemithetho ezifana nokufakwa kwezakhiwo, ukuthenjiswa kwemimandla yasekuhlaleni, kunye nemifanekiso yezindlu ezilungiselelwe abantu zibonise isithembiso sokuzinzisa abantu nokuncitshiswa kokunganqabisezenzi.

Uthutho

Imigaqo yezothutho lukawonke-wonke imisela ukufikelela, ukuphindeka, kunye nexabiso lenkonzo yoduladula kunye neziporo, kwakunye notyalo-mali kwisiseko sabahamba ngenqwelo-moya nakwibhayisekile. Iinkqubo zezithuthi ezicwangcisiweyo ezicwangcisiweyo zingakhulula imimandla efumana imali ephantsi kwimisebenzi neenkonzo, ngelixa isixokelelwano esimiselwe kakuhle sinyusa ukuhamba, sinciphise ukuxinana kweenqwelo-moya, kunye nokukhutshwa kwekharbon. Umthetho we-Fixing America’s Surface Towation (FAST) kunye neendleko zesiseko sesiseko sesiseko zinika inkxaso-mali exhomekeke kwizinto ezihambayo zasekuhlaleni.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho

Imithetho enxulumene nentshukumisa yezoshishino, ukuphuhliswa kwabasebenzi, intlawulo encinane, kunye netyala lerhafu zingakhuthaza okanye zithintele ukukhula kwezoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni. Ngoxa ukuhla kwerhafu kusenokutsala abaqeshi abakhulu, banganenza imigaqo-nkqubo yoqoqosho yoluntu enxulumene nophuhliso loluntu ibeka inkxaso encinane yezoshishino, imivuzo ephilayo, kunye noqeqesho lwemisebenzi ehambelana noshishino lwasekuhlaleni. Umthetho weCommunity Reinvestment (CRA) ukhuthaza iibhanki ukuba zisebenze kwimimandla ephantsi nefumana imali elungeleleneyo, ukwandisa ukufikelela kwikomkhulu.

Okusesikweni Kwemeko - bume

Imithetho yokulawula ukuhlahlela umgangatho womoya namanzi, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, kunye nempembelelo engenakulinganiswa yemozulu egcinwe phantsi kwemimandla ekhoyo. Iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo zifuna ukucombulula ukungalungi okungokwembali ngokubandakanya abemi abachaphazelekayo ekwenzeni izigqibo nokuqinisekisa ukuba iingenelo zemeko-bume nemithwalo zabelwa ngokusesikweni. Iphulo lolawulo lweBiden 4040 lokumisela i-40% yotyalo-mali lwemozulu kuluntu olungenazintlukwano.

Ucelomngeni lokuSebenza komgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente

Kwanemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo ingasilela ukufikelela iziphumo zayo ezicetyiweyo ngenxa yoluhlu lwemingeni yokuzalisekisa. Ukuqonda le miqobo kubalulekileyo kubenzi benkqubo nabaxhasi boluntu:

  • [[NTL:0] Ukubeka izithintelo — uqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo kurhulumente, kurhulumente, nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni ludla ngokuphumela kwiinkqubo eziphantsi. Xa oovimba bebonele, imigaqo-nkqubo ingasetyenziswa qha okanye ngomgangatho ocuthiweyo.
  • Ubureaucratic Hurble — iinkqubo zolawulo oluntsonkothileyo, ukungahambelani kwentsebenziswano, kunye nemithetho engqongqo ingenza uphunyezo okanye uthintelo lwenkqubo. Iinkqubo zokukhupha nokufaka umthamo kulawulo ziyaqhubeka zifuneka.
  • Ukuchasana okungumnqophiso — inkcaso evela kubemi okanye abagcini-mzingi okanye abasekuhlaleni inokubakho ngenxa yokungathembani, ukubonakala kwempembelelo embi, okanye ukunqongophala konxibelelwano. Ukunxulumana kwabemi kwangethuba nangaphandle koko kunokuthomalalisa ukuxhathisa ukuxhathisa.
  • [[NTLA] IiNkxaso zeNkcubeko — uTshitshiso kulawulo lwezopolitiko, ukurhoxa kwenqanawa, nemijikelo emifutshane yonyulo ingaphazamisa iinjongo zexesha elide. IBpartisan kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko lunganceda ukugcina ukuqhubeka.
  • neMidathi yokulinganisa [ — ngaphandle kogcino-lwazi oluthembekileyo, kunzima ukuvavanya iimfuno zoluntu ngokuchanekileyo okanye ukuvavanya inkqubo esebenzayo. Ukunyuswa kwemiqathango yesiseko sogcino-lwazi kunye namaqabane ophando kubalulekile.

Ukucombulula ezi ngxaki kufuna ulawulo olulungelelanisayo, ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo, nokuzibophelela ekulinganiseni nasekuququzeleni kulo lonke umgaqo webhayisekile yobomi.

Uphando lwetyala lomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke onempumelelo

Uhlolisiso olunempumelelo lwemigaqo lunika imizekelo ecacileyo yendlela eyiliweyo neyokwenziwa kwayo enokuhlangabezana ngayo neemfuno zoluntu.

Umthetho Wokugula Ogulayo WesiXeko SaseNew York

Ngo-2014, lo mthetho ufuna ukuba abaqeshi banike abasebenzi abaninzi ikhefu lokugula. Uphando lubonisa ukuba le nkqubo inciphisa inani labaqeshwa ababesebenza begula, inciphisa ukunwenwa kwezifo ezisulelayo nokuphuculwa kweziphumo zempilo yoluntu.

Izindlu Ezineentambo Ezininzi EKhalifoniya

IKhalifoniya iphumele imigaqo-nkqubo yokuphelisa ingxaki yokuhlala kwayo, kuquka inkqubo yengingqi yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdawo eFuna iAlocation (RHNA), imithetho yobunzima bemali, kunye nemali exhasa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu ezithe ngqo ngamaqhina kunye neetyala zerhafu. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bacebise baze bancede ukuhlalisana nemali ehlawulwayo. Ngelixesha iingxaki zisala `njengeendleko zokwakha eziphezulu kunye nenkcaso-" ezi zinyuse ukuveliswa kweeyunithi ezinokufikeleleka kwaye zincedile ukucotha kwezindlu kwiindawo ezithile. Ilizwe lakwakudala i-California Rigaviotay i-mali yokuhambisa inkxaso-mali.

Ukunyamekela Impilo YaseMassachusetts

IMassachusetts yokuphucula umgaqo wezempilo, ngokufuthi ekhankanywe njengendala yoMthetho we-Affordble Care, imbuyiselo eyandisiweyo kubo bonke abemi ngokudityaniswa kwenkxaso-mali, ukutshintshiselana nge-inshorensi yempilo, kunye negunya lomntu ngamnye. Ili lizwe lafikelela kwinani eliphezulu lokuhlawulela i-inshorensi kwilizwe ngelo xesha. Utshintsho lwabonisa ukuba kufuphi nommandla wonke uyafumaneka ngentsebenziswano kwaye luncedise ekuchazeni inkqubo yesizwe.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

I-Burlington Land yoLuntu Trust, eyasekwa ngowe-1984, ifumana umhlaba kunye nerente kubanini-makhaya ngexabiso elifikelelekayo ngexa igcina ubunikazi bomhlaba. Le modeli iqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwexesha elide kwaye ithintela ukushenxiswa. Ngokwahlula ubunikazi bomhlaba ekwakheni, i-CLT ivumela iintsapho ukuba zakhe ngokulinganayo ngeli xesha zigcina amakhaya anokufikeleleka kwizizukulwana ezizayo. I-Burlington CLT inike amakhulu amakhaya nemizekelo efanayo eqeqeshiweyo kulo lonke ilizwe, ibonisa amandla enkqubo yezindlu ezilawulwa nguluntu.

Ukuxhasa uluntu kuphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukuganana koluntu akuyobhokisi nje yokukhangela/ukuyilo bhokisi kuphela, lilungu elisisiseko lolawulo-demokhrasi kunye nempumelelo yenkqubo. Xa abemi bebandakanyeka ngokukhutheleyo kwiinkqubo zokubumba ezibachaphazelayo, iziphumo zithe zalingana, zihlala ixesha elide, kwaye ziyasabela. Ubuchule bale mihla bokubophelela bungaphaya kweeholo zedolophu zemveli zokwalathisa iintetho ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela ezintsha:

  • I-Juries e-Intellivetic kunye noMasipala — iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo ezidibanisa ngokuzenzekela abemi abakhethiweyo ukuze bafunde ngembambano, ngabom, kwaye banike iingcebiso ezinolwazi. Ezi ndlela zisetyenzisiwe ukukhokela izigqibo kuqingqo-mali lukawonke-wonke, kwimisebenzi yezothutho, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezentlalo.
  • Uqingqo-mali lwecandelo — Yinkqubo apho amalungu oluntu agqiba ngqo indlela yokwabelana ngenxalenye yemali karhulumente. Ukungathathi-nxaxheba kusetyenzisiwe kwizixeko ezifana neNew York, iChicago, neSeattle, ukunika abemi amandla okubeka imali eninzi kwi-paki, kwizikolo, nakwisiseko soqoqosho.
  • Kuphicotho-Platforms ze- — izixhobo zamanani ezifana nohlolo lweziqendu, iintlanganiso zenyani, kunye nokuzoba izicelo zivumela ukuba kubekho inxaxheba ebanzi, ingakumbi kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuya kwiziganeko ze-person. Noko ke, izahlulo zamanani kufuneka zichazwe ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela okulinganayo.
  • Ibhodi ye-advisory Advisory — imizimba esisigxina okanye yexeshana eyenziwe ngabahlali, iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni, kunye neengcali ezinika igalelo eliqhubekayo kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo. Iibhodi zokufundisa zingakha ukuthembana nokuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka komnqophiso.
  • Ubutsha noMfundi Ukuncedisana [ — Izikolo, iikholeji, nemibutho yolutsha inokuba zizikhuseli zokufundisa ubuchule boluntu nokucela iimbono zabantu abaselula kwimigaqo echaphazela ikamva labo, njengemfundo, ukutshintsha imeko-bume, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Ukuganana okunempumelelo kufuna ukuba kufikelelwe kumaqela aphantsi, ukufumaneka kolwimi, kunye nobuchule bokudibanisa ingxelo kwizigqibo zokugqibela. Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka banxibelelane nendlela igalelo loluntu elisetyenziswa ngayo, bavale irhintyela elinika ingxelo kunye nokwakha ukuthembana okuqhubekayo.

Isiphelo

Indima yenkqubo kawonke-wonke ekusingatheni iimfuno zoluntu inzulu kwaye intsonkothile. Imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo kakuhle ingaphucula imfundo, unyango lwezempilo, indlu, ezothutho, amathuba ezoqoqosho, kunye nomgangatho wemekobume (ngokunokwenzeka iphucula umgangatho wobomi babo bonke abantu abahlala kuyo. Ngoko ke, ukufikelela ezi ziphumo kufuna ukuqonda okungqongqo kwinkqubo yokwenza inkqubo, isibopho sokuchaza iimfuno zoluntu zokwenene, nokukulungela ukuqhuba imingeni ngokuzinzisa nokuzingisa. Ukunxibelelana ngqo nophuhliso lwenkqubo akuvelisi izicombululo ezingcono kuphela kodwa kwakhona komeleza ukungenelwa kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwentlalo.

Njengokuba uluntu luguquka, kufuneka luqhubeke, luxilongwe, luxinzelele, kwaye lufunde lubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zihlala zifanelekile kwaye zisebenza. Ngokumisa izigqibo zenkqubo kubungqina, i-equity, kunye nelizwi loluntu, singakha ugcino-lwazi olugqithisileyo kunye neendawo eziququzelekileyo ezihlangabezana neemfuno zomntu ngamnye ohlala khona. Ukuqhubeka sifunda ngeenkqubo zoluntu kunye neendlela zomanyano, ukuvavanya ubuncwane obusuka kwi- Icandelo le-URBAN , i-PFLT] i-ISTION ], kunye [FLT] kunye [FLT:] CD] ii-EXC'ISC'ISEActive Services Services Services greessocity [FD]