ISisakhelo soMgaqo-siseko Esiphembelela Umgaqo-nkqubo Wodityaniso

UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States ngowona mgaqo-siseko wesizwe ubhaliweyo mdala kakhulu kusebenza. Imimiselo yawo, ukulungiswa, kunye nemigaqo esisiseko iye yayila ukwakhiwa komthetho apho inkqubo yokufuduka iqhutywa, imiswa, kwaye icelw'iiilwa. Ukusuka kwizenzo zokuqala zokwemvelo kwii-1790 ukuya kwimimiselo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yegunya elilawula imida, umGaqo-siseko uye wakhokela ukulungelelathisa ulungelelwano phakathi kolawulo lwesizwe nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda indlela umthetho wesiseko onxulumene ngayo nemigaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo yokufuduka kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba imigudu ethile yokuzinzisa ngelixa ezinye zisenza inkqubela-mali okanye i-Roglot.

Inkqubo yokungena engaqhelekanga kumthetho waseMerika. UmGaqo-siseko awulichazi ilungelo lokungena okanye lokuhlala eUnited States ngenxa yokungabi namali. Kwangaxeshanye, umGaqo-siseko udlulisela ukhuseleko olungundoqo kubo bonke abantu abakhoyo kummandla wase-U.S., kuquka abo bangena ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Olo xinzelelo luyaqhubeka luqhubela phambili imingeni yenkundla, ulawulo, nengxoxo yengqungquthela.

Isiseko esizinzileyo sombhalo weGunya loGunyaziso

Ukwenziwa kwendalo kukaClaus kunye namagunya omGaqo-siseko angaphambili

Inqaku I, Icandelo 8 loMgaqo-siseko linika iNkqutyana yeSivumelwano amandla okumisela umthetho ofanayo wendalo. Eli binzana laliphakathi kwamagunya adwelisiweyo awahlula urhulumente omtsha kuManqaku afanelekileyo eSihlomelo. Ngexesha lokusekwa, iKhomishini yasebenzisa la mandla ngokudlulisa uMthetho weSiko-Mgaqo-siseko wewaka eli-1790, owavumela nawuphi na umntu omhlophe okhululekileyo onophawu olulungileyo ukuba abe ngummi emva kweminyaka emibini ehleli. UMgaqo-siseko ukwaquka i-thumbutho okanye i-siseko ka-Clauslasko, ovumela ukuba kuthintelwe ukuthunyelwa kwabakhonzi emva konyaka we-1808, ebonisa ukuba abasebenzi baqaphele imfuneko yokulawula umkhosi woluntu kunqumla imidaba yoluntu emva kwemihla yokuqala yeRiphabliki.

Urhwebo LukaClaus Nokukhula Kwegunya Lomkhosi

ICommerce Claus ikwatolikwa ukuxhasa igunya likarhulumente ekufudukeni. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinethoba, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba umthetho wokufuduka wehlabathi lonke ukwigunya elipheleleyo lorhulumente worhulumente wamazwe ngamazwe kurhwebo lwamanye amazwe. Lo mgaqo wamiselwa nge-Assessage Cases kwaye kamva waphuculwa iCy Lung v. Freeman, apho iNkundla yawisa imithetho karhulumente eyayimisela irhafuthelo eyintloko kwilizwe lasemzini abaphambukeliyo. Isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba amagosa omntu akakwazi ukumisa imiqobo yawo yokufuduka, ekubeni izenzo ezinjalo ziphazamisana amandla okulawula ushishino lwamazwe asemzini.

Imfundiso Enamandla

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaphuhlisa imfundiso yamandla akhoyo, ethi iBhunga kunye nesebe eliphetheyo linegunya elingenamda ekuvulweni, ekususweni, nasekususweni kwezo zizezo. Le mfundiso yakhiwa ngengcamango yokuba ulawulo lwezitransmistry lululawulo lwesizwe, lungathotyelwa kukungathotyelwa kwemithetho-siseko efanayo elawula umthetho wasekhaya. UChae Chan Ping v. United States, iNkukhupho i-Exclion, ixhasa igunya likarhulumente lorhulumente ukuba akhutshwe abasebenzi baseTshayina nangona urhulumente evumele ukungena kwabo. Le meko isekwa izivumelwano zesivumelwano nokufuduswa kwemithetho-mthetho-mvume yokufuduka ngaphandle kokwaphulwa kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yale. IBromente, nangona iqhubeka icebisa ukuba kumthetho womthetho oqhelekileyo, i-ogcinyotyiswe, ingulo, isenokuthiswa yiloo migaqo, inguqu

Inkqubela elindelekileyo namalungelo abantu abangabo

IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu Nokhuseleko Lwemveli

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu sinikela ukuba akukho mntu uza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba olu khuselo ludlulela kubo bonke abantu abakwi-United States, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwimeko yabo yokufuduka. Wang Wing v. United States, iNkundla yabambelela kwelokuba abantu abangajongiyo kwisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka bafumane ikhuselwano lomthetho omnye nabemi belizwe, kuquka ilungelo lokungena elugwebeni. Isigqibo sakhupha umgca ocacileyo phakathi kwetyala lamakhaya, apho urhulumente unetyala elingakumbi, kunye nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, apho imibutho yezomthetho ingenako ukuncitshiswa ngenxa yokuba i-Mdistristliti.

Inkqubo efanelekileyo ikwasebenza nakubemi abasisigxina abahlala ngokusemthethweni abasengozini yokugxothwa. S v. Cyr, iNkundla ivumele ezinye ii-odole ukuba zivavanye ukususwa kwemiyalelo kuba ukusetyenziswa kwakhona komthetho wokufuduka kuya kulwaphula uqikelelo olumiselwe yinkqubo efunekayo. Ityala lagxininisa ingcamango yokuba naxa iBhunga lisebenza kumandla alo okufuduka, alinakuphelisa iziqinisekiso ezisisiseko zemithetho yesiseko ngaphandle kokwaphula imigaqo-siseko.

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kunye nokungagqibeki kokungagqibeki

Inkundla iqwalasela ukuba urhulumente angagcina ityala elingaphelelanga eliye lakhutshwa kodwa ilizwe lalo elala ukumamkela. Inkundla yafumanisa ukuba iinyanga ezintandathu zeposi-removal zazisengqiqweni, kodwa ukuvalelwa okungagqibekanga ngaphandle kwethemba lokususwa kwayaphula inkqubo elindelekileyo. Le meko ibonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uyaqhubeka ubeka imida kumandla olawulo lwezorhwebo nakumonke. Noko ke, iinkundla eziphantsi zafikelela kwizigqibo eziphikisanayo ngendlela okulawula ngayo ukuvalelwa kwentolongo ngexesha lokususwa kwetyala, zisenza ukungaqiniseki ngokomthetho.

IsiHlanziso Sesithandathu Nelungelo Lokucebisa Kumatyala Angenazigwebo

Umsantsa obalulekileyo wokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko ubonakala ekususweni kwetyala. UMthetho-siseko weSithandathu uqinisekisa ilungelo lokumela imigaqo engokwasemthethweni kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayizange inike isiqinisekiso sokususwa kwetyala lokufuduka, okuyalelwa njengeenkqubo zasekuhlaleni. Abangajongwa njengeenkqubo zasekuhlaleni. Abangajongwa njengeendleko zokugxothwa kufuneka bakhusele isiluleko somthetho ngeendleko zabo. Lo msantsa uneziphumo ezibalulekileyo, ekubeni abaphambukeli abavalelweyo bengenakukwazi ukufikelela kumagqwetha kwaye kufuneka bahambe kwiinkqubo ezintlukwano zomthetho ezintlukwano zomthetho kuphela. Ingqungquthela iye yazama ukuphendula ngokusikelelwa kwemali kwiinkqubo zenkcubeko esemthethweni, kodwa umbuzo wemithetho-siseko yokuba ngaba kufuneka kufunekelwe isiluleko esimiselwe kumaqela athile abuthathaka angenakuphendulwa.

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo nemigaqo elwa nongquzulwano

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo lukaClaus noHlelo lweMveli

I-Acticome Device Claus of the 144th Amendment inqanda ukugcinwa kwemithetho karhulumente ekhethelwa uhlanga okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Kumongo wezobuzwe, lo mgaqo usebenza ngokuyintloko kwindlela amazwe aphatha ngayo abantu abangangeni mvume ekhoyo kwigunya. Isicelo esibalulekileyo seza Plyler v. Doe, apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawaphula umthetho waseTexas owakhankathelayo ukuxhasa imfundo yabantwana abangavunywanga ngokusemthethweni. INkundla yeNkundla ibonise ukuba ityala alinamdla wokwamkeleka okusemthethweni okusekelwe kubume bokufuduka, kwaye ityala lenze umonakalo ohlala ubomi babo bonke abantwana abamsulwa ababengawulawulanga babazali babo.

Isigqibo Plyler sihlala sisesona siseko yamalungelo abaphambukeli. Asilogunya lomgaqo-siseko ekufudukeni okanye kwiinzuzo zikawonke-wonke, kodwa siqinisekisa ukuba amaziko akanakukhetha abantwana abangabhalwanga ukuba bafumane ukuphathwa kakubi ngaphandle kobulungisa obupheleleyo. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zitolike oku kumisela imithetho karhulumente enokuthi ingabhalisi abafundi abakwikholeji zikawonke wonke okanye ithintele ukufikelela kwiinkqubo zonyango.

Umlinganiselo wommandla woKhuselo lwe-Active Claus ukwabhekiswe kwiligitation. Matthews v. Diaz, iNkundla yaxhasa umthetho owakha wakhanyela iMedica zinzuzo kubemi abasisigxina abasemthethweni abangazange bahlala eUnited States kangangeminyaka emihlanu. Umthetho wavuma ukuba iBhunga linomgangatho obanzi wokucalula osekelwe kwiinkqubo eziyingenelo zorhulumente kunokuba amazwe abenazo kwiinkqubo zawo. Lo mahluko phakathi kwemibutho norhulumente uhlala usebenza njengommandla osebenzayo wokufumana igalelo-mali.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwe - 14 Nobumi Obufanelekileyo Benzala

Isigwebo sokuqala soMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine le-FLT sinika isigwebo sokuba bonke abantu abazalwa okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States nabaphantsi kwegunya labo babengabemi. Uluntu lwamiselwa ngokuyintloko ukubhukuqa .Dred Scott v. Sandford nokuqinisekisa ubumi babantu ababekade bemakhoboka ngaphambili, kodwa ulwimi lwabo luguqulelwe ngokubanzi ukuquka phantse wonke umntu ozalelwe e-U.S. Umhlaba. United States v. Wong Kim Ark , iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba umntwana ozalelwe eUnited States kumazwe aseTshayina angowase ngokusemthethweni ukuba azalwe ngokuzalwa ngommi. Imeko yobuhlanga oluchasayo kuphela, i-Clausdiusch, iyaqhubeka namhlanje ingubugqwebo.

Iingxoxo zale mihla ngobuzibulo ziye zakhokelela abanye abenzi bemithetho ukuba bamisele umthetho okanye imiyalelo yezolawulo ethintela ubumi babantwana abangabhalwanga ngabazali. Abaphengululi bomthetho bayavuma ukuba ukuxhasa ubuNgangasese bukaClaus kuya kufuna ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kunokuba kunikwe umthetho oqhelekileyo, onikwe ulwimi olucacileyo loMmiselo weshumi elinesine kunye nomzekelo weNkundla Ephakamileyo ekwixesha elide. Lo mba uyaqhubeka utyholwa ngokwezobupolitika kodwa awukhange ubangele ucelomngeni olungqalileyo lweNkulwanyana ephakamileyo.

Umanyano neMida yeMithetho yoRhulumente

Ukhukuliso noNondyebo

ISupremacy Claus imisa ukuba umthetho wesizwe uthathe indima ephambili kumthetho wesizwe ongqubanayo. Kumomo-mongo wokufuduka, lo mgaqo uthintela ukuba kumiswe iinkqubo zawo zokunyanzelisa ukufuduka eziza kuphazamisana nenkqubo karhulumente. Ityala elikhokelayo lingu Arizona v. United States, eyahlola umthetho we-Arizona mbuso odale ulwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yokuba ukho kwilizwe ngaphandle kogunyazo kwaye ufuna abaphathi-mthetho abafuna ukuvavanya umgangatho wokufuduka ngexesha lokumisa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha uninzi lwamalungiselelo kodwa yashiywa endaweni apho abaphathi befuna ubuchule bokufuduka, eyaziwa ngokuba ndibonise ukuba nelungiselelo lemeko lwe-Orservation kunye nomthetho lwe-odminitivers (iiie) ezama ukuzama ukurhwaqeqeqeshine.

Amandla Karhulumente Nemida Yawo

Amapolisa ahlala enegunya lokukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, alawula imisebenzi, kwaye anyanzelisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. La magunya angachaphazela abantu abangangeniyo ngqo, kwanaxa urhulumente engakwazi ukulawula ukufuduka. Imithetho karhulumente ebohlwaya abaqeshi abaqeshi abaqeshi abangekho mvumelweni okanye efuna ubungqina obusemthethweni bokuba kukho iimvume zokuqhuba imoto ezihlala zisinda kwiingxaki ukuba azingqubani nomthetho wesizwe. Noko ke, amazwe akanakubeka izigwebo ezongezelelelo ezingakumbi ekungagunyaziweyo ngaphaya koko kunikwa ngumthetho karhulumente, ekubeni oko bekuya kuphazamisa igunya elipheleleyo leBhulumente ukuba ligunya ligunya ligunyazise iziphumo zokungalawuleli kokufuduka.

Umanyano lomanyano kumanyano

Ukususela ngo-1990, urhulumente wengingqi uye wandisa iinkqubo eziye zanika abasebenzi abathile imisebenzi yokuba basebenze kurhulumente kunye nakumasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho wasekuhlaleni. Icandelo 287 (g) loMthetho woHlelo noMgaqo-siseko livumela unobhala weHomeland Ukhuseleko ukuba angene kwizivumelwano norhulumente kunye namaqumrhu ommandla ukuze enze imisebenzi yokufuduka. Inkqubo ivelise ukuphindaphindwa kwemisebenzi ekhoyo kubasebenzi bezomthetho ukuba adlule kusini na abathunywa babo. Iinkundla ziphakamise imigaqo yenkqubo kodwa zifune uqeqesho olufanelekileyo nolwalathiso olufanelekileyo lokukhusela ukuphulwa kwenkqubo kwimigangatho yasekuhlaleni. Kwakhona umGaqo-siseko umisela imida yendlela amagosa anokuyisebenzisa ngayo ulwazi lokufuduka afunyenwe ngexesha lomthetho oqhelekileyo. [[FLT.0] v.

Igunya elilawulayo kunye noqeqesho lomGaqo-siseko

Ukuhamba Kuyawathintela Amatyala Nokumiselwa KukaClaus

Umthetho olawulayo wolawulo olumiselwe ukujolisa amatyala esizwe esisuka kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi ahambayo wavelisa uhlaziyo olunzulu lomgaqo-siseko ebudeni bonyaka wokuqala wolawulo lweTrump. Trump v. Hawaii, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhase uhlobo lwesithathu lomsebenzi wohambo, isebenzisa uhlolo olumngcipheko olumxinwayo ukuchaza ukuba umyalelo waphula iSivumelo sikaClausle. IJaji eyintloko uRoberts yabhala ukuba iinkundla kufuneka ziqwalasele ukhuseleko lwesizwe kwaye azinakuxhomekeka kwiingxelo zephulo zokuchaza ukubiza ucangongozo zonqulo.

Isigqibo sayahlula iNkundla. Abagwebi abangavumelaniyo baphikisa ngelithi uninzi lumisele umqathango ophantsi kakhulu wokuhlola isenzo sokulawula esibonakala siphazamisa iqela elithile lonqulo. Eli tyala lihlala libalulekile kuba libonisa ukuba iinkundla ziya kusoloko zikulungele ukuthabatha inyathelo eliphezulu lokhuseleko lwesizwe kwimicimbi yokufuduka, kwanaxa oko kuthethwa kuthandabuza.

Iinkqubo Ezinempumelelo Nenyameko Ka-Claus

Inkqubo yeDeferered Action for Homeland Security v. Regents zeYunivesithi yeKhalifoniya ye-[FLT] inika ukukhululeka kokwexeshana ekususweni kunye nemvume yomsebenzi kubaphambukeli abafikayo besebantwaneni. Le nkqubo ivavanywe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiingxaki ezisemthethweni. Kumthetho ophantsi komgaqo-mgaqo-siseko. Ityala libalaselisa uxinezeleko phakathi komthetho we-gcisa nemfuno yemithetho elawulwa ngumongameli, iNkundla enyamekela imithetho ephunyezwa ngokuthembeka.

IDefered Action for Parents of Americas application, inkqubo efanayo kubazali abanabantwana, yathintelwa yinkundla yesithili yengingqi yephondo ngezizathu zokuba igqithe igunya lolawulo. Umbuzo ongokwasemthethweni ubandakanya ukuba isebe elilawulayo lingavakalisa iindidi zokunyanzeleka okungakhutshelwayo okungaphaya kwemvume engokwesithethe. Ezi nkqubo zimbini zibonisa imiqathango yemigaqo-siseko yezobugqeba naxa iBhunga loluntu lisilela ukuphumelela ukuvelisa utshintsho olubanzi.

UMthetho wokuThintelwa koMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe noMgaqo-nkqubo

Abalawuli banamagunya aphangaleleyo phantsi koMthetho wodityaniso noMgaqo-siseko wokunqumamisa ukungena kweeklasi ezingezizo ezibonakala ziyingozi kwimfuno zesizwe. Icandelo 212 (f) lisetyenziswe ngabalawuli abaninzi ukubeka imiqathango yokungena esekelwe kwimibandela yezobuzwe, iingozi zempilo kawonke-wonke, kunye neenjongo zemithetho yezorhwebo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Trump v. iHawaii ikholelwa ukuba eli gunya lemithetho lingumthetho alifaneleki ukuqwalaselwa xa lisetyenziswa ngenjongo yokhuseleko lwesizwe esemthethweni. Ilungiselelo elifanayo liye lasetyenziswa kubaphathi bezonyango kamva ukubeka imiqathango yokungena kwempilo kunye nommiselo we-vracstings. UmGaqonga wezomthetho-onqanawo kuyaqhubeka ukuqhuba izikhathi ezi , ukususela ekuqululo olunezekileyo.

Ucelomngeni Oluzayo

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kwicebo lokucoca elilungisiweyo

Imigaqo yokususwa kwabantu abafudukayo ivumela abaphathi abathile abafikayo kumazibuko okungena ngaphandle kokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo phambi komgwebi ofudukayo. Le nkqubo yagunyaziswa yiKhonklane ngo1996 kwaye yanda ngegunya kwiminyaka elandelayo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi iinkqubo zokususwa komcimbi kuhlobo lwangoku aziyifuni inkqubo enenjongo kuba ukuzimisela kokuqala komphathi kusekelwe kubungqina obulinganiselweyo kwaye akuzithotyeli kwingxubusho yezahlulelo ezizimeleyo.

Umbuzo womGaqo-siseko ubandakanya ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukuqhuba amatyala ngaphandle kokuvalwa kwabantu abamoyikayo ukutshutshiswa. UMthetho wokufuduka nowokuTshalatha iMfuno unika imvume yokuba abantu ababonakalisa uloyiko oluqinisekileyo lokutshutshiswa kufuneka bavinjwe phambi kwegosa lokhuseleko. Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa kwalo khuseleko kungafani kakhulu nasemazibuko eenqanawa okungena nawamabanjwa. Urhulumente uqinisekisa ukuba uphumeza zonke iimfuno ezinjalo ngokuhambelana neemfuno zemithetho, ngoxa amaqela amaqela angena emkhosi aqhubeka ebhala imiqobo yokufikelela kubantu abachanabekileyo.

Iimfanelo zabantwana abangenamaqabane kunye

Amawaka abantwana abangahambi ngecala abafika kumda osezantsi nyaka ngamnye. I-Flores Settlement Agreement, umthetho wemvume karhulumente, ifuna ukuba abantwana bagcinwe kwisicwangciso esincinci esingqongqo kwaye iinkundla ezimanyeneyo zinikwe abantwana abathile abavalelweyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isebe eliphetheyo liye lazama ukulungisa indawo yokuhlala ukuze livumele ixesha elide lokuvalelwa. INkundla ePhakathiswayo ayikhange ithethe ngqo ukuba uMgaqo-siseko ufuna ukuvalelwa kwabantwana bebotshelelwe ekufudukeni, kodwa iinkundla ezisezantsi ziye zasebenzisa uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo ukuze zifune iinzamendo zomntu ngamnye nengozi zomcimbiko wobungozi. Imbambano yemigaqo-siseko imibandela yokhuseleko lomthetho-mthetho-onke nenzala karhulumente ekuqinisekiseni ukususwa kwemiyalelo.

Abafuni be-asylum kunye nelungelo lokusebenzisa ukhuseleko

IBhunga limisele inkqubo yemimiselo esemthethweni ebandakanya ukukhusela abo babalekayo ngenxa yentshutshiso ngenxa yobuhlanga, yonqulo, yobuzwe, iimbono zobupolitika, okanye amalungu eqela elithile lentlalo. UmGaqo-siseko awufuni ukuba iUnited States inikezele indawo yokuzikhusela, kodwa xa iNgqungquthela idala inkqubo, ifuna ukuba abafaki-zicelo bafumane ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuchaza izindululo zabo. Abaphathi bezomtsha baye bamisela iinkqubo ezifuna abafuni bekhusi bokhuseleko ukuba balinde eMexico xa oko oko bakuthetha kuthe kwakwenziwa, okanye ukuba ibhawa yabo ithetha ukuba bayakwazi ukulungiselela ukudlula kwelinye ilizwe ngaphandle kokufuna ikhuselwa.

IziHlaziyo zoMgaqo-siseko ezicetyiweyo noHlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko

Ukulungelelaniswa komGaqo-siseko phakathi kweBhunga noMongameli

Iingxoxo ezininzi zenkqubo yokufuduka ekugqibeleni zinciphisa imibuzo ephathelele ukwabiwa kwamandla afanelekileyo phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namagunya aphetheyo. IBhunga liye lamisela imimiselo ebanzi yokufuduka, kodwa isebe eliphetheyo linengqiqo engakumbi ngokugcinwa komthetho, ukuvalelwa, nezigqibo zokuthotywa kwemiqathango. UmGaqo-siseko unika iNgqungquthela yendalo amandla okuguqula indalo, kodwa umongameli uqhuba ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe yaye unegunya lokuphunyezwa kwemithetho. Le mithetho i-agrafingce ibangele ukuba kuphindaphindiseke iingxoxo phakathi kwamasebe omgangatho onegunya elilawulayo ukukhulula ekususeni.

Abanye abaphengululi baye bacebisa ukuba kwenziwe ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko ukuze kucaciswe ulungelelwano lwamandla kwiinkqubo zokufuduka. Ezi zindululo ziquka ukuchaza imigaqo yokusetyenziswa kwendalo ngqo kumGaqo-siseko, ukumisela ummiselo ocacileyo wokuvalelwa kwemiqathango ephezulu, okanye ukuseka inkqubo yenkundla ehlukeneyo yokufuduka ekhuselwe ngomgaqo-siseko efana naleyo isezintendelezweni III. Akukho nanye kwezi zindululo iqwalaselwa ngokunzulu kwiBhunga, kodwa ibonisa ukuqwalaselwa ukuba isiseko somgaqo-siseko sishiya igumbi elibalulekileyo lemfazwe.

Ukuba ngummi Okufanelekileyo Nokutshintsha Okulindelekileyo

Abameli abathintela ubumi bobuzibulo baye bamisela umthetho oza kuchaza kwakhona ubuSizwe uClaus ukuze bangayifaki abantwana abangabhalwanga ngabazali. Ulwimi lwemithetho lungachaza ukulawulwa kwe-United States ukuba bangabafaki abo banabazali abangenawo amaphepha asemthethweni. Abaphengululi abangundoqo bemithetho-siseko bagqibe kwelokuba umthetho onjalo awusayi kusebenza phantsi uKim Ark ngaphandle kokuba ukhatshwe yi-ampempement. Umthetho onjalo wokungagunyazi-mlisiweyo uya kufuna imvume yezindlu zombini ezithathu zeBhunga kunye nezintathu zamaphondo, umqobo ongakhange ungenelwe kwingxoxo yale mihla.

UMthetho oLingeneyo Wamalungelo

I-Applicality Rights Amendment yamkelwa yiKhonklane yoMbutho ngo1972 kodwa ayizange ivunywe ngamanani afunekayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imigudu etshatsha yokulungisa imfuno iphakamise umbuzo wokuba ngaba ukutshintsha kungayichaphazela na inkqubo yokufuduka ukuba iyasebenza. I-ERA ingachazwa ukuphelisa imigaqo esekelwe kwi-synstry directions, izabelo, okanye izinto eziphambili zokugcinwa kwemithetho. Inkqubo yokufuduka iquka imilinganiselo esekelwe kwi-vsahlulo esithile, kwaye i-ERA ifuna ukuba iBhunga lithethelele nakuphi na ukwahlukana okusekelwe kwisondo ngokugqithisileyo. Ukuma komgaqo-ERA kuhlala kungekaguqulwa, kodwa ukuhambela kwayo okuphambili kuphawulwe ngabaphengululi abasemthethweni.

Ukuthelekiswa kwezizwe ngezizwe noyilo lomGaqo-siseko

I-United States ayiyoyodwa ekujongeni nomGaqo-siseko ekudibaniseni ulawulo lokufuduka namalungelo abantu. Ezinye iinkqubo zorhulumente ezinjengeKhanada, i-Australia, kunye ne-European Union zisebenzisa iinkqubo zomGaqo-siseko ezinika izifundo kwingxoxo-nkqubo yamaMelika. ISicangca saseCanadian samaLungelo nenkululeko sisebenza kubantu abakulo mmandla kwaye siquka amalungelo okuhamba athintela amandla amaphondo okumisela ukufuduka ngaphakathi. Umgaqo-siseko awuquki inkqubo ecacileyo eqinisekisiweyo, ukushiya okungeyo imiziniba nemigaqo-siseko encinci kunaseUnited States. Isivumelwano se-European Union siquka amalungelo okufuduka ngokuzithandela ngenxa yabemi bayo kunye nemilinganiselo eqhelekileyo yezokhuseleko olulawulwa yiNkulawula yeNkulwano ye-Europe. Uhlaluko lucebisa ukuba ukukhuselwa komGwa-omGenel-siseko ongowayodwa ngemiqathango yemithetho ecacileyo kodwa kuncindiselwaneyo, kodwa ke ukuncitshiswa kwemigqweqweqweqweneyo, ukunga okunga okunga okunga okunga okunga oku

Iinkundla zaseMerika ngamanye amaxesha zibhekisela kuqheliselo lomgaqo-siseko wamanye amazwe kumatyala okufuduka, nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi izigqibo zamanye amazwe azimiselwanga njengezo zibalulekileyo ekutolikeni umGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Ukucaphula umthetho wasemzini kwiimeko zomGaqo-siseko kusoloko kuphikisana phakathi kweejaji nabaphengululi abakholelwa ukuba ukuchazwa komgaqo-siseko waseMerika kufanele kusekelwe kuphela kwimibhalo nakwimbali yemiGaqo-siseko wase-U. INkundlele isoloko iqinisekisa ukuba uqheliselo lwamanye amazwe luluncedo kakhulu ekuqondeni iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zemithetho eyahlukeneyo kodwa alwazi ngqo intsingiselo yemimiselo yemiGatho-America.

Isiphelo

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika inkqubo ehlala ixesha elide kodwa ephikiswayo yokulungisa umgaqo-nkqubo wokufuduka. Imigaqo jikelele yokubhaliweyo iye yavumela inkqubo yomthetho ukuba ivumelane nokutshintsha kweemeko ngaphandle kokutshintshwa okuqhelekileyo, kodwa ikwabangela ukungaqiniseki okungapheliyo ngemida yegunya likarhulumente kunezingaphindi. Imfundiso yamandla e-Garhente ekwaziyo ukumisela imithetho yokungena nokususwa kwemiqathango, ngelixa inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nesiqinisekiso esilinganayo sinika umgangatho osisiseko wokungaphunyezwa ngurhulumente. Uxinezeleko oluphakathi kwala mithetho-siseko luza kuqhubeka luchaza umthetho wokufuduka njengobugcisa obutsha, ubungcacine, kunye neengcinezelo ze-Plotivelsss trans trans trans trans trans i-messagement

UmGaqo-siseko awugunyazisi nawuphi na umthetho wokufuduka, kodwa umisela inkqubo yokwakha apho ukhetho lwenkqubo kufuneka lugwetywe khona. Abenzi bomthetho kufuneka bahlale benikele ingqalelo kwiimfuno zomGaqo-siseko naxa befuna ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho exhaswe ngokwezobupolitika, kwaye abameli bamalungelo abaphambukeli mabafake izindululo zabo kwimiqathango esetyenziswa ngabantu bonke eUnited States. Ikamva lenkqubo yokufuduka eMerika liza kuxhomekeka ekulondolozeni olu lungelelwano phakathi kolawulo lwesizwe nenkululeko, umsebenzi owawuyilwe ngumGaqo-siseko ukuxhasa nokunyanzela.