Imvelaphi yeOath enguMongameli kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko

Imfuneko yesifungo somongameli yavela kwiingxoxo kwiNgqungquthela yoMgaqo-siseko yowe-1787. Abathunywa baxabana nendlela yokubopha umphathi omtsha kwimithetho ebhaliweyo eyayiza kumisela igunya lesizwe. UJames Wilson wasePennsylvania waphikisa ngelithi isifungo sasiyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli “siya kuba phantsi kwezona zibopho zibalulekileyo zokugcina, ukukhusela, nokukhusela”. I-prasting, idiscaciation, eqinisekiswe kwiQumgaqo II, Icandelo 1, Claine 8, yayikukulalana phakathi kwabo bafuna isifungo sonqulo kunye nabo bakhetha ukuvunywa ngokusisifungo esipheleleyo. Umbhalo waso ngabomququmlanisa uMongameli ukuba “atho okanye uqinisekise,” uvumela uMongameli ukuba akhusele, akhusele umGaqonga kunye namanye amaqela onqulo aqhutyelwe kwiSifungo.

Isigqibo sendibano sokufaka isifungo ngokuthe ngqo ngaphakathi komGaqo-siseko kunokuba kummiselo ogxininisa ukubaluleka kwaso kwesiseko. Ngokungafaniyo nezifungo ezifunekayo kumagosa okanye amagosa omkhosi, isifungo somongameli sifumana igunya laso kumthetho omkhulu ngokwaso. Oku kuqinisa umgaqo wokuba umgaqo-siseko woMongameli uphumele kuMgaqo-siseko, kungekhona kusuke kuthanda okanye kukoyisa okunyuliweyo kuphela. Ngokungafaniyo nengxelo eneenkcukacha yengxoxo yendibano engomcimbiso, bona umgaqo-siseko wesizwe weSiko sesizwe].

Umbhalo Nobukhulu Bawo Obusemthethweni

Amazwi achanileyo esifungo akatshintshanga iminyaka engaphezu kwama- 230: “Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa ngcono kakhulu ekhohlakeleni lam, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko weUnited States.” Ibinzana elithi “kwesona silungileyo sobuGcisa bam” lichaza umgangatho obalulekileyo, kodwa imbopheleleko engundoqo, kodwa ukukhusela, nokukhusela uMgaqo-siseko (i-is) ngokupheleleyo. abaphengululi baphawula rhoqo ukuba olu lwimi lusenza umsebenzi wobuqu ongenakuwuqhuba.

Isifungo sinikelwa ngoko nangoko phambi kokuba uMongameli athabathe amagunya eofisi. Ukuba uMongameli ebeya kulwamkela isifungo, abengayi kuba ngofanelekileyo ngokwemigaqo-siseko ukulungiselela. Le mfuneko asingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibhekise isifungo njengobungqina bembopheleleko kaMongameli yokuxhasa umthetho. Kwimeko ebandakanya ilungelo eliphezulu okanye ukungagunyaziswa, isifungo sisebenza njengebhedlji yebhen ukwenzela ukufumanisa xa izenzo zomongameli zigqitha imida yomgaqo-siseko.

Umahluko Phakathi Kwesifuba Nokuxinana

Ukufakwa ngokucacileyo “okanye uqinisekiso” lwalungaphulwanga ngokomthetho ngexesha layo. Isingqiniso sithwala amandla angokwasemthethweni afanayo nesifungo kodwa asiquki thixo. Oomongameli abakhetha ukuqinisekisa kunokufunga babeka isandla sabo kwiBhayibhile okanye komnye umbhalo ukuba bayathanda, kodwa amagama okuqinisekisa kuphela anele. NguMongameli omnye kuphela ozakuba uyavuma kunokuba afunge, kwaye ubeka isandla sakhe kwincwadi yomthetho kunokuba afake iBhayibhile. Oku kugxininise intlonelo yomGaqo-siseko ngesazela ngasinye ngoxa kusenziwa oko kuyimfuneko.

Indlela I-oath Eqinisa Ngayo UmGaqo-siseko

Ubukhosi bomGaqo-siseko buthetha ukuba umGaqo-siseko ngowona mthombo uphakamileyo wegunya elingokwasemthethweni eUnited States. Akukho mthetho wesizwe okanye wesizwe, sinyathelo esilawulayo, okanye isigqibo sokugweba esinokuphikisana naso. Isifungo somongameli sibandakanya obu bungangamsha ngeendlela ezininzi:

Isifungo Nokwahlukana Kwamandla

Isifungo senza okungaphezulu kunokubopha uMongameli----inyani ngokudibana nokwahlulwa kwamagunya. Amandla eNgqungquthela ukubeka uMongameli we- “Izenzo Zolwaphulo-mthetho Eziphezulu kunye neMisdears” asoloko ebhekiselele ekubeni uMongameli uye wasiphula isifungo sawo. Indlu Yommeli i-Judicary Committee ithetha amanqaku achasene noRichard Nixon ngokuphandle ukuba “asilele ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokuthembeka” njengokwaphula isifungo. Ngokufanayo, i-2019 kunye no-20211 ithetha ngesifungo nxamnye ne-Donald Trump njengesiko lokuziphatha. Ngalo ndlela isifungo sisebenza njengebala elisemthethweni lamasebe omabini aphethe kunye nomthetho, siqinisekisa ukuba umGaqongalo-siseko uhlala engumongameli wokugqibela.

Imizekelo Yembali Nempembelelo Yayo

Phantse wonke uMongameli uye wasebenzisa isifungo njengovavanyo olufuna impendulo, ingakumbi ngexesha lengxaki yesizwe. La maxesha abonisa indlela intsingiselo yesifungo egxininiswa ngayo kwimbali.

Ukwahlulwa Kokuqala Kobomi Bama - George Washington (1789)

NgoAprili 30, 1789, uGeorge Washington wafunga kwiveranda yeHolo yesiXeko saseNew York. Wongezelela ibinzana elithi “ndincede uThixo” ekupheleni kwamazwi asemthethweni, isithethe esilandelwe ngabalawuli abaninzi. Isenzo seWashington sasingesososithethe nje; kwanaye umphathi wemvukelo ohlonelwayo wayeza kuzithoba kwimida yemithetho-siseko. Kamva wabhala ukuba isifungo eso “sibhengezo esinzulu sokuba uMgaqo-siseko uza kuba ngumkhokeli wolawulo lwam.”

UAbraham Lincoln Nemfazwe Yamakhaya

Ngexesha lokunikezelwa kwakhe kokuqala ngo1861, enamazwe asixhenxe asele enqabile, uLincoln wanikela intetho eyayimbongoza kakhulu ukuba afunge. Wathi: “Namhlanje ndisenza isifungo esisemthethweni ngaphandle kokungaqinisekanga ngengqondo, kwaye ngaphandle kwenjongo yokuqinisekisa umGaqo-siseko okanye imithetho engaphaya kwayo nayiphi na imithetho.” Isifungo sikaLincoln saba lilungu lolawulo lwakhe lwemfazwe. Xa wayeyeka i-habeas corpus okanye wakhupha i-Emanciption Proclarame, wayesoloko emisela ezi zenzo njengeziyimfuneko ukuze “akhusele, akhusele kwaye akhusele i-Mgaqo-siseko. Iimbesomgano zakhe eziphindaphiweyo zanceda uhlanga oluchachachayo kwigunya lomGaqo-siseko.

UFranklin D. Roosevelt nolwandiso lwamandla olawulo

Franklin D. Roosevelt, okuphela kukaMongameli onyuliweyo ukuba abe ngamabinzana amane, wasithatha isifungo izihlandlo ezine. Intetho yakhe yokumiselwa kwasekuqaleni yowe-1933, eyanikelwa ngexesha lokwehla kolawulo olukhulu, yayiquka umgca odumileyo awayeya kucela ukuba iNgqungquthela icele ukuba ilwe imfazwe yoLawulo oluPhezulu nxamnye nongxamiseko, ngamandla anokunikwa mna anamandla afanayo ukuba besihlaselwe lutshaba lwasemzini.” Ngaphandle kolu lwimi lukhulu, uRoosevelt wayesoloko eqinisa izenzo zakhe kumGaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi ekhankanya isifungo njengegunya lokusebenzisa kwakhe isifungo esiqinileyo: ibinzana elifanayo elinokuthi amandla kamongameli anokukhuselwa ukuthethelela ulwando, logama lokuphela kosukelo lugcina inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko.

Oomongameli Bale Mihla Namandla Omthombo

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, uMongameli usebenzise isifungo ukuphendula iimpikiswano. URonald Reagan, ngexesha lokunikezelwa kwakhe ngo 1981, wakhumbuza amaMerika ukuba amagunya karhulumente karhulumente “ayenyulwe” kwaye isifungo esimbophele ukuba ahlonele amalungelo karhulumente. UBarack Obama, ekunikezelweni kwakhe kwesibini ngo-2013, wasebenzisa isifungo njengesiseko sokubiza kwakhe ukuba“ akhusele, akhusele, akhusele, akhusele” amalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko. UDonaldennio Trump’s 2017 waqalisa intetho ebhekisa kuso njengesithembiso sokudlulisela igunya eWashington kubantu. UMongameli ngamnye uchaza isifungo ngesifungo sakhe sobupolitiki, kodwa isenzo sokusenza esisesidlanga esithe ngqo sokuwa kwakhe.

Isifungo Nomthetho

Isifungo somongameli singumqulu womthetho waseMerika. Iqinisekisa ukuba akukho Mongameli, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uthandwa okanye ugunyaziso oluvotelweyo, onokuzibiza ngegunya ngaphaya komGaqo-siseko. Lo mgaqo uvavanywe amaxesha amaninzi, okuphawuleka kakhulu ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate. Xa iNkundla Ephakamileyo yayalela uMongameli uNixon ukuba akhulule iikhasethi zeWatergate, isigqibo seNkundla sibonise ukuba akakho ngaphezu komthetho. [[FLT: 0] Isifungo sisikhumbuzo sokuba uMongameli umkhonzi wokuqala womGaqo-siseko, hayi inkosi yakhe.

Ngezizwe, isifungo somongameli sisebenza njengomzekelo wamanye amademokhrasi. Umgaqo-siseko wamazwe amaninzi uquka iimfuno ezifanayo zokufunga kwintloko-ntlalo, ngokufuthi ziboleka ngqo kumbhalo we-U.S. U.S. Isebe loRhulumente[ ubhale indlela ingcamango yesifungo eguqulelwe ngayo kumazwe asukela eMzantsi Korea ukuya eNigeria, iqinisa imilinganiselo yomhlaba wonke yobukhulu bomgaqo-siseko.

Ukungaqondani Neengcamango Eziqhelekileyo

Nangona sicacile, isifungo somongameli maxa wambi siyaqondwa.

  • Myth: uMongameli makabeke isandla kwiBhayibhile. UmGaqo-siseko awufuni mbhalo wonqulo. Ngoxa isithethe siquka iBhayibhile, iJaji ePhakamileyo iyasifungisa nokuba akukho ncwadi ikhoyo. John Quincy Adams wasebenzisa incwadi; uTheodore Roosevelt akasebenzisanga nanye incwadi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Myth: Isifungo siquka “ndincede uThixo.” La mazwi akakho kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko. Aye ongezwa nguMongameli ngamnye ukususela eWashington, kodwa asingomthetho, kodwa asisiko. UMongameli angawashiya ngaphandle kwesiphumo esisemthethweni.
  • Myth: Isifungo senza uMongameli abe yedwa umkhuseli womGaqo-siseko. ngenene, onke amagosa karhulumente enza isifungo sokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko, kwaye isifungo somkhosi siquka isithembiso sokuthobela imiyalelo esemthethweni. Isifungo soMongameli sikhetheke kuphela xa sijolise uxwebhu lonke, kodwa asiliniki igunya lokutolika elipheleleyo.

Isingxobo Namandla Alawulayo

Igalelo lomthetho elingavumelaniyo loMgaqo-siseko kwiGatya II, Icandelo 4 lilungiselela ukususwa koMongameli “ukuqiqa, ukuSifumbathiso, okanye ezinye iziBhishongo eziphezulu kunye noMkhosi wamanzi.” Nangona isifungo singadweliswanga ngokucacileyo njengetyala elingameleyo, ukwaphulwa kwesifungo ngokwembali kuye kwathathwa njengesono esiphezulu ngokwembali. IKomiti yeHouse Judicary yeyonyaka ka-1997 iphumele ingxelo ye-Nixon yesivumelwano esingundoqo, ikhusele, iphinde ikhusele umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo; ukusilela ukwenza njalo kungabi nasizathu sokungaququki.” Oku kunxibelela isifungo senza inkqubo ecacileyo yokuphendula ityala: uMongameli odelele isithembiso sawo somGaqonga.

Ityala lokungavumelani lika-2021 noDonald Trump emva kokuhlasela kweCapitol ka-6 kaJanuwari. Abaphathi bendlu baphikisa ngelithi imigudu kaTrump yokubhukuqa iziphumo zonyulo lwama-2020 yathetha ukwaphulwa okungqalileyo kwesifungo sakhe ‘ sokukhusela nokukhusela nokukhusela” uMgaqo-siseko. Nangona iBhunga lingazange limgwebe, le ngxoxo yabalaselisa indlela esi sifungo esihlala siyinxalenye yomthetho womgaqo-siseko, hayi ibinzana elifileyo lembali.

Ikamva Lesingxobo Kumhlaba Otshintshayo WomGaqo-siseko

Njengoko iUnited States iguquka, isifungo somongameli siza kuqhubeka sisebenza njengomgaqo-siseko. Iingxoxo ezingaphaya kwemiyalelo yabalawuli abaphezulu, amagunya emfazwe, kunye nezindululo zongxamiseko zibuyela emva kwimfuno: Ngaba uMongameli uhlale ethembekile kwisifungo? Ukuvela kwezixhobo zekhompyutha kunye neendaba zamahora angama-24 ziyenze isifungo sokumiselwa kwesivumelwano esibonakalayo ngakumbi kunangaphambili, kodwa kwakhona zidala imingeni emitsha. Iinkundla ziphinde zibangele imingeni emitsha kuthethwano okanye ii-teyitis zisenokucingisiswa ukuvumelana nemisebenzi epheleleyo. Abaphengululi bezomthetho baya ngokuqhubekayo baxubusha enoba isifungo siyila umgangatho ofanelekileyo ofanelekileyo, ngokokuba, nokuba ngaba iinqobo zingenza izenzo zomvolo-mthetho zokuvukela. Ukude, iinkundla bezithanda ukwenza njalo, zishiya inkqubo yokungavumelani kwezopolitiko kunye noombo.

Noko ke, amandla okomfuziselo ahlala ekho. Kwiminyaka emine, izigidi zamaMelika zibukela isenzo esilula sokuphakamisa isandla sasekunene nokuphinda amagama angama-35. Elo sithethe sidibanisa uMongameli ngamnye omtsha nabaseki kunye nomyalelo womgaqo-siseko abawumiselayo. Isifungo asiqinisekisi ukuba abaMongameli baza kusoloko belandela umGaqo-siseko, kodwa siqinisekisa ukuba abanakuzichaza ukuba abaziqondi iimfuno zawo.

Isiphelo

Isifungo somongameli asingomthetho wesithethe. Sisixhobo somgaqo-siseko esibophelela umphathi oyintloko kumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, sibangela ukuba aphendule ngeli tyala, kwaye sinika incopho yokuhlanganisa ngexesha lobunzima besizwe. Ukusuka kumazwi okuqala angazinzanga eWashington kwimibhiyozo yale mihla eqingqiweyo, isifungo siye sakhumbuza amaMelika ukuba amandla omongameli akaphelelanga ``````````amandla omongameli'''''.'' asiso sithenjiswa nguMgaqo-siseko kwaye siya kurhoxiswa ukuba loo themba liya kungcatshwa. Lo nto i-United States ihlala iyiRiphabliki ye-Riphabliki ye-ogravian, isifungo somongameli siya kuba singumqulu worhulumente wayo, siqinisekisa ingcamango yokuba akukho mntu urhulumente osunguliweyo ngaphezu koxwebhu.