Ulwalamano lwehlabathi luyisifundo sendlela amazwe azimeleyo, imibutho karhulumente, abadlali boorhulumente, kunye neenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezisebenzisana ngayo kwinkqubo yehlabathi lonke. Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ubuntsonkothe bemeko-bume, ukudibanisa izoqoqosho, ukutshintshisana kwenkcubeko, kunye neengxaki zokhuseleko. Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo luhlola iingcamango ezisisiseko, iingcamango ezingundoqo, abadlali abaphambili, izicelo eziluncedo, kunye nenkqubo evelisayo echaza iinkalo yolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe namhlanje.

Iingcinga Ezingaphantsi KweeNkcukacha

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene kwiingcamango nokuqhelisela, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela iingcamango ezingundoqo ezisebenza njengezinto zokwakha ulwalamano lwehlabathi lonke. Ezi ngcamango zibumba indlela amagosa asekuhlaleni nabadlali abangajongwanga ngokomthetho abayiqonda ngayo imeko-bume baze benze izigqibo.

Ulawulo

Ulawulo ngumgaqo wokuba urhulumente unegunya elipheleleyo kumhlaba wakhe nakwimicimbi yasekhaya, ekhululekileyo ekungeneleni okungaphandle. Sisiseko senkqubo yezombuso yale mihla, eqinisekiswe kunyaka we . Umlinganiselo opheleleyo weWestphalia [1648]. Ukulingana okulawulayo kuthetha ukuba onke amaphondo, nokuba bubuphi na ubungakanani okanye amandla, ayalingana ngokusemthethweni kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Noko ke, ulawulo lusoloko lucelw'elwano kungenelwano, ungenelelo loluntu, kunye nezisongelo ezingaphaya komhlaba njengeephethu nemozulu.

_eZantsi

Amandla kulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe abhekiselele kubuchule borhulumente bokuphembelela abanye nokuphumeza iinjongo zabo. Isoloko yahlulwe yaba amandla amakhulu (isinyanzelo somkhosi nesezoqoqosho) kunye namandla e-[ [iintshukumo ehamba kwinkcubeko, amaxabiso, kunye nolawulo-ntlalo). Unikezelo lwamandla phakathi kolawulo lwe-ipolarda, okanye i-mikroba ye-epolar] luzinzo kunye nozinzo kunye neendlela zongquzulwano zenkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe.

Diplomacy

Ubuchule kunye noqheliselo lokuqhuba iingxoxo phakathi kwabameli bamazwe. Sisixhobo esiyintloko sokulawula ungquzulwano, ukwakhiwa kwezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Unxulumano lwale mihla luquka iziqhagamshelanisi zesithethe ze-ofisi, iingqungquthela ezininzi, kunye “iingxoxo ezimbini” ezibandakanya abadlali abangadibaniyo.

Inkxalabo kazwelonke

Urhulumente ngamnye usukela usukelo oluneenjongo zesizwe, olunomdla oluquka ukhuseleko, impumelelo yezoqoqosho, impembelelo yeengcamango, nodumo. Abaxhasi bezobunyani baphikisa ngelithi umdla wesizwe ngokuyintloko kukusinda nokuqokelela amandla, ngoxa ugxininisa ingeniso yentsebenziswano kunye nemilinganiselo eyabelana ngayo.

Inkqubo yehlabathi kunye nolawulo

Inkqubo yehlabathi lonke iphawulwa ngokubaleka kwegunya elisembindini `a imeko eyaziwa njenge [[FLT: 0] abaphathi-mikhosi. Oku akuthethi siphithiphithi, kodwa kunoko akukho rhulumente wehlabathi wokunyanzelisa imithetho. Archy ichaza isizathu sokuba amazwe kufuneka axhomekeke kuwe ngokwawo, kwi-awuni, nakwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ukuphatha imicimbi yawo.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo engundoqo

Izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo zinikela iilens eziye zasetyenziswa ngabaphengululi noogqirha ukuchaza iziganeko ezenzeka ehlabathini lonke.

Ubunyani

Ubufazi bendalo bujolise kukhuphiswano, ukungquzulwano. Iqikelela ukuba bangabathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili, ukuba bangabalinganisi abaqhutywa yi-"%2's, kwaye inkqubo elawulayo ibanyanzela ukuba bamisele ukhuseleko namandla. Utshintsho olungundoqo luquka [ ubunyani bendalo (umntu ukhokelela kwingxabano), ulawulo lwendalo [umgangatho]] (umgaqo umisela ukuziphatha), kunye [[FLT:] ne-effentificity/empempersyism yokwenene (iiimbono ekhoyo yokuba kumele ukuphumelela okanye ukuphumelela).

Ukukhululeka

I-literalism igxininisa amandla entsebenziswano noxolo. Ibalaselisa indima yamaqumrhu ehlabathi lonke, ukuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho, kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi ekunciphiseni imfazwe. Iintlobo-ntlobo ezingundoqo ziquka unikezelo oluphezulu (unikezelo olukhuthaza uxolo), ukhuthazo loluntu [[[FLT:]]] [[FLT]] oluneempumeleyo] [[FLT]] [ulcean processtion [FFFFFFF]]] [FT]] [FLT]] [irightivement Union [FFFFFFF:7]]] [iquence]

Yakha

Ulwakhiwo lwamaqumrhu luphikisa ngelithi izakhiwo zezobupolitika zezizwe ngezizwe zakhiwe ngokwentlalo kunezinto ezinikwayo. Inkcubeko kunye nezilangazelelo zamazwe zibunjwe ziingcamango ezahlukeneyo, izithethe, kunye namava embali. Umzekelo, ukuphela kweMfazwe Yomlomo kuchazwa ngabakhi bemfazwe njengotshintsho kulwazi nezithethe, hayi nje utshintsho kusasazo lwamandla. Ulwakhiwo lunceda ukucacisa isizathu sokuba kubekho izithethe ezifana noxanduva lokukhusela (R2P) okanye isizathu sokuba izixhobo zenyukliya zichaziwe ngokwahlukileyo kunezixhobo zokutshabalalisa.

Iingcinga Ezimanyumnyezi Nangaphaya Kwazo

IPfjianism, iFrimeism, Marxism, kunye nomthetho-siseko wasemva (partgasticalism) zinika ezinye iimbono. Zivavanya uqikelelo lwemeko-ntle, iNtshona Koloni yenkcaso eziphambili. Umzekelo, ithelekisa indlela i-hiearchial admist projectss iphembele ngayo imfazwe, ulawulo, kunye nokhuseleko loluntu.

Umgangatho wohlalutyo kwiiNdlela zoXoqo

Abaphengululi basebenzisa amaqondo awahlukeneyo okuhlalutya iziphumo zehlabathi. Umgangatho womntu ngamnye ubhekisa kwinkokeli kunye nezifundo zabantu. Umgangatho wezwe uhlola ezopolitiko zasekhaya, iinkqubo zezoqoqosho, kunye nenkcubeko yesizwe. Umgangatho wenkqubo uqwalasela ukusasazwa kwamandla nezakhiwo zezizwe ngezizwe. Ukuqonda okubanzi kufuna ukudityaniswa kwawo onke amaqondo amathathu. Umzekelo, ukuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kungaqwalaselwa ngobuntu bukaKais Wilhelhelm II (umntu ngamnye), inkqubo kunye nomanyano kunye nomanyano (umbutho) kunye nolungelelwano lwamandla e-millipolanethi (system).

Abamisi - mkhosi kwiArena yezizwe ngezizwe

Ngoxa amaphondo ehlala eyimbalasane yabadlali, udidi olubanzi lwabadlali abangengobahlali lunempembelelo enkulu ngoku.

Imibutho yehlabathi

Iintlangano zezee-othom ( zeZizwe ezimanyeneyo, World Trade Organization , ] iNorth Atlantic Paratian Organization [, kunye International Potary Fund[] ibonelela ii-ums zentsebenziswano, umthetho we-i-Proji, kunye nesigqibo sokuphikisana. IBhunga lokhuseleko le-UN linoxanduva elingundoqo lokugcina uxolo nokhuseleko lwezizwe ngezizwe, loxa amasebe akhethekileyo edilesi yempilo, yomsebenzi, kunye nenkculo.

IiNtlanganiso zoMgaqo-siseko (NGO)

I-AMnesty International, Oogqirha Abangenamaqumrhu, kunye ne-Greenpeace abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu, uncedo loluntu, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Baphembelela inkqubo karhulumente ngokunyusa ingqwalasela karhulumente, ngokubhenela oorhulumente, nangokuba nenxaxheba kwiinkomfa zezizwe ngezizwe. Abanye oo-NGO bathathe inyathelo elifuna ingxubusho kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, benika ukufikelela kwiingxoxo zenkqubo.

Iintlangano zamazwe ngamazwe (MNCs)

Iinkampani ezifana ne-Apple, iShell, ne-Toyota zisebenza ngaphaya kwemida kwaye zisoloko zinoqingqo-mali olukhulu kumazwe amaninzi amancinci. Ii-MNC zibumba ulwalamano lwezoqoqosho ngotyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwamanye amazwe, ngokunikezela ngemixokelelwano, nangokutsala umnxeba. Zinokuba ngamalungu omgaqo okanye athathe inxaxheba, njengoko kuboniswa kwiingxoxo ezingaphezulu kwemigangatho yemisebenzi kunye noxanduva lweziko lwentlalo.

Abantu ngabanye

Imizekelo iquka umbutho kaMahatma Gandhi ongekho sikweni wokuzimela geqe, utshintsho lukaMikhail Gorbachev olwaphelisa iMfazwe Yomlomo, nempembelelo kaGreta Thunberg kwimozulu.

Iinethwekhi Neentlanga Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Iinkqubo zobunqolobi, imibutho yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemimandla yediaspora nazo zisebenza ngaphaya kwemida. UAl̆Qaeda noISSIS babonisa indlela abadlali abangengomazwe aphezulu abanokulucel ’ umngeni ngayo ulawulo lukarhulumente. Amaqela ahlala kwamanye amazwe adla ngokuphembelela amakhaya yaye afumane oorhulumente, aphembelele inkqubo yamanye amazwe, kunye nemali echaphazelekayo echaphazela uqoqosho.

Iinkqubo ezisebenzisekayo zolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe

Iingcebiso zifumana intsingiselo xa zisetyenziswa kwiimeko zehlabathi lokwenene. Nazi iindawo ezingundoqo apho iingcamango zolwalamano lwehlabathi lonke zisetyenziswa khona.

Ingxoxo edityanisiweyo

Uhlomelo luyindlela engundoqo yokulawula ulwalamano lwamazwe. Lungafana ne-bina, njengakwi-U.S.-Chinina iintetho zorhwebo, okanye intlalo-ntle emininzi, njenge iParis Climate Adment[ ingxubusho. Impumelelo ixhomekeke ekuthelekisaneni kwamandla, ukuthemba, ubuchule bobugcisa, nobukho bolwamkelo olwahlukeneyo. IConvention eVienna kwiDplomatic Relationstion (1961) idibanisa imithetho yezokukhusela imicimbi yezentlalo-ntle neyo.

Isigqibo Esichaseneyo Nokwakhiwa Koxolo

Iingxabano zibangelwa ziingxabano zelizwe, ukhuphiswano loovimba, iingxwabangxwaba zobuhlanga okanye iingcamango ezahlukeneyo.

  • Intsingiselo:[[FLT:] Iqela lesithathu elingondilele linceda incoko. Ii-ofisi ezintle ze-UN zisetyenzisiwe kungquzulwano olusuka eYemen ukuya e-Syria.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukugcina uxolo: Imikhosi edityanisiweyo eluhlaza exhotyiswe ukuqwalasela ukupheliswa komlilo, ukukhusela abantu abangabupolitika, nokuxhasa ukutshintsha kwezobupolitika. Iinkonzo zangoku ziquka i-MITUSMA eMali ne-UNIFIL eLebhanon.
  • Iziphumo zemali:[ Isohlwayo sezoqoqosho esijoliswe kuso abantu abathile, amacandelo, okanye uqoqosho olupheleleyo ukunyanzelisa utshintsho lwendlela yokuziphatha. Isigwebo se-U.S. kwi-Iran ne-UN ingumzekelo obalaseleyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukulawulwa nokuncitshiswa kwezixhobo: Izivumelwano ezifana nesivumelwano sokwahlula iNyukliya (NPT) kunye neNgqungquthela yezixhobo zeMichiza ejolise ekunciphiseni izixhobo eziyingozi.
  • iposi à Confublict Reconstructon: Emva kokuphela kwemfazwe, uncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe, ulungelelwaniso, iNkundla yezizwe ngezizwe ye-Criminal) kunye noncedo lokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sokuphinda sibuyele kwimo.

Imeko-ntle Yehlabathi Lonke Yezobupolitika (IPE)

IPE ihlola ukudibana kwezobupolitika kunye nezoqoqosho. Imixholo engundoqo iquka izivumelwano zorhwebo (umz., USMCA, CPPP), ulawulo lwehlabathi lonke lwezoqoqosho (IF, World Bank), uncedo lophuhliso, kunye nonyuko lobuzwe bezoqoqosho. Inkqubo ye-Bood yamisela ulungelelwaniso lwezoqoqosho lwepost 76WWII, ngeli, ngelixesha iziphumo zakutshanje ezifana nokuncitshiswa kwengqungquthela nokunikezelwa kwe-19620] ivavanya ukuvumelana okukhululekileyo kwezoqoqosho.

Indima Yomthetho Wehlabathi

Umthetho wehlabathi unikela imigaqo elawula indlela yokuziphatha yelizwe.

Imithombo Yomthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

  • [[Umthetho:0] Izivumelwano ezibhaliweyo phakathi kwamazwe, njenge United Nations Tcharter okanye iiNdibano zeGeneva. Zibophelelekile kuphela kwimityikityo.
  • Umthetho othengwayo wezizwe ngezizwe: Izenzo ezithi zilandela ngokwengqiqo yembopheleleko esemthethweni, njengomgaqo wokuzikhusela kwentsebenziswano okanye ukwalela ukutshatyalaliswa kohlanga.
  • Imigaqo yoMthetho Jikelele: Iqwalaselwe kuzo zonke iinkqubo zomthetho zasekhaya, ezifana nokholo olulungileyo nolungelelwaniso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izigqibo zobuPhicotho kunye neencwadi zoQonda: ezisetyenziswe njengemithombo esezantsi ukutolika umthetho.

Iinkundla Ezingundoqo Zezizwe Ngezizwe Nezigwebo

  • Inkundla yeInternational Court of Justice (ICJ): Ilungu eliyintloko lekomiti ye-UN, ukucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe nokunika izimvo zokwalathisa.
  • Inkundla yehlabathi lonke yezaphuli-mthetho (ICC): itshutshisa abantu ngokubulawa kohlanga, ulwaphulo-mthetho olujongene noluntu, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe.
  • Isiqu sentlangano yezorhwebo sehlabathi esidanisa iSiseko: Izisombululo zempikiswano zorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu.
  • Inkundla ephambili yowiso-mthetho: inika iinkonzo zokwahlulwa kwemiba yengingqi.

Ucelomngeni LoMthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Uququzelo lwahluka-hlukene kakhulu. Amazwe anamandla angasibetha ngoyaba isigqibo selizwe lonke (umz., seICJ kuNicaragua . United States). Unyuko lwamazwe alawulayo kunye nokungabikho komthetho wengingqi kunciphisa isiseko somthetho. Noko ke, umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uhlala usisisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokudibanisa ukuziphatha kwimiba engaphandle, umthetho wolwandle, kunye nemisebenzi ye-intanethi.

Ulawulo lwehlabathi neziko

Ulawulo lwehlabathi lubhekisela kulawulo olumanyeneyo lweengxaki zamazwe ngamazwe ngokuxutywa kwamaziko asemthethweni nangacwangciswanga. Inkqubo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yeyona iphambili, kodwa eminye imibutho emininzi inikela:

  • [[UMTL:0] G7/G20: Imfumba apho ezona zoqoqosho zingundoqo zilungelelanisa inkqubo yezoqoqosho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intlangano yempilo yomhlaba wonke (WHO): iphendula kwiimeko zempilo yomhlaba wonke.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA): idibanisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko lwamandla.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ezezimali Umkhosi womsebenzi (FATF): Imisela imigangatho ephikisana ne-[imali efakwa phantsi kwe-[6].

Abadlali abangasi-ntlahlali, amaqabane kawonke-wonke, kunye neenethwekhi zabalawuli (umz., abalawuli bebhanki) bagcwalisa ngokukhulayo izithuba apho izivumelwano ezisemthethweni zingekhoyo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ulawulo lwehlabathi lonke lunengxaki yedemokhrasi, njengoko amaphondo anamandla kunye namaqumrhu angacetywanga esebenzisa impembelelo engalinganiyo.

Utyekelo Lwangoku Lubuyisela Ulwalamano Lwezizwe Ngezizwe

Ingqeqesho kufuneka isoloko ivisisanisa nezibakala ezintsha. Intsingiselo emininzi ibuyisela indlela amazwe asebenza ngayo.

Ukhuphiswano Olunamandla

Ukubuya komlo phakathi kwe-United States, iTshayina neRashiya kulawula intetho yale mihla. Iingxoxo zisuka kwiimpikiswano zemimandla kuLwandle loMzantsi Tshayina ukuya kukhuphiswano lwezobugcisa kwizixhobo ezingezobugcisa kunye neenkqubo ze-5G. Imfazwe yase-Ukraine ivuselele i-NATO kwaye ibhenca imida yomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe nxamnye namandla enyukliya.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Neengxaki Zako

Ngoxa ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuye kwasusa izigidi kubuhlwempu kwaye kwakhuthaza ukutshintshisana ngokwesithethe, kwakhona kuye kwanyusa ukungalingani, ukushenxiswa kwemisebenzi, kunye nokunqongophala kwenkcubeko. Ukwanda kwemibutho yepopulist, iBreexit, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo yokhuseleko ibonisa ukurhoxa ekunyuseni okugqithisileyo kwe-global. I-COVID .[3]

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nonqabiseko Lokusingqongileyo

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu sisisongelo samazwe ngamazwe. Ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, imozulu embi, kunye nokuswela kwezithuthi zobuncwane, imfazwe, kunye neemeko zobuntu. I- Isivumelwano seParis (2015] imela ukuzimisela komhlaba wonke ukulinganisela ukufudumala, kodwa ukuzalisekisa isantya. Imibandela enxulumene nokulahleka kwendalo, ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi, kunye nokwanda kolwandlekazi.

Ukhuseleko noLawulo lwamanani

Ukuhlasela okuneenkxalabo ezigxekayo, ukungenelela konyulo, kunye nentelekelelo yesikhululo ziye zaphakamisa ukungazithembi kwe-intanethi kuxakeko oluphezulu. Amazwe aphuhlisa izithethe namandla emfazwe ye-intanethi, lo gama iingxoxo mayelana nokulawula i-intanethi ye-intanethi (umz., i-ICANNN) kunye nogcino-lwazi lwengingqi lubonisa ukungavumelani phakathi kokuvula izithuba kunye nolawulo. IQela le-UN leeNgcuba zoRhulumente [ licelele imigaqo yokuzithandela yemeko yezokuziphatha ye-intanethi ye-ISCMGenearter.

Ukufuduka Nokhuseleko Lomntu

Izigidi zabantu zinqumla imida nyaka ngamnye ukwenzela amathuba ezoqoqosho, ukuphinda zidibane kwentsapho, okanye zisabe ugonyamelo nentshutshiso. I-2018 Ingqungquthela ye-Global ye-Movex ifuna ukuphucula intsebenziswano, kodwa ukufuduka kuhlala kucalucalula ngokwezobupolitika. Ukhuseleko lomntu lunyusa inkxalabo ukusuka kukhuseleko lukarhulumente ukuya kukhuseleko nesidima sabantu, ukugquma imicimbi enjenge-intelligeri, iindys, kunye nokunqabiseka kokutya.

Umahluko wobugcisa

Inkqubela kubuchule bokuzenzela, ibhayoloji, ukuhlola isibhakabhaka, kunye nobukhulu bomqukumbelo zidala amathuba amatsha kunye nomngcipheko. Ugqatso lolawulo lwe-Al luneziphumo ezicwangcisiweyo, ngoxa kunyuswa ukuhlelwa kwemizila yemfuza yemfuno efuna imilinganiselo yomhlaba wonke. Isithuba esingaphandle, esikhe saba yindawo yokhuphiswano lwamagunya amakhulu, ngoku sixineneyo kwiinkampani zabucala nakumaqumrhu amancinane asemkhathini, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho inkxalabo ngokwenziwa kwezixhobo kunye nenkunkuma esemajukujukwini.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano lwehlabathi lungumsebenzi onamandla nobalulekileyo wokuqonda impembelelo esisiseko sengqiqo yolawulo namandla. Ukusuka kwiingcamango ezisisiseko zolawulo namandla ukuya kwiingxoxo ezisikekayo zokungakhutshelwa kwemeko-bume nezotshintsho lwemozulu, isohlwayo sinika izixhobo zokuvavanya zombini iipateni ezizingisileyo kunye neenguqulelo ezikhawulezileyo. Abafundi, abenzi bemithetho, kunye nabemi abaququzelelweyo abanolwazi olusisiseko baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuququzelela iimeko zezobupolitika zomhlaba wonke, banegalelo kuxolelwano loxolo, kwaye baxhasa ulungelelwano olunobulungisa noluzinzileyo lwezizwe ngenkulungwane yama-21. Njengoko ucelomngeni lwe-20% lusanda ukhuphikelelo olukhulu lwemilo olulungiselelwe ukuhlasela ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe luza kukhula ngokusebenza.