Indlu yowiso-mthetho yenza indima ephambili nebalulekileyo ekulungiseni indlela abantu abasabela ngayo ekungabini namakhaya nakunqongophala kwezindlu ezifikelelekayo. Njengoko isebe likarhulumente elijongene nokuyila imithetho, ukucwangcisa, nokulawula ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo, abenzi bomthetho baphembelela ngqo ukufumaneka, ukubonelela, nobunjani bezindlu kulo lonke ilizwe. Izigqibo zabo zimisela umgangatho weenkqubo zoncedo lokuqeshwa, isikali sogcino-zindlu zikawonke wonke, ukhuseleko lweziko lwemali, kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo ukwenzela ingqweqwebo nemisebenzi exhasayo. Kodwa, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yowiso-mthetho akufane kudibane zifuneke.

Ukuqonda Indima Yomthetho Ekuhlaleni Nasekungabini Namakhaya

Isebe lemithetho lisebenza kumanqanaba amaninzi — icandelo lolawulo, iphondo, kunye nelokuhlala.

Ngaphezu kwenkxaso-mali kunye nemithetho, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho ziqhuba ulawulo lwamasebe alawulayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo ziphunyezwe ngokunempumelelo. Iindlebe, iingxelo, kunye nophengululo zingabhenca ii-infesticiencies, inkunkuma, okanye ukungafezeki okucacileyo ekunikezelweni komsebenzi okanye kwimveliso yezindlu. Imithetho ikwanamandla okugunyazisa uhlolo, ukwenza amajoni omsebenzi, kunye nokudala iziqumrhu zonikezelo ukuze kulungelelane iimpendulo zomnqamlezo. Ngokufutshane, indima yemithetho yowiso-mthetho ayiphelelanga kwimithetho yokubhala, ukuphendula, ukuphendula, kunye nobuchule obude bexesha elide.

Izixhobo Eziphambili Ekungafunwayo Kwale Mimiselo

Abenzi bomthetho banesixhobo senkqubo sokulungisa ukungabi namakhaya nokufumaneka kwezindlu. Ezi ziquka ukuxhaswa kwemali ngokuthe ngqo, izikhuthazo zerhafu, utshintsho lolawulo, kunye nokhuseleko olufuna imigaqo-nkqubo. Isixhobo ngasinye sinentengiso ngokwexabiso, ukusetyenziswa kwezobupolitika, kunye nokusebenza.

Uqikelelo oluthe ngqo oluNgqongo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yendlu yowiso-mthetho ephembelela iziphumo zezindlu kukunikezelwa koqingqo-mali. Uqingqo-mali lonyaka lucwangcisa isixa semali esikhoyo ukwenzela abaxhasi abaqeshi, iindawo zokufihla intloko, iinkonzo zokuhlala, iinkqubo ezikhawulezayo, kunye neenkonzo zokuxhasa. Umzekelo, iziphumo zenkqubo zephondo zonyaka wesi-mali zimisela ukuba inkqubo yeCandelo lesi-8 sesi-Scrix ingakwazi kunceda iintsapho ezongezelelekileyo okanye inyanzeleke ukuba zigcine uluhlu lokulinda. Izindlu-mthetho-mthetho zingafaka inkxaso yemali ngemali karhulumente enikezelwe, njengemali ephumayo e-R35 amawaka ezigidi ngonyaka ekwimpendulo yokungabina ndawo, i-Rhulumente kunye noKrente (HP). Iindlu zoluntu ziyakwazi ukunikezela ngemali jikelele kwimali yokuqeshala okanye ukurhoxisa iingqondo zempilo zonyango lwengqondo.

Abanyanzeli Berhafu Nabagwebi

Inkqubo yerhafu inamandla kodwa ingangqalanga. Ityala lerhafu elifumana imali ephantsi kwizindlu zobuqu (LIHTC) yeyona ndawo ikhulu ye-oyile yorhulumente ukwenzela ukuphuhliswa kwezindlu zokuqesha ezinokufikeleleka, ivelisa malunga ne-100 000 yeeyunithi ngonyaka. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zingazenzela eyazo ityala lerhafu . Ngokunjalo, njengemali-mali yerhafu yephondo i-LIHTC eyongezelelekileyo. Ukutsala inkcitho yemali yemali yemali yemali yeprojekthi yeprojekthi.

Ukukhangela Nokusebenzisa Utshintsho

Enye yezona ndawo zilwayo zomthetho kukulungisa. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zobulali zilawula indlela umhlaba onokusetyenziswa ngayo, kuquka imida yoxinaniso, ubungakanani obuncinci bobukhulu belo zwi, ukwakhiwa komphakamo, kunye neemfuno zokumisa. Iinguquko ezifana nokuvumela unikezelo lweyunithi zokuhlala (ADU) ngokunyukela ngasekunene kufutshane neepasejini zokuhambisa, okanye ukususa iintsapho enye kuphela zinganyusa unikezelo lwezindlu. Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka ukupheliswa kwemoregority yemon yeentsapho enye neSB yeKhalifoni nemikhosi yeKhalifoni evumela ukuba kungenelwe i-transportsss kummandla ongaphambili owenye. Izinguquko ezinjalo zijongenenkcathulo olunamandla kubemi abahlala kunye nempahla.

Imithetho Yokhuseleko Eqhelekileyo

Amagosa asemthethweni angamisela imithetho ekhusela abaqeshi ekushenxisisweni, kucalucalulo, nakwimeko ezingakhuselekanga. Imizekelo iquka ukuqesha okanye ukuqesha imithetho yokulawula, nje iziphumo zokugxotha imvelaphi, ukuvalwa kocalulo lwengeniso, nelungelo lokunika icebiso elingokwasemthethweni kwimicimbi yokugxotha. Le mithetho inceda ekuthinteleni ukungabi nakhaya ngokuqinisa iingwevu nokunika abaqeshi beendawo ithuba lokuzimela ngokuchasene nabaninizo.

Umlinganiselo Wale Ngxaki: Isizathu Sokuba Inyathelo Lomthetho Lingxamiseke

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka komthetho, kuyanceda ukuqonda umlinganiselo wengxaki. NgokweSebe leNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMimandla neNguquko yase-Urban elikwi-2023 le-2023 leNkcubeko Engenamakhaya (AHAR), ngobusuku obunye ngoJanuwari 2023, abantu abangaphezu kwama-653 000 baye bafumana ingxubevange yokungabi namakhaya kulo lonke elaseUnited States(a) ukuphakama ukususela oko kwaqala ngo-2007. Ama-60 ekhulwini ayekwizikhundla zongxamiseko okanye izindlu ezitshintshileyo, kodwa ama-40 ekhulwini ayengahlali, ehleli ezitratweni, kwiinqwelo-mafutha, okanye ezinkanti. Ingxaki ingakumbi kubantu abanombala, nabaNsundu abamele i-12 ekhulwini labo bangenamakhaya.

Kwindawo ehlawulwayo, iNational Intove Home Home Coalition ka-National “Ingxelo yokungafikeleli” yafumanisa ukuba ngonyaka wama-2023 umqeshwa ofumana umvuzo omncinane karhulumente we-$7.25 ngeyure ibiya kufuneka asebenze iiyure ezingama-7 ngeveki ukuhlawula igumbi lokuhlala elinye elifanelekileyo kwirentengiso elungileyo. Ukunqongophala okukhulu kweeyunithi zokuqesha ezinokufumaneka ngokugqithisileyo emakhayeni angenayo, qhamgaga kwimilitha elizizigidi ezisixhenxe zemali eefantini, nto leyo ethetha ukuba izigidi zeentsapho zichitha ngaphezu kwesiqingatha semali yazo kwindlu yazo, zishiye ingxolo encinane kakhulu ekungabini kwekhaya lokuhlala.

La manani agxininisa isizathu sokuba ungenelelo lowiso-mthetho lungelulo ukhetho. Ngaphandle kolawulo oluqinileyo, utshintsho olusemthethweni, kunye nemithetho ekhuselayo, abantu abangenamakhaya kunye neengxaki ezinokufumaneka baya kuqhubeka besiba mandundu, ingakumbi xa kungenamvuzo kwaye kunyuka ixabiso lezixhobo zokwakha kunye nomhlaba.

Iingxaki Nempembelelo Yeepolitiki

Imimiselo ijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo ekudluliseni umthetho wezindlu osebenzayo. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kukuchaswa kwezobupolitika. Inkcaso idla ngokuvela kumninimzi okanye kumaqela asekuhlaleni awoyika ukuba izindlu ezintsha ezinokuhlawuleka okanye iindawo zokufihla izilwanyana ziya kunciphisa amaxabiso ezinto, zandise ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye zitshintshe ubuntu basekuhlaleni. Le “NIMBY” (Ingeyomva wam) imvakalelo inokuyeka okanye ibulale kwaneendleko ezifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, iingcebiso ezininzi zokuhlala kwiindawo ezihlala ezithe phithi zijamelene nenkcaso ekrakraza ekrakra, ezifuna iminyaka emininzi ye-advocantssss' nokunikezela kweenguqulo.

Imilinganiselo ethintelwayo yoqingqo-mali yenye into engapheliyo. Izindlu zibiza imali eninzi, kwaye iimali zokuxhasa uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, iimali zokwakha, kunye neenkonzo kufuneka zikhuphisane nemfundo, ezonyango, ezothutho, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Kumgangatho wengingqi, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo kusoloko kumisela imiqathango yezindlu. Kurhulumente nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, iimfuno zoqingqo-mali ezilungelelanisiweyo zithetha ukuba utyalo-mali olutsha kufuneka lungahlawuliswa ngokuhlawulwa kweminye indawo okanye ngolwando lwerhafu, nto leyo engathandwayo kwezobupolitika.

Iimeko zezoqoqosho zikwawenza mazibuthe imigudu yowiso-mthetho. Iindleko zolwakhiwo olunyukayo, ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi, kunye nenzala ephezulu kwenza kube nexabiso eliphezulu ukwakha izindlu ezinokufikeleleka, okuthetha ukuba imali eqingqiweyo yedola ithengela amaqela ambalwa. Ukukhutshwa kwemali esebenzayo yokusebenza kwimibutho ekhuselekileyo kunye nabanikezeli benkonzo. Imithetho kufuneka ikhangele phambili kwezi meko zisebenzayo ize yakhe ubheduso kwiindlela zemali kunye neenkqubo zayo.

Ekugqibeleni, kunzima ukulinganisela iziphumo. Ukungabi namakhaya kubangelwa ziimeko ezininzi ezithelekisanayo ngezantsi, imiba yempilo yengqondo, izidubedube zokusebenzisa iziyobisi, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, ubuhlwempu, nobuhlanga benkqubo. Imithetho isenokudlula amatyala kodwa izabalazela ukuvavanya iziphumo zokufumana iziphumo kuba kuthatha iminyaka, i-data iyatshintsha xa kuthelekiswa nemithetho, kwaye intlupheko eguquguqukayo ixhaphakile. Oku kunokwenza kube nzima ukugcina inkxaso yezobupolitika kwiinkqubo zexesha elide njengoko imijikelo yonyulo inyusa uxinzelelo lwemali olukhawulezileyo.

Imizekelo yempumelelo engomthetho

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, imimandla emininzi iye yafikelela inkqubela enenjongo ngokusungulwa kwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ukuhlolisisa la matyala kunganika abanye abenzi bomthetho imaphu yendlela.

Izindlu Ezihlala Abantu BaseKhalifoniya Nemvume Evunyiweyo EKhalifoniya

IKhalifoniya imisele uthotho lwemithetho yokukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwezindlu ezinokufikeleleka. Iinkqubo ze-SB 423 zokufakwa kwezindlu zeli lizwe zifuna inkqubela entsha yenkqubela-phambili yezorhwebo ukuquka ipesenti yeeyunithi ezinokufikeleleka kwizindlu eziphantsi okanye ezifanelekileyo, ngokufuthi zitshintshiselana ngeebhonasi ezixineneyo okanye ezinye iimvume. Ngaphezu koko, umthetho wakutshanje ofana ne-SB 35 (2017) kunye ne-S22023) ikhupha imida yenkqubo yokuvunywa kwemisebenzi yemisebenzi ehlangabezana nemiqobo ethile yezindlu ezinokufikeleleka kakuhle ezikhoyo kwimimandla engadibaniselwanga imfuno yengi yommandla wayo efunangabo (RHNA). Le mithetho idlula eminye imiqobo kunye nemiqobo yemeko-engahlazi, inciphisa kakhulu ixesha nexabiso lenkqubela. Phakathi konyaka ka-B2018, kunye no-2023, evunyiweyo kwimiqatha ye-20, ngaphantsi kwe-SBB-20.

Ukuzinza Okuqinileyo Nokhuseleko Oluyintengo EOregon

Ngo-2019, i-Oregon yaba ngurhulumente wokuqala ukumisela ulawulo lwerente ebanzi, ifaka unyuko lwerente yonyaka kwi 7 ekhulwini kunye nozaliso (ngobuninzi be-9 pesenti) kunye nokuseka iimfuno zokugxotha kuphela. Umthetho waba yimpendulo kwirente ezinyuka ngokukhawuleza ezazingabeki imibutho ephantsi kwizixeko ezifana nePortland neBend. Ngeli xesha kusekusekuseni, uphando lokuqala lucebisa ukuba umthetho uqeqeshiwe ude unyuso kwaye uhlise ukurhoxaxa ngaphandle kweziphumo ezithiyo ezithiyekileyo kulwanolwakhiwo olutsha. U-Oregon wakwa wadlulisela umthetho olungileyo wezwe lonke owenzelwe ukuvalwa kwemvelaphi-engeniso, onceda abanindileyo abangeni-ontathengi bendlu.

Iinkonzo Zokuqala Zezindlu Nezokuxhasa ISalt Lake County

Amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho asekuhlaleni angaqhubela phambili ulwakhiwo. IBhunga leSalt Lake County, lisebenzisana nendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente, latshintshwa inkxaso-mali kwizindlu zohlobo lokuqala ezimisela izindlu ezisisigxina ngaphandle kwemigaqo yokunganxibi okanye umsebenzi. Ilizwe lanikela izigidi zabantu ukwakha iziko elitsha logcino-mali lokungabina ndlu kunye neenkonzo zolawulo ezikhulayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukungabi namakhaya okungapheliyo kwiphondo elihla ngama-90 ekhulwini ukususela ngo-20059 ukuya kutsho ngo-2015, nangona ukususela oko kuye kwahla ngenxa yokwanda kwentswelo kunye nokuxhaswa kwemali. Umzekelo ubonisa ukuba ukugcinwa kwezindlu ezixhasayo kunokubangela ukuncitshiswa okuphawulekayo kokungabi namakhaya okuziindawo ezixhasayo.

Ilungelo LaseNew York Lokululekwa

Ngo-2017, iBhunga lesiXeko saseNew York lakhupha umthetho oqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwemvume esemthethweni ekhululekileyo kwabahlali abahlawulwayo abajongene nokugxothwa. Oku “Umthetho ongowokuqala kwiSiluleko” yayingowohlobo lwawo oluphakathi kwesizwe. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abaqeshi abanamagqwetha basengozini enkulu yokuphepha ukugxothwa nokuhlala. Inkqubo yafak ’ isandla ekuncipheni okuphawulekayo kwiirekhoda kunye namagama okungenamakhaya, ebonisa ukuba ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lungabiza imali efunekayo ekuthinteleni. Ezinye izixeko, kuquka iSan Francisco nePhiladelphia, iye yamisela imithetho efanayo.

Icala lexesha elizayo lokuthatha inyathelo lomthetho

Ukuhambela phambili, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho kufuneka zamkele iindlela ezibanzi, ezineminyaka emininzi ezithetha ngeemfuno ezikhawulezileyo nezizathu ezisisiseko. Ukufumaneka kwezindlu nokungabi namakhaya akunakusombululwa ngayo nayiphi na imali; zifuna utyalo oluxhasiweyo kunye nomgangatho othe tyaba wotshintsho.

Ukulungelelanisa Uncedo Lwengqondo

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuphelisa ukungabi namakhaya kweentsapho nabantu ngabanye kukuqinisekisa ukuba banezinto zokuthenga izindlu. Amaqumrhu asemthethweni kufuneka andise iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa kwaye enze uncedo lokuqesha jikelele kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi kakhulu. Oku kuya kufuna ulwando olubalulekileyo ekuxhaseni ngemali (ngokomzekelo, iBhunga leLicandelo lesibhozo linokwenza ugunyaziso, njengoko abanye abacetyiweyo bomthetho. Urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangenza iinkqubo zokuqesha iinkonzo zoncedo ezithe zasetyenziswa kwimithwalo yabo ethile yexabiso.

Ukufumaneka Kwezindlu Ekwandileyo Ngaphaya Kwendlela Engaqhelekanga

Utshintsho, ukuvumela inkqubela-phambili, kunye nenkxaso-mali ejoliswe kwintsebenziswano zingakhawulezisa ukuveliswa kwamakhaya amatsha. Umsebenzi omninzi wakutshanje wemithetho-wiso-mthetho ujolise ekunciphiseni imiqobo ekuphuhlisweni: ukuphelisa iimfuno ezincinci zokumisa iintsapho ezininzi, ukuvumela izindlu ezininzi ezikummandla omnye, kunye nokusebenzisa imvume elungileyo kwimisebenzi efikelelekayo. Imigudu eqhubekayo yokudlulisela utshintsho olunjalo kumgangatho wesizwe inokuzikhusela izithintelo zasekuhlaleni. Ngaphezu koko, iintlawulo-mthetho-mthetho kufuneka zandise ukuxhasa kwemali yemali exhobisayo (njengeNational Homes Trust Trust Fund) kunye nokulondoloza iiyunithi ezikhoyo ezinokufumaneka ngemilinganiselo yokulwa kwe-div.

Ukufuduka kwezindlu ezineeNkonzo zempilo nezentlalo

Ukungabi namakhaya kusoloko kunxulunyaniswa nokugula ngengqondo, ukusebenzisa izigulo, kunye neemeko zempilo. Umthetho oxhasa imodeli yezindlu yokuqala ngeenkonzo ezijikelezayo.

Uqokelelo logcino-lwazi kunye nokuphendula

Abenzi bomthetho kufuneka bafune ukuqokelelwa kolwazi olunamandla kunye nokunikelwa kwengxelo ngemiba yokungabi namakhaya, ukuveliswa kwezindlu, iziphumo zenkqubo, kunye namanani abantu abaza kufumana inkxaso-mali. Ugcino-lwazi olucacileyo lunceda ukuchaza ukuveliswa kwemali ngokunempumelelo nokugcinwa kwamaqumrhu eetha-mali. UMthetho ofana noMthetho omalunga nogcino-lwazi olungenamakhaya (omiselwe kumgangatho wesizwe) kunye nomgangatho wemiyalelo yoluhlu lwabantu abangenamakhaya, iziphumo zenkqubo, iziphumo zodweliso kunye nokujoliswe koovimba.

Ukuthetha Ngezizathu Eziyintloko: Ithuba Lokufumana Imali Nokuthintela Imali

Ukukhusela ukungabi namakhaya kusebenza kakhulu kunentlawulo yayo. Imithetho ingafak ’ isandla kwiinkqubo zokukhusela ukugxothwa, uncedo lwengqesho yongxamiseko, ukuphuhliswa kwemisebenzi, kunye nengeniso exhasa ukukhongozela irhafu yabantwana okanye abaqhubi benqwelo-moya abafumana ingeniso esisiseko. Banganyusa intlawulo encinane, baqinise i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba bayakwazi ukufikelela kwi-ofisi yempilo efikelelekayo qhathayo.

Isiphelo

Indima yendlu yowiso-mthetho ekusingatheni ukungabi namakhaya nezindlu ezinokufikeleleka inamandla kwaye intsonkothile. Ngenkxaso, imiqathango, inkqubo yerhafu, kunye nolawulo lwaseNew York City, abamisi-mthetho bangakhawuleza okanye baqinise imo yemeko. Le ngxaki ifuna inkqubela-phambili okanye izenze zime zime ziqine. /athritimes, hayi ukudibaniselana ngesantya esiphezulu. Nangona imiqobo yezopolitiko inguko ngokwenene, imizekelo eKhalifonini, i-Oregon, iSalt Lake County, kunye neZixeko laseNew York iziXhowe zibonisa ukuba umthetho okrelekrele ungayinciphisa ukungabi namakhaya, ukunikezelwa kwezindlu, nokukhuselwa kwezindlu. Indlela engaphambili ifuna ukudityaniswa kwemiqatha nemimandla esekelwe kwimiqatha, kunye neyadiyo esekelwe kwimiqatha kwimiqatha yemiqatha.

Eli nqaku laveliswa ngenjongo zolwazi. Kwinkcukacha ezithe kratya zokufumaneka kwezindlu nokungabinamakhaya, jongana noovimba abasuka kwi U.S. Isebe le Home kunye noPhuhliso lwe Urban (HUD), i-[FLT] i-ISFOLT Coomition Coation [[FLT:]], ne-[FLT]