Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni eUnited States luchaza amava olawulo lwemini ukuya kweyomhla. Ngoxa la manqanaba mabini karhulumente esoloko esebenza kunye, esebenza phantsi kwegunya elohlukeneyo. Oorhulumente banamandla olawulo angokwemvelo asuka kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nabantu, ngoxa oorhulumente bengingqi — imimandla, izixeko, iidolophu, kunye nezithilitha ezikhethekileyo — zisebenzisa kuphela lawo mandla anikwe wona ngurhulumente. Lo mahluko asiyonto yobuchule; ngumgangatho osisiseko wendlela imithetho ebekwe ngayo, irhafunqununu ilawulwa ngayo, izikolo ziyalawulwa, kwaye kulawulwa ubulungisa. Abafundi bezezomthetho-orhulumente basekuhlaleni befuna ukucacisa inkqubo yesizwe, ukuqonda okunokuko okunokuthethwa ngurhulumente basekuhlaleni abangenakukwazi ukuphatha indlela esetyenziswa ngayo igunya eUnited States.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sikaRhulumente kunye namandla oLonke

UMthetho-siseko weSihlalo weSihlalo weSine weSizwe eUnited States ogcinelwe amazwe onke, ngokwahlukileyo, onke amagunya angagunyaziswanga ngurhulumente okanye angagunyaziswanga kumazwe. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa ngokuba yi-constance, unika igunya lamapolisa elibanzi — igunya lokumisela impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, oorhulumente bendawo, zizidalwa zelizwe labo. Abazimelelimeleli gunya lomgaqo-siseko kwiisiseko sorhulumente ezininzi. Endaweni yoko, bafumana igunya labo ngemithetho-siseko yorhulumente, imithetho-mthetho-wonke, okanye imithetho yamakhaya enikwe yimithetho enikwe yimithetho-mthetho yorhulumente. Lo mahluko-mthetho-siseko uthetha ukuba oorhulumente bangenza ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente umthetho okanye urhulumente urhulumente ulwele ngokungqalileyo.

Oko Oorhulumente Banokukwenza Oorhulumente Bendawo Abangenakukwenza

Oorhulumente baphethe iqela elibanzi lamagunya akhethekileyo oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abangenakuwasebenzisa. La mandla asuka ekumiseleni imilinganiselo yomthetho ebanzi ukuya ekulawuleni iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zemali nokubandakanyeka kwamanye amazwe. Ukuqonda la magunya azimeleyo kubonisa isizathu sokuba oorhulumente belizwe beyona njini ephambili yenkqubo karhulumente kwinkqubo yorhulumente waseMerika.

Igunya loMthetho jikelele

Owona mbuso usisiseko ophethwe ngurhulumente ligunya lomthetho elibanzi phantse kuwo nawuphi na umbandela onganqunyulwanga ngumthetho worhulumente. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zingamisela yonke imithetho esukela kwimigaqo yemekobume ukuya kwiimfuno zomtshato, kwaye ukusuka ekukhuseleni abathengi ukuya ekukhuseleni impilo. Oorhulumente bendawo, kwanabo banamagunya alawula ikhaya, basebenza phantsi komthunzi wolawulo lwaseburhulumenteni — imfundiso esemthethweni evumela umthetho ukuba ulawule imithetho yasekuhlaleni xa ingquzukiswana emibini. Oku kuthetha ukuba isixeko asinakuyila ngokwaso imithetho yokulawula imipu yemipu ukuba irhulumente ibeke loo ndawo ilawula, okanye i-lo lizwe likwazi ukubeka umvuzo walo ukuba umthetho umisela isicwangciso somthetho. Imfundiso esemthethweni evumela umthetho wasekuhlaleni ingumzekelo wokuziphatha ngendlela ecacileyo oko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanako ukukwazi ukukwenza.

Umgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-nkqubo weNtlalo-ntle

Ngoxa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni beyihlawula irhafu yempahla, kwezinye iindawo, iirhafu zentengiso, oorhulumente balawula ezona zixhobo zinamandla zokuhlawula imali kwinkqubo yoorhulumente. Amazwe anganyanzela ukuba kufakwe irhafu yengeniso yobuqu neyeenkampani, emela eyona ngeniso ininzi karhulumente kumaphondo amaninzi. Kwakhona bayalawula ilungiselelo lerhafu yerhafu yezorhwebo karhulumente, kuquka iimfuno neenkonzo ezikhutshiweyo ezithintelweyo. Ukongeza, oorhulumente banegunya lokukhupha imbopheleleko ebanzi exhaswa lukholo kunye netyala lorhulumente, kanti oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni bajongenemiqatha yemiqathango yezomGaqo-siseko okanye yemali elawulayo. Le misebenzi iphakamileyo ivumela ukuba kuxhaswe iinkqubo zemfundo ezisekelwe kwimfundo, ukunyamekela impilo (kuquka neMidid), kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha ezingekho ndlela zorhulumente zorhulumente basekuhlaleni ezinokuxhasa kulo rhulumente.

Imigangatho yemfundo kunye neNgxowa-mali

Imfundo kawonke-wonke eUnited States yimbopheleleko karhulumente, hayi eyorhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye umisela imilinganiselo yofundo, uvavanyo lwabafundi, isiqinisekiso sokufundisa, kunye nokuphendula ityala kwesikolo. Ngoxa iibhodi zesikolo zobulali zilawula imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla kunye nenkqubo yesithili, zenza oko kwisiseko esisemthethweni esimiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ilizwe limisela inani elincinane leentsuku zokufundisa, iimfuno zesikolo esiphakeme, kunye novavanyo olusemgangathweni. Ngaphezu koko, la mazwe anomthwalo oyintloko wokusasaza inkxaso yemfundo kwimimandla etyebileyo nakumgangatho ophantsi. Xa iinkundla zezomthetho zifumana iinkqubo zemfundo ezingaxhaswangaxhaswangaxhaswangagunya-mali, ngurhulumente — hayi urhulumente wasekuhlaleni — ukuba kufakwe uvavanyo kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo entsha. Ngaphezu koko, la magunya anegunya elikhulu ekubonelweni kwemfundo esiseko semfundo kwimimandla yasekuhlaleni awana ke oko.

Okusesikweni Nezigwebo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Amandla okuchaza ulwaphulo-mthetho nokunika urhulumente isohlwayo. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zimisela imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho esetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izigwebo nezixeko ezingaphakathi kweli lizwe. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokuyidlulisa imithetho edala amatyala amancinane, kodwa le nto ayinakungqubana nomthetho karhulumente kwaye iphumele kwisohlwayo sabemi kunokuba ibe ziingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Oorhulumente bakwalawula inkqubo yentolongo, ngoxa oorhulumente besebenzisa iinkqubo zentolongo ngokuyintloko ngenxa yokuvalelwa kwetyala kunye nezigwebo ezifutshane. Igunya lokumisela imigaqo yokugweba, ukuchaza iiparrente, ukumisela iinkqubo ze-parleorlians, nokulawula imigaqo yomthetho kwiingxelo zelizwe lonke. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona amaziko amapolisa eso sixeko enyanze umthetho, oko kuqule oko kusenziwa ngumthetho — ukuhlasela, ukuphanga, okanye ukubulala okumiselwe kwemeko.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uwamkela ngokucacileyo amazwana azimeleyo anokukwazi ukungena kwizivumelwano kunye. ICandelo I, ICandelo 10 livumela ukuba amazwe angene kwiisivumelwano ezingaphakathi kunye nemvume yeBhunga. La macandelo aye asetyenziswa ukuphatha ubuncwane obufana namanzi kwithafa loMlambo iColorado, ulungelelanisa izibonelelo zokuhamba zinqumla imigca karhulumente, kwaye umisela amagunya ezoqoqosho esizwe. Urhulumente wommandla akanawo ukuma komgaqo-siseko okungena kwizivumelwano ezibophelela okanye intsebenziswano kunye namalungu akwamanye amazwe. Ngoxa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abakwemidabini ehlukeneyo benokusebenzisana ngokucwangco, urhulumente basebenzisana izivumelwano ezicwangciia amandla okuthwala amandla omthetho kunqumla imidanga yezwe. Eli gunya lokumela urhulumente kwimicimbi yezongalo-ontlangameli-omgalelo yezo zesizwe, nokubophaka izivumelwano zezivumelwano zesizwe.

Inyathelo Eliphambili Lezoburhulumente Nezibonelelo

Kumaphondo amaninzi, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ungayimisela ngokungqalileyo kwaye amisele imithetho ngenkqubo yokuyiqalisa okanye ayisekeli okanye ayiyichasi imithetho edluliselwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ezi nkqubo zilawulwa ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente kwaye zinokuba nesiphumo semithetho ebophelelayo esebenza kulo lonke elo lizwe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, inyathelo lesixeko, linokuba nenkqubo ye-edendenteum, kodwa le ilinganiselwe kumgangatho wezwe kwaye ayinakuwuguqula umthetho karhulumente. Ummi onikwe inyathelo lokuqala e-Oregodregon ukubhalisa umyayini, umzekelo, ukutshintshwa komthetho wesizwe kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni ezama ukuyithintela.

Ulawulo lwengozi nempilo kawonke-wonke

Xa intlekele yendalo, ukuqhambuka kwezifo, okanye ezinye iingozi zempilo kawonke-wonke zisongela urhulumente, irhuluneli iphethe amagunya atshabalalisayo phantsi kwemimiselo yolawulo lukarhulumente. La mandla aquka igunya lokuvakalisa ulawulo longxamiseko, ukufuduka, ukuvalela amashishini kunye nezikolo, ukuyalela ipropati ezizimeleyo ukuze zisetyenziswe nguwonke wonke, kwaye ihlomelo lesizwe. Ngoxa amagosa asekuhlaleni ekwazi ukuvakalisa ungxamiseko lwengingqi, enza oko phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente kwaye afuna ukuvunyelwa kwegunya elithile ngezenzo ezithile. Ngexesha lomkhosi we-COVID-19, amandla okunyanzela amashishini, ukuvalwa kwemiqatha kwemiqatha, kwaye imiqathango yokuhamba igcinwe ngurhulumente. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uyakwazi ukuvakalisa imiyalelo okanye ukucela imiyalelo engqongqo engakumbi ukuba urhulumenteni ukuvumela ukuba urhulumente ugunya elilawula.

Ukubuyiselwa korhwebo neLicenfice

Oorhulumente banegunya lokulawula ezorhwebo kwimida yabo, kuquka ukubekwa kwemiqathango kweingcali kunye namashishini. Oorhulumente, oogqirha, oonongikazi, abasebenzi bezamasipala, kunye nezinye iincutshe ezininzi kufuneka bagunyaziswe ngeebhodi zikarhulumente ezimisela imfundo, uvavanyo, kunye neemfuno zemigaqo yokuziphatha. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano ziqashelwe irejistamente ngokubanzi kwaye, ngezivumelwano zombutho, ngokufuthi kwii-ododa yephondo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, oorhulumente bayakwazi ukunyanzelisa iimfuno zeshishini ezilawula imimandla ephantsi kwegunya labo, kodwa abanakugunyaziswa okanye bamisele iziqinisekiso zokusebenza. Inkampani isenokufuna zombini imvume (ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni) kunye nemvume yezoshishino zoshishino zasekuhlaleni (ukusebenza), kodwa umgangatho osezantsi wephondo.

Imida Yamandla KaRhulumente: Oko Amazwe Angenakukwenza

Ngoxa oorhulumente besebenzisa amagunya amakhulu, abangowona mGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. abawuthinteli ukuba bangene kwizivumelwano, bavelise imali, baphazamise izivumelwano, okanye badlulise imithetho ye-presesteo. UMthetho wokuHlanzekiswa kwe-144th ufuna ukuba kunikelwe inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Umthetho weququzelela ukhupha umthetho wesizwe kwimimandla efana nokungena kwabantu, izinto zobulumko, kunye nezorhwebo. Umthetho wesizwe ubeka imida elungeleleneyo — imiqathango yoqingqo-mali, imiqathango enxulumene namatyala, kunye nemigaqo yokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye edla ngokugqitha kuMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko worhulumente olawula amandla amakhulu kwaye ubalase isizathu sokuba oorhulumente belizwe, nangona benolwazi olunentsingiselo kwimibandela echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ebomini boluntu.

Apho Oorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Bazimisela Khona

Phezu kwako nje ukubonelela ngenzuzo ebalulekileyo enikwa ngurhulumente, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa igunya elichaphazelekayo kwimicimbi yoluntu. Amandla orhulumente basekuhlaleni anokuwasebenzisa — rhoqo ngaphakathi kwemvume kunye nenkqubo emiselwe ngurhulumente — aquka ukusebenzisa umhlaba, ukunyanzelisa umthetho wengingqi, iinkonzo zikamasipala, inkqubela-ntle yoluntu, kunye nezokuzonwabisa. La magunya asetyenziswayo akunto ingeyonto incinci. Umhlaba uyakwazi ukubumba, umzekelo, ukubumba iimpawu zoluntu, impembelelo yempahla, kwaye ayakwazi ukumisela apho amakhaya, amashishini, kunye nemisebenzi yemizi - mveliso ikhoyo. Amapolisa asekuhlaleni angumgxa wokuqala wokhuseleko lukawonke wonke umntu. Kwaye umgangatho weendlela zasekuhlaleni, iinkqubo zamanzi, kunye nemiphakatho. Umahluko ngulo owenzayo, inkcubango yegunya, okanye alawula nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni, nangona isetyenziswa ngokwemeko yezopolitiko.

Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba nokuzingela

Mhlawumbi lilelona gunya lemifanekiso elinguwona ubalulekileyo eUnited States. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa imithetho yokwahlula umhlaba ube yindawo yokuhlala, ezorhwebo, ezoshishino, kunye neendawo zokulima, kunye nokulawula umphakamo wokwakha, ubungakanani obuninzi, nobunzima. Eli gunya lineziphumo ezizizo zokukwazi ukufumaneka kwezindlu, ubunjani bemekobume, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho. Urhulumente angawuphelisa umthetho ozinzileyo — njengokuba amanye amazwe eyenzile ukuvumela amaqela oluntu ukuba afumaneke okanye anyuke kakhulu kufutshane nothutho — kodwa igunya elisisiseko lihlala kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.

Ukunyanzeliswa koMthetho wasekuhlaleni nokuthotyelwa

Umthetho umisela umthetho wesizwe, umisela umthetho wemithetho yomthetho wengingqi ukumisela ukubekwa komthetho kwezona mithetho kwimimandla yabo. Eli cebo lasekuhlaleni linamandla abalulekileyo, liphembelela yonke into ukusuka ekunyanzelweni kwemithetho yezithuthi zezithuthi ukuya kumsebenzi wobunjani bobomi. Urhulumente angamisela imilinganiselo engaphantsi yoqeqesho nokuziphatha kwamapolisa, kodwa umsebenzi wemini-mini-mini kuluntu lwakhe ngumsebenzi wasekuhlaleni.

ISebe likaMasipala

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikwe imbopheleleko yokulungiselela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngabantu abahlala apho imihla ngemihla — amanzi, unyango lokulahla amanzi, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo, ukulungiswa kwezitrato, kunye nokuthuthwa kwabantu abahlala apho. Le misebenzi ixhaswa ngokuyintloko ngerhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, iindleko zoorhulumente, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwezorhulumente kwiphondo. Ngoxa oorhulumente bemisela imigaqo yemekobume neyezempilo yezi nkonzo, isiseko sesorhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kwaye amagosa asekuhlaleni agqiba ukuba aqhuba njani aze ayilondoloze.

Uphuhliso loLuntu neNdlu yeNtlalo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banika imithetho yokwakha, ukukhutshwa kwengxelo evumela ukwakhiwa nokuhlaziywa, ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yezindlu ukuqinisekisa iimeko zokuhlala ezikhuselekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuphuhliswa koluntu. Kwakhona banika inkxaso yemali yezindlu nerhafu enxulumene namaqumrhu ezentengiso ezezimali zezindlu zikarhulumente. Eli gunya lasekuhlaleni lilawula imekobume eyakhekileyo, ngoxa linyanzelwa yimithetho yokwakha nemithetho esesikweni yezindlu, linika izixeko nempembelelo ephawulekayo kwiindawo zokuhlala nomgangatho ofanelekileyo.

Imizi Nokuzonwabisa

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcina iipaki zikawonke-wonke, iindawo zokudlala, iindawo zoluntu, amaqula okuqubha, neenkqubo zokuzonwabisa. Lo msebenzi ukhulisa umanyano kunye nempilo yoluntu, yaye nangona usenokubonakala ungekho mgangathweni, ligunya elichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi. Urhulumente uqhuba iipaki zelizwe nemimandla emikhulu yokuzonwabisa, kodwa uthungelwano lwengingqi kunye neepaki zengingqi luyimbopheleleko yasekuhlaleni.

Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa: Umanyano luyasebenza

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi korhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni alumi ngaxesha linye. Oku kuguquka ngomthetho, izigwebo zenkundla, kunye nokutshintsha kwezobupolitika. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, utyekelo olubizwa ngokuba "lukhukuliselo" lubone oorhulumente beqinisekisa ukuba igunya labo lokumisela imicimbi yasekuhlaleni ngokomlinganiselo ophantsi, njengemali ehlawulwayo, ikhefu elihlawulwayo, ulawulo lwemipu, kunye nemigangatho yemekobume. Oku ngamandla kubonisa ukuba yinyaniso kolwalamano lwelizwe lwasekuhlaleni: urhulumente ubamba isandla esiphezulu. Kwangaxesha linye, ulawulo lwamakhaya lunika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni igunya elibanzi kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, kudala imode yemibutho epheleleyo kuneyodwa. Ukuqonda oku kumgangatho womanyano. — ukusuka kumarekholi athi anike elo lizwe lide kakhulu inyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuhlola i-omatiloneezwelonke — umthetho wolawulo lwezwe elinguwongamele ukuqhuba kakuhle kwimilo lonke.

Kubafundisi-mfundo abafundisa amaqumrhu oluntu, isitshixo semfundo singokokuba oorhulumente belizwe bayimibutho ephakamileyo enegunya eliqhelekileyo lowiso-mthetho, ngoxa oorhulumente bengingqi bengaphantsi kwemibutho enamagunya anikiweyo kuphela. Lo mahluko uchaza isizathu sokuba oorhulumente belizwe bangenza izinto ezininzi abangenakuzenza oorhulumente basekuhlaleni — ukusukela ekubekeni irhafu yengeniso nokumisela izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya ekungeneni kwii-mthetho eziseburhulumenteni nasekulawuleni iinkqubo zemfundo. Kwakhona uchaza isizathu sokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikele ingqalelo ekusetyenzisweni komhlaba, kwiinkonzo, neminye imibandela yomgangatho woluntu: ezo ziindawo apho amagunya akhethelwe ukubanika igunya.

Isizathu Sokuba Le Nto Yahlukileyo Kubemi Nabafundisi

Ukufumana umahluko phakathi kwesizwe namagunya asekuhlaleni asiyonkqubo yemfundo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda apho kunokuthi kusetyenziswe khona ukukhokela, indlela yokuthatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni, noko akulindeleyo kumgangatho ngamnye karhulumente. Ummi oxhalabele imigangatho yemfundo kufuneka abandakanye nendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe, emisela iimfuno zokufundisa kunye neenkqubo zemali. Ummi oxhalabileyo ngenkqubela entsha kummandla wakhe kufuneka anxibelelane nebhunga lesixeko, elilawula ukuhlanganisa nokuvumela. Abahlali abafuna ukutshintsha inkqubo yephondo kufuneka baxhase abaququzeleli bendlu yowiso-mthetho okanye, kumazwe amaninzi, basebenzise inkqubo yokuqalisa. Abo bajolise imicimbi yasekuhlaleni kufuneka babandakanye neebhunganiso zesixeko. Eli candelo lomsebenzi lisebenza kwinkcubeko yezo mithetho-zwe yolawulo, kunye neendawo zezobupolitika.

Isiphelo

Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafeza indima engomanyano kodwa eyahlukileyo kulawulo lwaseMerika. Oorhulumente balawula igunya elilawulayo phezu komthetho, irhafu, imfundo, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ulwalamano lwezaphuli-mthetho, kunye nolawulo longxamiseko — amagunya oorhulumente bengingqi, abangakwaziyo ukuwasebenzisa. Oorhulumente bengingqi, banika ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, kunye nenkqubela-ntle yabantu phantsi kwegunya lorhulumente. Eli lungiselelo alikho linegunya elilawulayo; libonakalisa umgaqo-siseko owemithetho-siseko owemithetho yokuba amagunya alawulwa phakathi kwenkqubo yorhulumente yorhulumente, ngoxa imimandla ingulawulo kunye neendawo eziphantsi kwezobupolitika zidalelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoluntu. Kuba abafundi, abafundisi, nabahlali bemi, abaqondisigqeqesiswayo baqonda indlela esiseko solawulo-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke, indlela eqhuba ngayo imilinganiselo yemithetho elungeleneyo, nemeko yoorhulumente yoorhulumente yorhulumente yorhulumente bomhlaba, oko kungenayo kwaneyo kwane