Ukwazisa: Isiseko somkhosi wama-Indiya

I-Indiya isebenza njengombutho worhulumente wesizwe phantsi komGaqo-siseko wayo, apho ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente osembindini noorhulumente luntsonkothileyo kwaye lunamandla. Olu lwalamano luchazwa ngolwahlulo olucacileyo lwamagunya, kodwa lukwachazwa nayimithetho elungelelanisiweyo, iingxubusho zezobupolitika, kunye neenkcazelo zomthetho. Ukuqonda olu nxulumano kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela i-Indiya elawula ngayo inani layo elikhulu nelahlukeneyo labantu, ilawula ngayo oovimba bayo, kunye nezisombululo. Ubume borhulumente abudibaniswanga; buvela ngezenzo zowiso-mthetho, imigaqo-siseko, iintlawulo, kunye nendlela yezopolitiko eziguqukayo.

Isakhelo soMgaqo-siseko soMgangatho-siseko weZiko

UmGaqo-siseko waseIndiya waseka inkqubo yesizwe enocalucalulo olunamandla. Inqaku 245 ukuya ku 255 libonisa ulwalamano lwemithetho, lo gama iMigaqo 256 ukuya kuma-263 egquma kunye neMigaqo 264 ukuya kuma-293 yedilesi yemali. IiNkcukacha ezintathu ezingundoqo phantsi kweShedyuli yeNkcazelo yeSizwe [ ichaza amagunya owiso-mthetho: Uludwe lwe-Umanyano, Uluhlu loRhulumente, kunye noLuxandulo lwamazwano. Ngokungakumbi, amagunya a-Residuary anikwe kwiPalamente ye-Union (Actle8).

Uluhlu lwe-Union, Uluhlu lwemeko, kunye noLuhlu lwangoku

[[FLT: 0] Uluhlu lwe-Union luqulathe imixholo engama-79 (njengoko ngoku) apho kuphela iPalamente inokuthi ikwazi ukuhlanganisa/indense, amandla e-athom, imicimbi yangaphandle, imicimbi yokwamanye amazwe, iibhanki, iintambo zolawulo, kunye nothungelwano. Uluhlu lweSizwe[[[FLT:]] ekuqaleni benobanee-66, kodwa emva koHlahlo, kodwa emva koHlungiso lwama-4 kunye nolunye utshintsho, luquka ucwangco lukawonke wonke, impilo kawonke, urhulumente, kunye nolulawulo lomthetho woburhulumente. [[FLTLT:4] Uluhlu lobuNxulu lwabiwo luvumela omabini nezo urhulumente ukuba benze imithetho yomthetho, amahlathi, amahlathi, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye nomthetho wokwamkelelo lwe-U.

Amandla Okubuyisela

Nayiphi na into engadweliswanga kuyo nayiphi na imimiselo emithathu, enjengendawo yokuzimela ikhompyutha, imfihlo yogcino-lwazi, okanye ubugcisa obuvelayo, ibekwe phantsi kwamandla angaqhelekanga ePalamente ye-Union. Oku kunika urhulumente osembindini amandla okumisa imiqathango kwimibandela emitsha esenokuba ayikhange ibonwe ngexesha lokuqalwa komGaqo-siseko. Eli lungiselelo lidla ngokuba yindawo yokuphikisana xa amaphondo ephikisa ukuba iindawo ezitsha ezilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo zizimele phantsi koLuhlu loRhulumente.

Ulwalamano lolawulo nolawulo

Amagunya alawulayo e-Union kunye namaphondo ayamanyana. IGatya 256 lifuna ukuba amaphondo athobele imithetho ye-OMS, kwaye i-Union ingakhupha imiyalelo yokuba iqinisekise ukuthobela. Icandelo 257 linika iSahlulo soMbutho igunya lokunika ulwalathiso ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba amandla awo alawulayo akathinteli ukusetyenziswa kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu lwe-Union. IGawula, emiselwe nguMongameli (ngokusebenza, iBhunga Lombutho labaPhathiswa), lisebenza njengentloko yesizwe kodwa lisebenza njengekhonkco elibalulekileyo phakathi kweZiko nezwe. Amandla eRhuluneli okubeka isibambiso solawulo phantsi kweSigqeqesi-200si phantsi kolawulo.

Imali: I-Fiscal Trug- yemfazwe

Ulwalamano lwemali phakathi kweZiko kunye namazwe lulawulwa ngamaGatya 268 ukuya ku-293. UmGaqo-siseko unika icandelo elicacileyo lerhafu: iirhafu ezithile ziqokelelwa yiUnion (umz., irhafu yombutho, imisebenzi yemali, irhafu yengeniso ngaphandle kwengeniso yokulima), ngoxa ezinye ziqokelelwa ngamazwe (umz., ingeniso yomhlaba, umsebenzi wesitempe, i-VAT, i-VAT kwimpahla). Noko ke, iZiko liqokelela umlinganiselo omkhulu wengeniso kwaye lisabela izabelo kumazwe.

IKhomishini yezeMali

Inqaku 280 ligunyazisa ukusekwa kweKhomishini yoMsebenzi wezeMali rhoqo kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuncomela ukusasazwa kwerhafu phakathi kwe-Union kunye namagunya. Ukunconyelwa kweKhomishini yeMali kubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni umlinganiselo we-fiscal. i-website ye-Mereka yeKhomishini ye-Indiya[ inika iinkcukacha zemali edlulileyo kunye neenkokheli zangoku. IKhomishini ye-15 ye-Diba ye-DP.2021222-2026 incomela ukususwa 41% yedigidi yerhafu esembindi yombindi ukuya kumazwe, unyuso ukusuka kuma-4% ngenxa yokudalwa kwe-Unity ye-Unity ye-Cum-Kamirmirm.

Irhafu yeNkxaso neeNkonzo (GST)

Isiqalo se- NGOKUQULA] ngo-2017 yayilutshintsho olubalulekileyo olwalujolise ekuyileni ukuthengisa intengiso yesizwe. I-GST yipropati yerhafu edityanisiweyo: i-Central GST (CGST) ne-R State GST (SST) ibhaliswe ngokulandelelanayo kwimirhumo ye-intra-state, ngelixesha i-IGGGST isebenza ekunikezeleni inkxaso-yo. IBhunga le-GST, eliyilwe yi-Uniontiliti ye-Mali ye-OPGPS, eliqulunqeniswe kwimi ye-UNICOM, izicwangciso zexabiso, iintelek-ortive, intssion, i-ooffral.[3]

Grants-in-Aid

Ngaphandle kojiko-jiko lwerhafu, uMbindi unika izibonelelo zokuchaza phantsi kweGatya 275 (izibonelelo eziphambili) kunye naphantsi kwezinye izicwangciso (umz., ucwangciso oluxhaswe embindini njengo Ayushman Bharat kunye [FLT]P]M-KISITAN). IKhomishini icebisa ukuba kunikwe imizimba yasekuhlaleni (panchayats kunye noMasipala) phantsi kweCandelo 243-I ne 243-Y. Ezi zibonelela rhoqo ngemiqathango, ikhokelela kwingxoxo malunga ne-ficliccoms.

Ubuchule Bokusebenzisana Nesigqibo Sengxabano

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko unika imida ecacileyo, intsebenziswano ibalulekile ekulawuleni. IIndiya inamaziko amaninzi kunye nee-arhente eziliqela ukuze kusebenze umanyano phakathi kwesebe.

IBhunga leSizwe

Inqaku le 263 livumela uMongameli ukuba amisele iBhunga leSizwe-linye ukuphanda nokuxubusha imibandela yomdla ofanayo. IBhunga ladalwa ngo-1990 phantsi kolawulo loMphathi-mikhosi weBhunga eliPhathiswayo kwaye liquka abaPhathiswa-Mphathi-magunya, abaPhathiswa be-Union, nabalawuli bemimandla yamaQumrhu. Isebenza njenge-ofisi yengxoxo yonxulumano loMgangatho, ulungelelwaniso lwemigaqo, kunye nokucombulula iimpikiswano. IBhunga leBhunga leSizwe liqulethe izindululo kunye nokuncomela.

NITI Aayog

Ngo- 2015, i-NITI Aayog yathabathel' indawo iKhomishini yokuCwangcisa ukukhuthaza urhulumente woburhulumente boburhulumente bomanyano ngokuyilungiselela emazantsi. Ngokungafaniyo neKhomishini yokuCwangcisa, eyabela imali yokuba i-Niti Aayog ilawule, isebenza njengetanki ecingayo, ikhuthaza inxaxheba kubume benkqubo. Icwangcisa iintlanganiso nabaPhathisi-mastile, ilungiselela amaxwebhu okubona, kunye namaqhinga eflegi. Ngexesha i-NITITIAyog iphucule ukugana, ithetha ukuba izicwangciso ezikhuselwayo zisemgangathweni zisabeka phantsi.

Indima yeRhuluneli neQumrhu 356

IRhuluneli, njengentloko yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente, ingacebisa uMthetho we-Presidenti [FT] [FULT 356] [iNkqutyana engu-3] (i-Atylethelo yesizwe]) ukuba urhulumente akakwazi ukusebenza ngokwemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. Eli lungiselelo liye laphikiswa kwaye lasetyenziswa kakubi ukugxotha oorhulumente abakhokelwa ngamaqela achaseneyo. Umbangowo-Bommai [1994] [[FLT]] wabeka imidanga engqongqo ekusetyenzisweni kweQumrhutho 356, lichaza ukuba ulwaneliseko loMphathiswano kufuneka lusekelwe kwinjongo yento ephathekayo kwaye isindululo sesizwe. I-Sarkarians Com Com (1988) kunye nePch0) yemistiki yeMithe yokuphucula iQomati yoNxt.

Imimandla Enkulu Yengxabano

Ezi ngxabano zidla ngokubonisa ukungavisisani kwezobupolitika, ukhuphiswano olubangelwa ziincwadi, nokuchazwa kwemigaqo karhulumente ngokwahlukileyo.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu komthetho noBuyiselo

Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zephondo zimisela imithetho kwimibandela ekuLuhlu lweSizwe, kodwa iRhuluneli ingawagcina amatyala athile ukuze kuqwalaselwe uMongameli. Ukuba umthetho karhulumente uvumela umthetho oyintloko kuLuhlu oluhambelanayo okanye ukuba uchaphazela amagunya e-Union, urhulumente osembindini angawathintela ngokunempumelelo. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi aye adlulisela amatyala okulawula ukugetyobela kwi-intanethi, utywala, okanye umhlaba, kuphela ukuba athintele iRhululumente ukuba ixaba, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxabano yezobupolitika.

Amanzi Omlambo Abangela Iingxabano

Amanzi ngumxholo wezwe (Uluhlu II, Ingeniso 17), kodwa i-Union ingadibanisa amanzi omlambo osemlanjeni ophakathi phantsi kweGatya 262. Ichaphazeleka phezu kokwabelana kwamanzi emilambo njenga [[FLT: 0]] i-Cavery, , [[FLT]][FLT]][2] Krishna[FL][FLT]][3], [[FOLT], [iiiiiiiiindlela], [iiiiindlela], [[FLT] [iiiinqano] ikhokelele kwimfazwe eqhubekayo phakathi kolawulo namaxesha athile. ICaved Disputbunal neN Court ibisele ithelment ithe shorts, ithe shorts, ink yenkciso yesizwe.

UMthetho nolungelelwano: Imikhosi Esembindini Kummiselo KaRhulumente

Umthetho kawonke-wonke kunye namapolisa angamalungu karhulumente. Noko ke, uMbindi ungathumela imikhosi yamapolisa exhobileyo [ii-CAPF] njenge-CRPF okanye i-BSF kumazwe ngesicelo sikarhulumente okanye ngenyathelo lawo lokuqala xa ukhuseleko lwangaphakathi lusongelwa. Amazwe asoloko engafuni ukusetyenziswa kwemikhosi ephakathi, eyijonga njengenkxwaleko kwi-atment. Le ngxabano iqatha kumazwe okanye kwimibhiyo yezobupolitika, efana noJam noKashmir, Manipur, kunye neNtshona Bengalgal.

ISebe eliPhakathi loPhicotho-zincwadi (CBI) neSivumelwano

ICBI, esebenza phantsi koMthetho wamapolisa akhethekileyo waseDelhi, 1946, ingaphengulula amatyala kuphela phantsi kwesizwe ngemvume karhulumente phantsi kweCandelo 6 loMthetho. Amaphondo amaninzi afana neNtshona Bengal, Maharashtra, neChattisgarh aye arhoxa imvume yawo jikelele, ethintela amandla eCBI ukuphanda amatyala ngaphandle komyalelo wenkundla. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kumadabi asemthethweni nakwezobupolitika kumgangatho wamaziko angundoqo okuphanda.

Ukwahlulwa komda wogcino-lwazi

Ubeko-mda . Ukutsala izihlalo ze-Lok Sabba kunye nentlanganiso yengingqi yengingqi esekelwe kuluntu(imbambano ephikisanayo.) IMigaqo-siseko ishiya umgangatho de kube emva komyinge wonyaka wama-2026. Amazwe aseMazantsi, anako ukukhula okucotha kwabemi kunye neengxelo ezingcono zocwangciso-entsapho, ukoyika ukuphulukana nezihlalo zepalamente kumazwe asemntla. Lo mba uye waba yingxoxo enkulu yamazwe angaphandle, ngokunyanzela ukuba umelo luqhubeke lusekelwe kwi1971 Cencas okanye ukuba umkhenkce bunyuswe ngokubheke phambili. Ukuma kweZiko kulo ngxelo zocwangciso-mathetho kuzakuchaphazela ulungelelwano olubalulekileyo lwezopolitiki.

Indaleko Ekhokelela Kumanyano Nomanyano Olumanyeneyo

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iIndiya iye yafuduka kwinkqubo yolawulo lorhulumente yesizwe isuka kwimodeli encedisanayo nangona ixinezelo lusekhona.

Ukuqhelisela Umanyano Lwamaqumrhu

IBhunga leNtlanganiso [[FLT: 0] lingumzekelo oyintloko wolawulo lwentsebenziswano yezwe, apho izigqibo zithathwa ngama-75% (inani lesithathu levoti, lidibanisa imikhosi yezobuzwe [[FLT:]] kunye neqela lesizwe leMishoni yezeMpi Yombuso [[FLT:]] kunye nenani lezeMpilo yezeMpilo [[FLT:]] kunye nenani lesizwe [FLT] Iyunithi yemibutho yezempilo ibandakanya ucwangciso kunye nokuxhasana. Uhlanga olunye, ikhadi elinye [FFLT:7] kunye [FLT]] kunye neNXARD [FUT]

Umanyano olukhuphisanayo

NITI Aiyagog ukhuthaza ukhuphiswano lwemfundo yoluntu ngoorhulumente abaphezulu kwimo yempilo, imfundo, ukulula kokwenza ishishini, uhlaziyo, kunye nenkqubela-phambili eqinileyo. [[FLT: 0] iSelt Lingleing Index kunye ne[FLT]School Education Seaty Index Index [[[[FLLT:3]]] ikhuthaza ukhuphiswano lokukhuphiswano lwezikhundla eziphezulu kunye neziphiwo ezisekelwe kwimisebenzi. Ngexa oku kukhuthaza utshintsho olunyusiweyo, abagxekii bephikisa ukuba lungawahluze lungangeni lwamazwa luphinde lungathwane.

Udweliso loMbindi kunye ne-Autonomy karhulumente

Udweliso oluxhaswe kakhulu (CSS) lutyala icandelo elibalulekileyo loqingqo-mali. Ludweliso olufana [[FLT: 0] noSuku , PM Yas Yoyaya, [[FLT]], [[FLT]], [[FLT]] Shwach Mission[, [[FLT]] ne-[FLT]] yelizwe leLivelicism Mis Mis Miss [[[[FLTL:7]] icwangcise izikhokelo ezimele zilandele, igumbi elincinane lokutshintsha. [FLT:] [FLT]D [FLT]D [FFLT]D [59]] i-fGPGeneralcrivelgs) kunye nothentiast ye-4] ukunyusa irhafulikelelwa ngumthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho

Indima yogwebo kwiZiko loMmandla

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya isebenza njengesona sithethi sesiphelo sempikiswano phakathi kweZiko kunye namatyala. Inqaku 131 likhupha igunya lokuqala kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngenxa yeempikiswano ezinjalo. Ityala elingenakungaqinisekwa liquka imo yeNtshona Bengal vs Union of India (1963)[FLT]] kulwabeko lwamandla owisomthetho, kunye nolawulo [[FLT:].R.BMAItyala elingu1994)[FLT] elithintele ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweGatya 356. Inkundla ikwacacisa ukukhuthuka koLuhlu lomthetho kunye nomgangatho wamandla eRGeneral. Ngokwangoku [FT] CT] Imeko olufana nolucwangciswe kumsebenzi lwamandla ophazanywayo [190]

Imisebenzi yengingqi kunye nokuHlaliswa

Umahluko we-Indiya ufuna ulungelelwano lwamazwe amatsha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ubume Bodidi Olukhethekileyo

Ngokwembali, uthetha ngeendawo ezinamathambeka, umva wentlalo, okanye indawo elungelelanisiweyo efunyenweyo umgangatho wodidi olukhethekileyo ukusuka kwiKhomishini yokuCwangcisa, ibandakanya uncedo oluphezulu phakathi kunye norhoxiso lwerhafu. IKhomishini ye-Datal ye-14 yaluphelisa umahluko kunye nonyuselo lwerhafu, kodwa amazwe amaninzi anjenge-Andrah Pradesh kunye ne-Bahar ayaqhubeka efuna iimpahla ezithile zemali. Ingxoxo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ngobume obunye kwingxoxo yoMbindi.

Inkqubela Yakutshanje Nesimo Sekamva

Imibandela yangoku enjenge Imithetho elawulayo (2020-2021) yakhokelela kwimfazwe enkulu phakathi koMbindi noorhulumente basePunjab, iHaryana, nezinye. Uphinda-phindo lwemithetho lubonise imida yegunya elisembindini xa amagunya kunye nentsebenziswano zentlalo zisunduza emva. COVID-19 isifo sombutho [ kwakhona luvavanye ulwalamano lwesizwe: i-isitshixo soMbindi we-Ceviement (March 2020) phantsi kweMgaqo woLawulo lwentlekele weMgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo lomthetho-mthetho-siseko xa amagunya empilo kawonke, ikhokelela kwingxube-o-ngquthelano yoxosho olulandelayo.

IKhomishini yePuncichhi (2010) iquka ukwenza iRhuluneli ingabi namkhethe, ithintele ukusetyenziswa koMthetho kaMongameli, kunye nokuseka inkqubo yengxubusho yamanzi . Intsingiselo yokuphuhliswa kombindi iphawulwe phantsi koorhulumente abahlukeneyo, kodwa urhulumente ugxininise kakhulu kwizithuba zabo zokukhetha kunye nomthetho kwizixhobo zeplatifomu kunye nezicelo zomthetho.

Njengokuba i-Indiya isiya isiya kunyaka wayo we-100 wozimele, ulwalamano lwasembindini noluphakathi luza kujikeleza kwimigca emithathu: i-infastialcum (ukhunyulo oluninzi lwemali olukhoyo lunemiqathango), [ uluvo olucacileyo [[[[FLT]] oluthi aluqhubeki-bala] [[[[FLT]] oluthi alubonisi ngaphaya kwemithetho yezopolitiko] (ukwenza ingqwalaselo yeqonga yeqonga lenjongo entsha), kwaye [[FTLT:4]] uthelekelelo lwemali (uqulu sebenzisa kakubi kwezobupolitika ii-Stiveltiestial Count, isebenzisa iBhunga loMbutho wePint, kwaye isebenzisa inkcompume ye-Punti ing. Kodwa ke, ulwalamano lwezo manyano lwezopolitiko yomanyano luzantlukwano kunye nomanyano lwe-Indiya.

Kubafundi nabafundisi abafunda i-polity yase-Indiya, imithombo engundoqo efana umGaqo-siseko we-Indiya kunye neengxelo ezivela kuPRS Legislative Research[ ibalulekile ekuqondeni amandla ajikelezayo. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kombindi onamandla kunye namazwana ahlala ehleli kuphawu oluchaza uhambo lwezwe lase-Indiya.