Umzabalazo wamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nenkululeko yabemi eUnited States uye wabunjwa ngokunzulu yimigudu eqhubekayo yabaxhasi bezizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Njengeziphendu zokuguqula, aba bantu kunye nentsebenziswano baye bavavanya imithetho ecinezelayo, baguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke, kunye neenguqu eziphenjelelwayo zemithetho nemithetho elawulayo. Eli nqaku lininzi lichaphazele ngokunzulu kwiindima zembali nezezi mini, ukuhlolisisa indlela inyathelo elizinzileyo eliye layichaza ngokuqhubekayo ngayo imida yenkululeko nolinganayo phantsi komGaqo-siseko.

Imvelaphi Enzulu Yokwenza Umthetho Kwimbali YaseMerika

Ukususela ekusekweni kwesizwe, imidlalo yeqonga iye yaphembelela ukulwa umthetho waseMerika neenjongo zawo. Ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yamakhaya, amaqela aphantsi namahlakani awo aye azama ukucel ’ umngeni inkqubo eqinileyo yobukhoboka nokuzandisa isithembiso senkululeko.

Iqela Leengozi

Umbutho wokwahlukana kwenqanawa yenkulungwane ye-19 umi njengomnye wemizekelo yakudala nenamandla yokuguqula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Imifanekiso efana noFrederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, noWilliam Lloyd Garrison basebenzisa umlomo opholileyo, bashicilela amaphephandaba, kwaye basebenzisa iUnderplorrand u-Railrand ukubhenca ubundlobongela. Imigudu yabo ayizange iphembelele nje kuphela uluvo lukawonke wonke kodwa yanyanzela urhulumente, ekugqibeleni okhokelela ekufunyanisweni kwe-Rodefice 13th Demplete ngo1865, eyathisela ubukhoboka. Umbutho wabonisa indlela ingcinezelo yokuziphatha neyopolitiki eqhubekeke ngayo ingumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Ukubona iziphumo zemali, [[FLT]

Iphulo Elibi Lamabhinqa

Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, abaxhasi abanjengoSusan B. Anthony, uElizabeth Cady Stanton, kunye noSojourner Truth baqalisa ukulwela amalungelo okuvota amabhinqa. Kumashumi eminyaka okulungiselela, ukucela nokungathobeli kwemibutho, inkqubela yezoburhulumente yafikelela kwisiphelo soMphengululo we-1920. Iindlela ezingundoqo ziquka ukufola, ukubulawa kwabantu ngendlala, kunye nokukhuthaza abaquququzeli bomthetho. Impumelelo yeli qela labonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezenzo ezizingisileyo kunokuthi kubangele ukucalucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kubudodama, ukwandisa umgaqo wokufumana ubumi obulinganayo.

IQumrhu Labasebenzi Namalungelo Ezoqoqosho

Ngoxa isoloko ingahoywa kwingxubusho yenkululeko yabemi, umbutho wabasebenzi ububalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo ezoqoqosho axhasa inkululeko yomgaqo-siseko. Ukubetha, ukulungiselela, nokunyanzelisa usuku lomsebenzi oluziiyure ezisibhozo kwakhokelela kumthetho ofana noMthetho weSizwe weNsebenzi yoMsebenzi wonyaka ka-1935. Abenzi bezomthetho njengoCesar Chavez noDolores Huerta kamva bawandisa lo mlo umlo kubasebenzi, udibanisa amalungelo emisebenzi kwimilo ebanzi. Umbutho okhuthaza ukuba ukusebenza kwezentengo yezoqoqosho uhambisana nokukhuselwa kwenkululeko yokuthetha, indibano, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Amalungelo Omthonyama WaseMerika Nolongamo

Abantu belizwe basebenzisa i-application ukuqinisekisa amalungelo abo esivumelwano nolawulo. I-American Indian Movement (AIM), eyasekwa ngowe-1968, yabhiyozela ukuqhayisa okufana nokusetyenziswa kweAlcatraz Island kunye neTrack of Brooked Treates. Le misebenzi itsale ingqalelo ekuphulweni kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo lwesizwe. Uloyisoyiso olusemthethweni, kuquka i-Indiya Self-Dreintation and Education Conce Implict Act (umthetho we-AInterviation) ka-1975, yaba yiziphumo ezithe ngqo zoxinzelelo. Lo mzabalazwelo uyaqhubeka namhlanje ngamalungelo okuvota, amalungelo eezwe, kunye nolawulo lwamapolisa.

IXesha lamaLungelo aBami: Ukuchithwa kwemali ngenxa yokuguquka komGaqo-siseko

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu weminyaka yee-1950 neyee-1960 ungowona mzekelo ubalulekileyo wokuqhuba umGaqo-siseko kunye notshintsho olusemthethweni. Ngokuxhathisa okungenabundlobongela, ngeengxaki zomthetho, nokuzilungiselela, abaxhasi bachitha u-Jim Crow liverbugn kwaye bakhusela imithombo yesizwe.

Iziganeko Ezingundoqo nezenzo zezihluzi eziphumayo

  • iMontgomery Bus Boycott (1955-156) – igatya nguRosa Park ukungavumi kwakhe ukunikezela esihlalweni sakhe, le nkwenkwana ingama-381 yemini ekhatshiwe yakhokelela kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sokuba ukubekwa kweBhazi zikawonke-wonke kwakungangqubani. I-Fottcott yabonisa amandla okulungelelanisa uqoqosho kunye nezenzo zoluntu.
  • IGreensboro Sit- Ins (1960) - Abafundi abane basekholeji babehlala kwindawo yokutyela yasemini kuphela, befaka iliza lokuhlala ngaphaya koMzantsi. Ezi zenzo zingqalileyo zanyanzela amashishini nezixeko ukukhupha iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke.
  • IMatshi eWashington (1963)[FLT]] – ngaphezu kwama-250,000 abantu abahlanganisene kwiSikhumbuzo seLincoln, ifuna imisebenzi nenkululeko. Esi siganeko sinyusiwe sifuna ukuba kunikwe uMthetho wamalungelo abantu, owadlula kunyaka olandelayo.
  • ISelma Matshis (1965)[FLT] – “ngeCawa erhabaxa,” apho abahambi bahlaselwa ngokukrakra, bothusa uhlanga nenkxaso evuselelekileyo yoMthetho wamalungelo onyaka ka1965.

Ezi ziganeko zazingenzeki ngesiquphe; zazingumphumo wokulungelelaniswa ngenyameko ngamaqela anjengeNgqungquthela Yamazantsi YamaKristu Akhokelayo (SCLC) neKomiti Yomfundi iNonlig Courining Colining (SNCC).

Iinkokeli Neengcamango Zazo

Martin Luther King Jr. waxhasa ukungathobeli kwemipu yabemi okungenabundlobongela, ukuzoba kwintanda-bulumko kaGandhi. UMalcolm X, ekuqaleni ekhuthaza ukuzimela ngokwakhe, kamva watshintshela kwisenzo sokuzibandakanya. Zombini ezi ndlela ```'' zahluka ngemicimbi-ndlela-zohlukeneyo------ukukhuthaza imo yezomthetho-bume zokwenza ukuba inyathelo lomthetho liphepheke. Iintetho neencwadi zabo zihlala zisezikhonkwane zokhundla lwexesha langoku.

Umthetho oqhutywa yimithetho yelizwe

UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1946 oweyisa ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. UMthetho weVoting Rights ka-65 owalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni. Le mithetho yayingezozipho ezivela kwezobupolitika; yayingezozozoloyiso ezinzima ezikhuselwe ngabaxhasi abanyamezela ugonyamelo, ukubanjwa, kunye nokothusa. Izibonelelo zelizwe zomthetho wembali yamaLungelo lwamalungelo esizwe [[FLT]].

Iintshukumo Zemizila Yanamhlanje Nolwando Lwenkululeko Yamakhaya

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, i-accordingism iyaqhubeka ityhalela imida amalungelo omGaqo-siseko, ithetha ngemicimbi yamapolisa, ukufuduka, ubuni, neminye imibutho. Le mibutho idla ngokuxhasa amaqhinga abo bangaphambili ngoxa isebenzisa izixhobo ezintsha.

Ubomi Obumnyama Notshintsho Lwamapolisa

Iqaliswe ngo-2013 emva kokuvalwa kweTraitevon erhwebeshelwayo kaTrae Martin, Black Lives Matter (BLM) yakhula yaba lunxibelelwano lwehlabathi lonke oluchasene nenkohlakalo kunye nobuhlanga basekuhlaleni. Ngemingeni, izicelo zomthetho, kunye neengxaki ezisemthethweni, i-BLM inyanzelele ukuba amapolisa aphendule, iikhamera zequmrhu, kunye nokususwa kokhuseleko olufanelekileyo. Le nkqubo ikwakhenkethe incoko malunga nengxelo elinganayo yokhuseleko lwe-14 lweSinyuselo kwaye yakhokelela kwiinguqu zasekuhlaleni. Ngoxa inkqubela yezomthetho isenza amapolisa asebenze abenzi bobundlobomngeniselo bezobupolitika.

Ukulingana Kwamabhinqa Nezenzala

UMatshi ka-2017, omnye wemibhiyozo emikhulu yosuku olunye kwimbali yase-United States, watsala izigidi zabantu ngenxa yonyulo lukaMongameli Donald Trump kunye nenkxalabo ngamalungelo okuzala, ukukhathazwa ngokwesini, kunye nocalucalulo lwesini. Uhambo lwavuselelwa kwakhona kooomastadia, olukhokelela kunyulo olunyuliweyo nonyulo lwamanani abhaliweyo amabhinqa ukuya eofisini. Impikiswano enjengoMthethweni wamalungelo alinganayo (ERA) iphinde yafumana kwakhona igalelo, kunye nabaxhasi abakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwawo ngokupheleleyo kunye nokugcinwa kwawo.

Iqela Labaphuphi Namalungelo Okubhalisa

Ulutsha olungaziwa ukuba luzizii-Dreamers, lulungelelanisele amashumi eminyaka ukukhusela umgangatho osemthethweni kunye nezindlela zokuba ngummi. Isenzo salo sikhokelele kwinkqubo yoKhuseleko loBuntwana (DACA) ngo-2012. Ngeentlanganiso, ukukhuthaza, kunye namadabi asenkundleni, abaphumi-mganyana baye babalaselisa ukukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko kwinkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo lwabangangeni mbombo. Umbutho ukhokelisa indlela amaqela anokuyilungisa ngayo inkqubo ephantsi kwemiqathango ngaphandle kolawulo lokuvota.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo nomgangatho womtshato

Ukusuka kwiMigaqo-nkqubo yeStonwall ka-1969 ukuya kulwa umlo womtshato ongokwasemgangathweni, i-LGBTQ+ i-active inyuse inkululeko yabemi. Imibutho efana neCammistement of Human Rights ne-fourroots isebenzisa igalelo, imfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye nesenzo esingqalileyo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi [FLT: 0] iwelele v. I-hodges [[FLT: 1] [20] [2015] iziphumo ezithe ngqo zamashumi eminyaka yesenzo sobuGenegalelo loburhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Olusemthethweni Nokuguqulelwa Kwenkcazelo YomGaqo-siseko

Ukubekwa kwemithetho yeqhinga kuye kwabangela ukuba amalungelo omgaqo - siseko aqhubeke, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba imigaqo yoluntu ibe ngumzekelo osemthethweni.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla Liphenjelelwa Yisenzo Somthetho

  • [FLT] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) – NACP] ikhokelwa nguThurvice Marshall osemthethweni, icel idida i-life yasesikolweni ngqo. Umthetho odibeneyo wavakalisa ukuba “wahlula kodwa ulingana ngokwemvelo, uwisel'''''. PV. Fergusonson [[FLT]]
  • Roe v. Wade [1973] – umbutho wamabhinqa wenkululeko kunye namalungelo okuzala wazisa umba wokuqhomfa kwiinkundla. Isigqibo savuma ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuzimela ubuqu phantsi koMphetho-mva we-14. Nangona kamva sehliswe ngu [FLT:] Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [[FLT:] [2022], ityala libonisa indlela ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko we-siseko obonisa ngayo amalungelo okusebenza kwimfundiso e-mgaqo-siseko.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015- – Njengoko kuphawulwe, eli tyala lavela kwizibini ezingokwasemgangathweni kunye nemibutho ye-LGBTQ+ ivavanya uvalelo lomtshato. Inkundla yathi uLawulo lwe 14th lweSindululo lufuna ukuba zonke iimeko ziqonde umtshato omnye, umqondiso othe ngqo woluvo lukawonke-wonke oluqhutywa yi-ctivivism.
  • I-CIIINN CONUN (2010) – Ngelixesha igxekwa ngokufuthi ngabaqhubeki, eli tyala likwabangelwa lukhuphiswano oluqhelekileyo lwamaqela afuna ukwandisa amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwiinkampani. Ibonisa ukuba i-activivism iquka imigaba yezobupolitika.

Ukungena nzulu kwindima yeenkundla, umsebenzi wokwahlula-hlula inika imizekelo emininzi yendlela yokusebenza kunye namaqhinga asemthethweni.

Indima Yomthetho Onika Abantu Umdla Iyaqina

Imibutho enjengeSiko loMthetho woBuhlwempu baseMazantsi, iNaACP Esemthethweni, kunye neZiko lamaLungelo oMgaqo-siseko zifumene ubuchule obusemthethweni. Ziqeqesha amagqwetha, iisuti zodidi lwefayile, kunye nokuqwalasela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ezi zizwe zisebenza ziyakwazi ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kwemibhiyozo yesitrato neeholo zemarble zeNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka Nokuqalisa Komthetho

Iminyaka yezobugcisa iye yatshintsha indlela abaxhasi bezonqulo abalungelelanisa ngayo, abanxibelelana nabaphembelela ngayo.

Izixhobo Zonxibelelwano Zoluntu Njengesixhobo Sokuthulisa

I-Platform efana ne-Twitter, i-Facebook, kunye ne-Instagram yenza ukuba kungenelwe ngokukhawuleza iividiyo, unxulumano oluya emsebenzini, kunye nokuququzelelwa kwe-Divice Cathernet. I-Black Live Hashtag yaba yenye nentshukumo yomhlaba wonke. I-Hashtag sixtivigism, ngelixa igxekwa ngokuphindwe kaninzi njengendlela ekhankanyiweyo, iguqulelwe kwimilo yehlabathi lokwenene kunye notshintsho lwenkqubo. Umzekelo, umbutho we-# MeToo usasaza kwi-intanethi ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo ekhokelela kutshintsho olunokrude lweziphelo oluchasene nokukhathazwa ngokwesini.

Ukukholisa Isihlwele Nenkxaso Yemali

IiWebsite ezifana neGoFoundMe zivumela abaxhasi ukuba baphakamise imali yokuzikhusela ngokusemthethweni, yokukhusela ibheyile, kunye neyoluntu ngokukhawuleza. Ngexesha lemibhiyozo engama - 2020 emva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, izigidi zakhuliswa ukuze zifumane imali yebheyile kunye nemibutho ekhuthaza ukunqongophala kwezemali. Oku kulawulwa kwemali kubangelwa kukufumana izinto ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kumasebe enkcubeko.

Ukhutsho-mandla lwamanani kunye nee-Startgrams eziphikisayo

Ubugcisa bukwabeka iingozi; abaxhasi bajoliswe ekujongweni ngumthetho kunye nezinto ezizimeleyo. Ngenxa yoko, imibutho emininzi ngoku igxininisa ukhuseleko lwamanani, isebenzisa ii-apps ezifihlakeleyo njengeMifanekiso nemfundo kwimimandla eyimfihlo. Ukuxinana phakathi kobugcisa njengesixhobo sokukhululeka kwaye njengesixhobo sokulawula kuyinxalenye echazayo yezenzo zale mihla zobuGcisa.

Ikamva Lomthetho: Imimandla Emitsha Nemigudu Eqhubekayo

Njengoko iingxaki zoluntu ziguquka, i - altiviism imele itshintshe. Amashumi eminyaka azayo aya kuyibona inkqubela - phambili ebhekiselwa kwimo yezulu, kubukrelekrele obungebobobobuntu, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, nakumaziko edemokhrasi.

Okusesikweni Kwemozulu Namalungelo Okusingqongileyo

Amaqela axhotyiswe lulutsha njengeSunrise Movement kunye noLwesihlanu lwexesha elizayo afuna ukuba urhulumente athathe inyathelo kutshintsho lwemozulu. Alungiselela ukuwohloka kwemekobume njengembambano yamalungelo abantu, ephikisa ngelithi ungcoliseko lonakalisa ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto imimandla ecekecelwe ngokwemida. Umthetho unyanzelisa amalungelo okusingqongileyo okusempilweni entle, useka kwiimpikiswano zomgaqo-siseko malunga nokuthembana kwabantu kunye nenkqubo efunekayo.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho NoMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo

Umahluko wobutyebi uye wavelisa imibutho efana ne-Occupy Wall Street kwaye ifuna ingeniso esisiseko jikelele. Izakhono ziphikisa ngelithi ukuncitshiswa kwezoqoqosho kunciphisa amalungelo obuqu nokukhuselwa ngendlela efanayo. Amadabi angokwasemthethweni exesha elizayo asenokugxininisa kumlinganiselo wobutyebi ogqithisileyo, ingakumbi njengokugxothwa kwabasebenzi abasebenza nge-athom.

Ukukhusela Idemokhrasi Namalungelo Okunikela Imali

Ngenxa yokucinezelwa kwemithetho kunye nocelomngeni lonyulo lonyulo, i-livism ijolise ekukhuseleni ilungelo lokuvota. Amaqela afana noManyano lwaMasipala oMfama noStacey Abram’s Fair War Action alungiselela ukwandisa ukufikelela ngomxhasi, ubhaliso lovoti, kunye nemfundo. Idabi eliqhubekayo phezu koMthetho we-Voting Rights libonisa ukuba impumelelo ayisoze ihlale ihleli.

Isiphelo

Indima yesenzo sokukhuthaza amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nenkululeko yabemi asiyonto imbali kodwa amandla aphilayo, aphefumlayo. Ukusukela kumabhalisa ukuya kumaBlack Life Confection, abaxhasi baye bangqina ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba umGaqo-siseko asiluxwebhu oluzinzileyo kodwa umgaqo-siseko ophilayo ozivelelayo ukulwa. Uloyiso olunanditshwayo namhlanje, ilungelo lokuvota, ukulingana, umtshato, nenkululeko yokuthetha, konke kwakhutshelwa ngabantu abangafuniyo ukwamkela okungekho sikweni. Njengoko kuvela, umoya wesi senzo sobulungisa uya kuhlala ubalulekile. Umlo wokusesikweni awusayi kuphumelela ngokwenene; udluliselwa kuphela kwisizukulwana esilandelayo.