Ukwazisa: Uncedo lwamanye amazwe njengesixhobo sokunciphisa ubuhlwempu

Kudala uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle lusisixhobo esingundoqo sokunciphisa ubumpofu. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, oorhulumente, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nemibutho engengoorhulumente baye bathumela ubuncwane obuvela kumazwe atyebileyo ukuya kuphuhlisa imimandla efuna ukunyuswa kwezoqoqosho, ukuphucula impilo nemfundo, kunye nokukhuthaza uzinzo lwezobupolitika. Le ngcamango icacile ngokudlulisela imali, iimpahla, ubuchule, okanye inkxaso yezoburhulumente, amazwe anikela ngenkxaso, anganceda abantu baphakele ekukhuzeni umgangatho ophezulu. Kodwa ke inyaniso iyaqhubeka idityaniswa ngokukhawulezileyo phakathi kwezoqoqosho, abachazi bemi, abaphuhlisinkqubo, kunye noogqirha abaphuhlisinkonzo, ngokubonisa ubungqina bokuphumelela okubalaseleyo, okanye ukungaphumeleli okuphawulekayo. Ukuqonda indima yoncedo ekulweni kwelizwe lamazwe angaphandle kufuna ukujongwa kobuhlwempula ngokusetyenziswa, kwaye kuqwa ngendlela elula.

Isikali soncedo lwamanye amazwe sikhulu. Ngokwequmrhu loMbutho woMsebenzi wezeMveli noPhuhliso (OECD), uncedo lobugunya lophuhliso (ODA) oluvela kumazwe anikelayo lwafikelela malunga nama-2022 ezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeerandi, irekhodi. Eli komkhulu lihamba liba phantsi kweenkqubo ezininzi, ukusuka kwithuba likaxakeka lokutya ngexesha likaxakeka ukuya kwiziphumo zorhwebo ezinde kunye nolawulo. Abaxhasi baphikisayo baphikisa ukuba uncedo luye lwanegalelo ekunciphekeni okuphawulekayo kobuhlwempu, nto leyo eyehla ukusuka ku 36% wabemi behlabathi lonke ngo 1990 ukuya phantsi kwe-10% ye-201. Abagxeki, ngoko ke, ukuqhubekeka komdla wokuzinziswa kobuqhopho, ukurhoxakeka kwemisebenzi emininzi ehlala ixesha elide. Eli nqaku lihlola omabini, ukuntywila kwiintlobo zezixhobo zexesha elizayo, iingxaki zezixhobo zexesha elizayo.

Ukuqonda Uncedo Lwamanye Amazwe: Iinkcazelo Nendlela Osebenza Ngayo

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe, olukwabizwa ngokuba luncedo lophuhliso, luquka naluphi na uthumelo lovimba olulungiselelwe ukunceda uphuhliso lwelizwe lomamkeli okanye iimfuno zobuntu. Lunganikwa i-bilateral (ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye) okanye i-mininzi (lusetyenziswa ngemibutho efana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iBhanki yehlabathi, okanye i-European Union). Iminikelo yangasese evela kwiziseko kunye ne-NGOS yenza icandelo elibalulekileyo loncedo. Umahluko ongundoqo ngulo olo ncedo lunikelwa ngokwemilinganiselo evumelani, okuthetha ukuba ibandakanya iminikelo okanye ityala lenzala engaphantsi kwemigangatho yentengiso.

Umlinganiselo woncedo lwamanye amazwe uye wakhula ngexesha elithile. Kwixesha lasemva kwemfazwe II, uncedo lwalubotshelelwe kakhulu ekuvuleni iYurophu nasekuqulatheni ubukhomanisi. Ngonyaka ka1970 nangowe-1980, ukujolisa phambili kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kumazwe amatsha azimeleyo. Namhlanje, idilesi zoncedo zicwangciswe ngokuphandle zeenjongo: ukuncitshiswa kobuhlwempu, ukulingana kwendoda nendoda, ugcino lwemozulu, kunye nolawulo oluhle. Ulawulo lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo olunophuhliso lwenkqubela phambili (SDGs), olwamkelwe ngo-2015, lwacelwa ngokucacileyo ukuze kufumane uncedo lwemali kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye nezibonelelo kumazwe ahlwempungephiyo. Ngaphandle koko, abaninzi abanindileyo baye bahluleka ukuhlangabezana nexhoba elide limisiweyo lemali yesizwe esingu 0.7% yengeniso epheleleyo kwi-OD, ibhedi ebharki ebekwe ngo1970 yokuqala.

Ukuqonda impembelelo yoncedo, umntu kufuneka aziqonde iintlobo zalo. Uncedo asilocebo lombane. Lulandelela kungenelelo olukhawulezileyo olusindisa ubomi kumashumi eminyaka ahlukeneyo akwizibonelelo. Ukuxuba kweentlobo zoncedo ezisetyenziswa kumongo onikiweyo kuphembelela ngokubalulekileyo impumelelo yalo ekunciphiseni ubuhlwempu.

Iindidi Eziyintloko Zoncedo Lwasemzini

Uncedo loluntu

Uncedo olubonakalayo nolungxamisekileyo loncedo lwamanye amazwe. Lunika uncedo olungxamisekileyo ngexesha leentlekele zemvelo, iimfazwe, izifo ezimandundu, kunye nendlala. Injongo ephambili kukusindisa ubomi, ukunciphisa ukubandezeleka, nokugcina isidima soluntu. Uncedo loluntu luquka ukutya nokusasazwa kwamanzi, unyango longxamiseko, ikhusi, kunye nenkxaso. Intlangano ezinjenge United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) neKomiti yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe yeRed Cross (ICRC) ziphambili kweminye imigudu.

Ngoxa uncedo loncedo loncedo lunzima kwiingxaki, ulwalamano lwalo nonciphiso lwexesha elide lobuhlwempu lungangqamaniswanga. Izinto ezimandundu njengonyikima okanye iimfazwe zingacwangcisa iminyaka esemva yokuphuhlisa. Ukusabela koncedo olunempumelelo kunceda abantu bazinze ngokukhawuleza, kunciphisa amathuba okuba amanqam okwexeshana anyanzelela iintsapho kubuhlwempu obungapheliyo. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ukusetyenziswa kakhulu koncedo longxamiseko kungaphazamisa ubuncwane kwimisebenzi exhobisayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukulungelelaniswa okungalungelelanisiweyo okunoko kungenza ukugqwetheka kwezoqoqosho, njengokunyusa amaxabiso okutya okanye ukudinisa abenzi basekuhlaleni.

Uphuhliso

Uncedo lophuhliso lubhekisele kwisakhiwo, inkqubela-phambili yexesha elide. Le miba yezemali yodidi njengendlela, iibhulorho, kunye neziko lamandla; iinkqubo zoluntu ezinjengezikolo, izibhedlele, kunye neenkqubo zamanzi acocekileyo; kunye noncedo lobugcisa ekuphuculeni ulawulo, uqheliso, okanye iinkqubo zemali. Uphuhliso lwenziwe ukuze kwakhiwe amandla amazwe afumana imali ukuze kuveliswe ukukhula kwawo kwaye kuncitshiswe ukuxhomekeka kwawo kwinkxaso yangaphandle.

Imizekelo ephawulekayo yoncedo olunempumelelo iquka iGreen Revolution eAsia, eyafumana inkxaso eninzi evela kwiziseko kunye nabanikeli bemali, isivuno esikhula ngokuphawulekayo nokuncitshiswa kwendlala. Kutshanje, iNgxowa-mali yehlabathi Lonke yokulwa noGawulayo, isifo sephepha ne-malariya iye yasindisa izigidi zabantu kungenelelo lwempilo olujoliswe ekulweni. I-Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), isebe loncedo lwase-U.

Uncedo lomkhosi

Uncedo lwasemkhosini lusenokuba lolona didi ludityanisiweyo. Luquka ukuxhaswa ngemali, uqeqesho, izixhobo, kunye nenkxaso engqalileyo kumkhosi welizwe okanye amapolisa oyamkelayo. Nangona kungeyonjongo yokunciphisa ubuhlwempu, uncedo lwamajoni lungafak'unegalelo kuzinzo, nto leyo efunekayo ekuqhubeni imicimbi yezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, imisebenzi yokugcina uxolo exhaswe yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo exhaswayo ithintele ukubuyela phambili kwemfazwe kumazwe angenaziphene. Noko ke, uncedo lwamajoni lusoloko luqhutywa zizinto ezicwangcisiweyo zomnikazi kunokuba kufuneke uphuhliso. Lunganyusa imikhosi yemikhosi elawula imikhosi, imijaho yezo zoncedo, okanye lukhokelele ekuxhatshaneni amalungelo abantu. Iingcali ezininzi ziphikisa ukuba uncedo lomkhosi lufanele lwahlulwe kumgangatho wokuhlala umgangatho wobuhlwempula.

Iingenelo Zokunceda Amahlwempu

Xa yenziwe yaza yasetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo, uncedo lwamanye amazwe luye lwavelisa inkqubela engenakuthelekelelwa ekuncitshisweni kobuhlwempu. Ubungqina bunamandla kwimpilo nemfundo, apho iinkqubo ezilungiselelwe uncedo zisindise ubomi namathuba angakumbi.

Ukwakhiwa Nokukhula Kwezoqoqosho

Ulwakhiwo lusisiseko somsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Iindlela ezixhotyiswe ngoncedo zidibanisa abalimi kwiimarike, ukunciphisa iindleko zezithuthi kunye nokulahlekelwa kwasemva kokuvuna. Imigca yezombane inika amandla amashishini amancinane kwaye yenza iinkonzo zamanani. Iziqhagamsheli neenqwelo-moya zinceda ukudityaniswa kwentengiso. Isifundo sesazinzo seWorld Bank sifumanise ukuba uncedo olwabiwe kwisiseko senkqubo yengqalelo luneembuyekezo ezintle, ingakumbi xa ludityaniswe nolawulo olulungileyo. Umzekelo, uncedo lwamaTshayina kumazwe aseAfrika luxhase imisebenzi emikhulu yezithuthi ezisikalisiweyo, ngexa kukhefunyaniswa iipasethi zemali, ezinyuselwe amatyala, ezidibaniselwano mazwe.

Ukwanda kwezoqoqosho okuqhutywa lutyalo-mali lwezibonelelo kunganyusa izigidi zabantu kubuhlwempu. IKhomishini yokukhula okuzinzileyo kufuna izibonelelo ezaneleyo, kwaye uncedo lungazalisa iikhefu zemali ezifuna imali eninzi kumazwe angenamali ingako. Kodwa ke, iziphumo azizenzeki; imisebenzi ecetyisiweyo engemi kakuhle okanye ezo zingazibalibali kakuhle iindleko zokulondolozwa kwemali zingaba ziindlovu ezimhlophe.

Impilo Nemfundo Iyaphumelela

Impumelelo ecacileyo yoncedo lwamanye amazwe isempilweni. INgxowa-mali yehlabathi, iGavi (i-Vaccine Alliance), kunye neSicwangciso se-Emergency se-Emergency soncedo loGawulayo (PEFAR) iguqule ukuzala nokurhoxa kwe-avareyibhile nxamnye ne-HIV/AIDS, isifo somalariya, kunye nesifo sephepha. Ukususela ngo 2000, ezi nkqubo zisindise ubomi obuqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-50. Ukufa kwabantwana kuye kwanyuka emhlabeni wonke, kwaye ukufa komama kuye kwancipha ngokuphawulekayo. Uncedo lukwaxhasa iphulo lokugoma lokuphelisa ingxingo kunye nesifo sepoliyo.

Kwimfundo, uncedo luye lwanceda ukwandisa ukubhalisa kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi eAfrika ukusuka kuma-58% ngowama- 2000 ukuya kuma- 78% ngonyaka wama-2020. Iinkqubo ezifana neGlobal Priviership yoqeqesho lwezemfundo, ulwakhiwo lwesikolo, kunye nemfundo kumantombazana. Imfundo ngumsebenzi onamandla wokuphelisa ubuhlwempu: unyaka ngamnye ongezelelweyo wemfundo ungandisa ingeniso yomntu nge-10% kwaye unciphise amathuba omtshato wasekuqaleni kunye nokusebenza kwabantwana.

Ezi zinto zifunyenweyo zibonisa olo ncedo, xa ziboniswa kwiinkqubo ezisekelwe kubungqina kwaye zingqinelana namaqhinga empilo nemfundo yesizwe, zingadala iinguqulelo.

Ucelomngeni Neengxaki Eziqhubekayo

Phezu kwazo nje ezi mpumelelo, abantu abaninzi baye bagxekwa gqitha.

Ukhuseleko nozinzo

Inkxalabo ephindaphindwayo yeyokukhuthaza ukuxhomekeka. Xa oorhulumente bexhomekeke kwinkxaso yangaphandle yoqingqo-mali, basenokungabi natyala kubemi babo. Kwiimeko ezimandundu, uncedo lungadibanisela ukuqokelelwa kwemali yasekhaya kwaye lunciphise intshukumisa yokuyiguqula. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe akwi-Saharan Afrika engezantsi afumana imali engaphezu kwama-50% enkcitho yabo yempilo kubantu abanikela ngemali, nto leyo eshiya inokuba sengozini yokufumana imali eninzi. Ukuphuhliswa koncedo kufuneka ngokuthe ngcembe oko kuxhomekeko kwimali yasekhaya, kodwa uqoqosho lwezopolitiki lusoloko lusebenza ngokuchasene noku.

Ukunganyaniseki Nokungahoywa

Urhwaphilizo yingxaki engapheliyo. Iingxowa-mali ezicetyelwe ukunciphisa i-Oyili kwi-Iraq, okanye kutshanje, zingakhutshwa ngabaphezulu, mhlawumbi kurhulumente obamkeli okanye kwitsheyina lokunika uncedo. Ulawulo lwemisebenzi yoncedo lungakhatshwa luzizi, lungajongelwa phantsi, lunobuveleli obulinganiselweyo. Umzekelo ocatshuliweyo kakhulu kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali kwi-Oyile-Fool-Foood Program ye-Foood eIraq, okanye kutshanje, amahlazo abandakanya imali yoncedo eAfghanistan. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokuphendula, uncedo lungaqinisekiswe ekugqibeleni kwemiqathango. Kodwa, ukurhoxisana kwemali kusoloko kugqithwa kwimisebenzi ekufuneka, ingakumbi kwiimeko zokunceda abantu.

Iintshukumisa Zezobupolitika Noncedo Oluneenjongo

Uncedo alunakuxhomekeka ngokupheleleyo. Urhulumente onika uncedo usebenzisa uncedo olusuka kumazwe anikelayo kwizentlalo-bume kunye nezorhwebo. Uncedo lwezibhedlele, apho umxhasi kufuneka athenge izinto okanye iinkonzo ezivela kwilizwe lomniki-zibonelelo, lunciphisa ixabiso loncedo nge-15-30% eqikelelwayo. Lukwagqwetha iimarikethe zasekuhlaleni kwaye lunciphisa ubunikazi. Umzekelo, uncedo lokutya lusoloko luthunyelwa lusuka kumazwe anikelayo kunokuba lusekelwe kwindawo ekuhlaleni, nto leyo enokuthi iphazamise ezolimo zasekuhlaleni. Izinto eziphambili zepolitiki zikhokele ekuncedeni ukuxinzeni imimandla ebalulekileyo kunokuba kufutshane apho ubuhlwempungeno. Uphando lubonisa ukwanda kobugxumelo kumazwe ngezihlalo zeBhunga lwe-UN okanye ezo ziko zomkhosi, kunokuba zikhuthandwe ngokwemfuneko.

Iindlela zokunyusa uncedo olunempumelelo

Ekubeni beluqonda olu celomngeni, oogqirha abaphuhlisayo baye basebenzela ukuguqula iindlela zoncedo. Isindululo seParis esingekuPhuhlisiswayo (2005) kunye nezivumelwano zeAccra neBusan ezilandelayo ezimiselwe imigaqo yokuphucula iziphumo.

Ukuqhelana Nezinto Eziza Kuqala Kubantu Basekuhlaleni

Iinkqubo zoncedo ziphumelela kakhulu xa ziqhutywa zinjongo zophuhliso lwamazwe amamkelayo, hayi izicwangciso zomnikeli. Lo mgaqo wobumnini ufuna abanikeli ukuphulaphula abagcini-tyala basekuhlaleni, kuquka uluntu kunye nabantu abakwindawo ephantsi. Umzekelo, uqingqo-mali luxhasa ugcino-mali . /_apho imali inikwa ngqo umgcini-mali karhulumente .--accan uqinisa amaziko asekuhlaleni ukuba adityaniswe nolawulo oluqinileyo. Iinkqubo zelizwe, ezinje ngezokufumana imali, kufuneka zisetyenziswe naninina kunokwenzeka ukuphepha ukwenziwa kwezakhiwo ezifanayo.

Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula

Ukubonakala gca kuyimfuneko ukunqanda ukunganyaniseki nokukwakha ukuthembana. I-International Aid Transparency Initiatiatiative (IATA) ipapasha ugcino-lwazi oluneenkcukacha ekuhambeni koncedo, inceda abemi kunye neenja ezigadileyo ukuba bafumane imali yokusebenzisa indlela. Abasebenzi kufuneka baqwalasele iziphumo ezingqongqo ukuze baqonde oko kusebenzayo. Iimvavanyo ezilawulwa ngokungakhethiyo, zaba ngoovulindlela ngenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho njengoEsther Duflo kunye no-Abhijit Banerjee, babonise ukuba ukungenelela okusezantsi okunjengokurhoxa kwemibhethro okanye iyunifomu yesikolo ekhululekileyo inokuba neziphumo ezisebenzayo.

Ukwakhiwa komsebenzi kunye noomatiloshe

Uncedo kufuneka lujolise ekwakheni ubuchule bexesha elide kumazwe amkelayo. Oku kuthetha ukutyala uqeqesho lwabasebenzi boluntu, ukomeleza iinkqubo zonyango, nokuxhasa amaziko ophando asekuhlaleni. Ngokunjalo, umanyano phakathi kwabanikeli, oorhulumente, i-NGO, kunye necandelo labucala lungadibanisa ubuchule kunye nezibonelelo. Umzekelo, imodeli yeNgxowa-mali yehlabathi Lonke yemibutho edityaniswe kwimibutho emininzi ekhuthaza izigqibo ezingenziwanga kuphela ngabanikezeli. Ngokufanayo, umanyano lwasekuhlaleni lukawonke-wonke lungaxhasa kwaye lulawule imisebenzi yezenze kakuhle kuneenkqubo zoncedo.

Ikamva Loncedo Lwamanye Amazwe

Umhlaba woncedo lwamanye amazwe uyatshintsha. Abanikeli abaqhagamshelayo njengeTshayina, iIndiya, iBrazil, namazwe aphakathi eMpuma baye baba ngabadlali ababalulekileyo, benika ezinye iindlela ezithi zigxininise ukungakhathaleli kunye nokuzinziswa kwemeko-bume. Unyuko lwemali yemozulu kunye nemfuneko yokulungisa imingeni yomhlaba wonke efana nezifo ezimandundu kunye nokufuduka kuphinda kuqale izinto eziphambili. Ngaphezu koko, indyikitya ebangela ukuba kubekho ubuchule obungakumbi nokunikezelwa koncedo, kuquka nokuthunyelwa kwemali okunika abamkeli ukuba benze ukhetho lwabo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bunendima ekhulayo. Amaqonga emali eselula enza ukuba kuthunyelwe imali ngokuthe ngqo, kugqithwe kwii-media kunye nokuvuza. Ugcino-lwazi olunento lunganceda kwiintsapho ezibuthathaka. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngendlela efanelekileyo, kuphatheke ukuzifunela imali yodwa nokuphepha ukukhutshwa kwamanani.

Ekugqibeleni, uncedo lwamanye amazwe alunakuphelisa ubuhlwempu ngokwalo. Kufuneka ibe yinxalenye yecebo elibanzi eliquka iinkqubo zorhwebo ezifanelekileyo, isiqabu, ukubuyiselwa kwamatyala, utyalo-mali lwabucala, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwezibonelelo zasekhaya. Owona mphumo ulungileyo wokunciphisa amabali obuhlwempu (eChina, eVietnam, e-Indonesia, nakwezinye iindawo) waqhutywa lutshintsho lwasekhaya, hayi uncedo. Kodwa kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ehlabathini, ingakumbi lawo abanjiswe kukunciphisa ukwanda, uncedo lusaqhubeka luluncedo.

Isiphelo

Uncedo lwangaphandle sisixhobo esintsonkothileyo nesingafezekiyo ekulweni nobuhlwempu bomhlaba jikelele. Lubonise impumelelo ecacileyo ekusindiseni ubomi, ekwakheni izibonelelo, nasekwandiseni kwemfundo, kodwa lukwakheka ngenxa yokungalungi, ukunganyaniseki, kunye nokusebenzisana kwezobupolitika. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ubuchule boncedo buxhomekeke kubungakanani obunikwayo kunakwindlela obudityaniswe ngayo kwicebo lobuqu, elilawulwa ngokukhanyayo, kwaye lijoliswe ekwakheni amandla alondolozwayo. Xa ezi meko zihlanganisiwe, uncedo lwamanye amazwe lungaba lunamandla okutshintsha. Njengoko ihlabathi lijongeneengxaki ezintsha zemozulu ezinokutshintsha kwizifo . /-8] Indima yoncedo iya kufuneka izenzeke, kodwa umsebenzi walo ongundoqo uhlala ubalulekile: ukunceda abantu ababuthathaka kakhulu ukuba bafumane ubomi obungcono.

Funda okuninzi malunga nempumelelo yoncedo: [[FLT: 0]-ECD kwi Uncedo olunempumelelo ``[FLT'] Ibhanki yehlabathi iziphumo zesakhelo [ . . . . . Usukelo loPhuliso oluzinzileyo[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .