Umphumo wemfazwe unika olunye locelomngeni olunzima kwizixhobo zale mihla. Iingingqi zidilikile, uqoqosho luthe bhudla, kwaye kuthenjiswa (kokubini phakathi koluntu kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente) kwaye angekho. Kule meko ibuthathaka, uncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe luvela njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuseka iziseko zokuchachacha. Xa lubekwe ngokunempumelelo, luvala umsantsa phakathi koncedo lwexesha likaxakeka kunye nenkqubela-phambili yexesha elide, ukunceda amazwe ahambe ukusuka kugonyamelo ukuya kuzimasa. Noko ke, indlela yoncedo ukuya kulwakhiwo iyanelisa. Ukuqonda indlela yoncedo, apho luphumelela khona, apho luye lungaphumelela khona kuyimfuneko kubenzi benkqubo, abasebenzi, abasebenzi, nabahlali-fazi, nabahlali benkathalo malunga nolwayo malunga nolwakhindo oluqinileyo.

Ichaza Uncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe kwiMimiselo yePost-Conlict

Uncedo lwehlabathi lonke olukwimeko yasemva kwempikiswano lubhekiselele kwimali, izinto zobugcisa, kunye nobuchule obugqithiswe kubadlali bangaphandle/iii-ofisi, amaziko amaninzi, iziseko ezizimeleyo, kunye nemibutho engangoorhulumente, . Ngokungafaniyo namazwe aphuma emfazweni. Ngoncedo lobubele olunikelwayo ngexesha lemfazwe esebenzayo, uncedo lwasemva konikezelo lujoliswe ekulungiseni isakhiwo, ulawulo, nokuthintela ukubuyela kugonyamelo. Iinjongo zawo eziphambili kukubuyisela izibonelelo ezikhoyo, ukwakhiwa kombuso, ukukhuthaza ukuphucula uqoqosho, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuququququzelelwa kwentlalo.

Imithombo yoncedo olunjalo yahlukene. Uncedo lwezibonelelo lusuka ngqo kumazwe anika uncedo, ngokufuthi ludityaniswe kwiinjongo zomgaqo-siseko wamanye amazwe. Uncedo oluninzi luhamba ngemibutho efana ne World Bank , iUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP), kunye noovimba bokuphuhlisa kwengingqi. Uncedo lwezobuqu lusuka kwiziseko zoncedo, amaqela onqulo, kunye nabanikeli-mnikeli ngabanye. Imvelaphi nganye ithwala inzuzo ecacileyo kunye nolungelelaniso olusemngciphekweni, kodwa iyakwazi ukubeka izinto ezinemiqathango. Imijelo emininzi editya enika umanyano kunye nokucuthath-ceka kwezobupolitika, kodwa isenokucotha.

Iintlobo zoncedo lwasemva

Ungenelelo loncedo lukwicandelo elininzi, ngalinye lithetha ngomkhamo othile wocelomngeni lokwakha kwakhona. Ngoxa ezi zigaba zisebenza, ukuqonda iinjongo zazo ezikhethekileyo kunceda kucacise indlela ukwakhiwa kwakhona okutyhileka ngayo.

Uncedo Lwemali

Ukuthunyelwa ngqo kwemali, imali-mboleko, kunye nenkxaso yoqingqo-mali.. Inkxaso yoorhulumente efunekayo yokufumana ulwelo lokuqalisa iinkonzo ezisisiseko, ukuhlawula abasebenzi belizwe, nokusungula imisebenzi yesiseko. Imali yokuthembana eninzi, njenge sitement kunye neNgxoxoko-mali yoLuntu , izibonelelo ezisuka kubanindi bokwahlulwa okuninzi. Uncedo lwemali kufuneka lusetyenziswe ngononophelo: kusekuseni, kwaye lungaphembelela ukonakala; kwaye ukwanda kokuzinzisa.

Inkxaso yobuchule

Uncedo lobugcisa lunikezela ngobuchule amaziko asekuhlaleni adla ngokungabinabo emva kweminyaka yemfazwe. Oku kuquka icebiso lokulungisa umgaqo-siseko, ukuyila iinkqubo zokhetho, ukuguqula amacandelo okhuseleko, nokuseka iinkqubo zolawulo lwemali zikawonke-wonke. Inkxaso yobuchule inikezelwa ngokuvavanya, iinkqubo zoqeqesho, kunye nabasebenzi besibini. Ukugxeka okuqhelekileyo kukuba ingenza "ubuchule bokuzimela kwindawo ephantsi kwenkqubela phambili" umgibe apho ubuchule basekuhlaleni buhlala buhleli phantsi ngenxa yokuba abantu bangaphandle bephumeza indima enzima.

Uncedo Oluluncedo Nezengxamiseko

Nanjengoko ukwakhiwa kwakhona kolwakhiwo, iimfuno ezinzulu zokunceda abantu ziyaqhubeka. Abemi abahlala kwiindawo ezifihlakeleyo bafuna indawo yokuhlala, ukutya okucocekileyo, amanzi, kunye nonyango lwempilo. Uncedo olukhoyo luthetha ngezi meko zikhawulezileyo zisongela ubomi, ngokufuthi ezinikezelwa ngamaqumrhu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo njengeWorld Food Programme kunye ne-NGOs yezizwe ngezizwe. Ucelomngeni olungundoqo kukuguquka koncedo longxamiseko lokuvela kwinkqubela phambili. /amaxesha athile lubizwa ngokuba "kuhlala umgama ophakathi ukuya ekukhuleni". Ukusuka ngokukhawuleza kusenokushiya amaqela angenazikhuseli ngaphandle kwenkxaso; ukubeka phambili ubukho bemeko yentengiso kunye nesidima.

Ukwakhiwa komsebenzi ofanelekileyo kunye nokuqiniswa kwezentlalo

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwesakhiwo sasemva komsebenzi akuphelelanga nje kwizakhiwo zokwakha; kumalunga nokwakha kwakhona amandla karhulumente okusebenza. Iinkonzo zolwakhiwo lokwakha ngobuchule, amagosa eejaji, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kunye nebutho lasekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho zijolise kuyo yonke into ukusuka ekubulaweni koqingqo-mali ukuya ekuhlolweni kwamalungelo abantu. Ukuqinisa inkampani kubandakanya ukuxhasa abameli abachasene nokungalungisi, iiofisi ze-ombumbusman, kunye neekomiti zolawulo lwepalamente. Ngaphandle kokuba amacandelo asekuhlaleni anokukwazi ukunikela, imisebenzi ekhutshwayo iyangabi nako ukusetyenziswa xa iphela inkxaso yangaphandle.

Ukwakha Uxolo Nokuxolelanisa

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona akunakuphumelela ukuba amanxeba oluntu ahlala engakhange asetyenziswe. Ukwakha uxolo kuxhasa iikhomishini yenyaniso, iingxoxo zoluntu, imisebenzi yokukhunjulwa, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwezixhobo, iinkqubo zokwahlulwa komgangatho, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwakhona kweenkqubo (DDR). La manyathelo azama ukucombulula unobangela wengxabano nokuphinda kuthembana phakathi kwamaqela. Ngokufuthi ziluhlobo oluninzi oluchaphazelekayo lwezopolitiko, olufuna ulwazi olunzulu kunye nolude.

Ubuchule Bokukhawulelana

Indlela olunikezelwa ngayo uncedo ibaluleke njengengaphi intlukwano enikwayo. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ziye zajika ukuze ziphucule impumelelo kwimeko-bume yasemva kokudityaniswa.

  • Uncedo olusekelwe kwiprojekthi: Ingxowa-mali yabelwa imisebenzi ethile ekhethekileyo, enemida yexesha `njengokuphinda kwakhiwe isikolo okanye uqeqesho lwamagosa amapolisa. Le ndlela ilula ukuqwalasela kodwa ikhokelela ekuqhekekani nasekukhupheni.
  • iindlela ezisekelwe kwinkqubo: Abanikazi baqokelela ubuncwane obusemva kwesicwangciso esinye sohlanga, njengendlela yokulungisa iReduction Strategy (PRSP). Oku kuphucula ulungelelaniso nezinto eziphambili zikarhulumente kodwa kufuna ukuba abenazo kakhulu abantu basekuhlaleni.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuthemba imali kunye nemali edityanisiweyo: Ilawulwa yinto enye (umz. iBhanki Yehlabathi), ezi zithuthi zinciphisa iindleko zentengiselwano kwaye zivumela ukudityaniswa kwentengiselwano. Imizekelo iquka iAfghanistan Reconficationn Trust Fund kunye neNgxowa-Mdibaniselo-mali ye-Timor-Leste.
  • Inkxaso yoqingqo-mali: Ingxowa-mali ithunyelwa ngqo kubuncwane besizwe, ivumela urhulumente ukuba anike ngokwendlela yakhe yoqingqo-mali. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukhokelo lwasekuhlaleni kodwa ithwala ubungozi obuphezulu kwimiqathango ebuthathaka.

Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokusebenza kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wokuthemba amaziko asekuhlaleni, ungxamiseko lweemfuno, kunye nomongo wezobupolitika. Akukho ndlela inye engqinelanayo kuzo zonke iimeko.

Impembelelo yoncedo ekuhlaziyweni: Imizekelo Nezifundo

Ubungqina obusuka kumandla oncedo lwasemva kokuphela komnxeba budibene. Amanye amazwe aye enza uvuzo oluphawulekayo ngoncedo oluthe kratya ngaphandle, ngelixesha amanye ehlala evaleleke phantsi nakubeni kukho amawaka ezigidi zeerandi eziluncedo.

IBosnia neHerzegovina

Emva kwemfazwe yonyaka ka-192-19995, iBosnia yafumana uncedo olukhulu lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezantsi kooR22, 000 000 000 nge 2000. INgxowa-mali eyakhiwe kwakhona, ixhasa ukuphunyezwa kwe-Dayton Peace Agreement, yanceda ekumiseni imo ye-ethrial. Noko ke, ubuninzi boncedo lwabangela ukuxhomekeka nokuphepha utshintsho olunzima lwezopolitiko. Ulwakhiwo lwezente oludla ngokukhuthaza ukwahlukana kobuhlanga ngokuzibonelela izinto ngemibutho elisekelwe kuhlanga. Isifundo: uncedo kufuneka ludityaniswe ngezizathu ezicacileyo zokuguqula imicimbi yezobupolitika, okanye lungadityaniswa.

IRwanda

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga ngo-1994, iRwanda yafumana uncedo oluthe rhoqo oluxhasa enye yamabali abangel ’ umdla alo Afrika. Inkxaso ixhasa ukuphinda kwakhiwe kwejaji, ukubuyiselwa kwakhona kwamajoni angaphambili, kunye nokudalwa komanyano lwesizwe. Ukhokelo olunamandla kunye nombono ocacileyo zavumela iRwanda ukuba isebenzise ingqiqo ecwangcisiweyo, iphephe imigibe emininzi ebonwayo kwezinye iindawo. Kodwa nalapha, abahlalutyi baphawula ukuba uncedo lusenokuba luye lwanyusa ulawulo olungqongqo oluya lukhula. Umzekelo ubonisa ukuba olo ncedo luxhomekeke kakhulu kumgangatho wolawulo.

I-Afghanistan

Amava ase Afghanistan asisilumkiso. Phakathi ko-2001 no-2021, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lwachitha ngaphezu ko-R250 amawaka ezigidi ukuya kulwakhiwo kwakhona. Uninzi lwalo ncedo lwanikelwa ngesantya esinxulukileyo esidlula urhulumente we-Afghan, ludala iinkqubo ezimbini: omnye umnikeli othe wancedwayo nowexesha langoku, omnye uhlwempuzekile kwaye wahlulwa. Ukunganyaniseki, ubuni basekuhlaleni bebuncinane, kwaye xa imikhosi yamanye amazwe yarhoxa, urhulumente wawa ngesantya esimahlasimvo. I-Afghanistan ibonisa ukuba uncedo ngaphandle kokwakhiwa kwemithetho esemthethweni ebanzi nangaphandle kokwakha amaziko asemthethweni azimeleyo abonakala ephumelela.

Le mizekelo ingqina ukuba uncedo alucombululi.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Uncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe lujamelene noninzi lwezinzipho kunye nomsebenzi wemngeni kwindawo ezingqongileyo zasemva kokudityaniswa. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kubaluleke ekuphuculeni ungenelelo lwexesha elizayo.

Ukunyaniseka nokuqina kogqaliso lwasekuhlaleni

Xa ubuncwane bangaphandle bulawula, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangalahlekelwa lukhuthazo lokunyusa ingeniso, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuxhomekekeni kwemali. Uncedo lungadibanisa amashishini asekuhlaleni kunye namanyathelo oluntu, ingakumbi xa impahla ethunyelwe kwamanye amazwe kunye nemisebenzi ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ithathe indawo yemveliso kunye neenkonzo zasekuhlaleni. Iziphumo "imarike" zingagqwetha iimarike zengqesho zengqesho zemali zize zivelise iqela labasebenzi abaxhomekeke kwizivumelwano zoncedo kunokuba lisebenze.

Ukusilela komanyano nokwahlukana

Izicwangciso zasemva komngcipheko zidla ngokubona uninzi lwabanikeli kunye namakhulu eNGO zisebenza ngaxeshanye. Ngaphandle kobuchule obunamandla bokulungelelanisa imigaqo-nkqubo, imigudu iyaqhekeka. Umnikeli ngamnye angaxhasa izikolo zakhe, ikliniki yempilo, okanye iicandelo lendlela, engayinakanga kangako iplani okanye imigangatho yobugcisa besizwe. Oku kukhutshelwa kwenkunkuma nokubekwa kwemithwalo eninzi yentengiso kubaphathi basekuhlaleni abasele bebuthathaka.

Ukungenelela Kwezobupolitika Nobuzwe

Azikho iinjongo ezingenakuthelekiswa nanto. Iimeko zombutho zisoloko zidibanisa iimeko , ukudityaniswa kweenjongo zezoqoqosho, okanye ukufuna ukufumana iiprojekthi kwifemu zomnikeli. Ngelixesha ezinye iimeko (umz., iirejistations ezichasene nokunganyaniseki) zingaqinisa ukwakhiwa kwakhona, ezinye zingakuphosa phantsi izinto eziphambili zasekuhlaleni. Xa umgangatho uthathwa njengobuqali boburhulumente, uphelisa ukuthemba nokuncitshiswa kwenginikazi.

Ukungabi nabumnini nokuthabatha inxaxheba

Ngokufuthi, imisebenzi yokwakha kwakhona yenziwa kumakomkhulu ezixeko yiingcali zezizwe ngezizwe ezingakwaziyo ukuqonda impembelelo yasekuhlaleni. Ingingqi ziphathwa njengabamkeli abangasebenziyo kunabantu abasebenzayo. Le ndlela "yaphezulu" ikhokelela kubugcisa obungafanelekanga, amalungiselelo okuzigcina, kwaye -- ngokungenamdla , kwaye-------asced. Ezona zibonelelo ziqinileyo zibandakanya iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni, amaqela amabhinqa, kunye nabemi abaphantsi kwamacala asezantsi.

Urhwaphilizo Nolawulo Olubuthathaka

Iimeko ze-posi-mvomfa zineenkqubo ezibuthathaka zolawulo, ezibenza babe buthathaka kukonakala. Uqukuqelo loncedo lunokuba yimvelaphi yoncedo, lungatyebisa abantu abanxibelelana kakuhle ngelixa abantu bebona inzuzo encinane. Imigudu yokudlula koorhulumente ababuthathaka ngokulungiselela uncedo nge-NGOs ingadala iinkqubo ezihambelana nezithi ziyenze buthathaka ngakumbi imeko. Imilinganiselo esebenzayo yokulwa nokonakala mayikhekelwe ekwenzeni uncedo ukususela ekuqaleni, hayi ukongezwa njengendlela yokucinga.

Owona mqheliso ulungileyo woncedo lwesiqalo esinempumelelo

Ngokusebenzisa amashumi eminyaka, ibutho labantu bezizwe ngezizwe liye lachaza imigaqo ebangela ukuba uncedo luxhase ukwakhiwa ngokunempumelelo.

  • [[NTL: 0] Focus kwi-oyile yobulali: Uncedo lumele luhambelane nezinto eziza kuqala zelizwe, njengokuba kucaciswe kwizicwangciso zophuhliso lwesizwe nakwizivumelwano zoxolo. Abanikazi kufuneka baxhase, hayi bathathe indawo ye-(ukukhokela kwelo lizwe).
  • [[UMTLL: 0] Ungenelelo lobunono: iimfuno zobuntu ezikhawulezileyo kufuneka zihlangatyezwane, kodwa ingqalelo yangaphambili kufuneka inikwe ulwakhiwo lobuko. Indlela elandelelanayo esuka ekuhlaziyweni ukuya kutshintsho inzima.
  • Amaziko asekuhlaleni omelezayo: Kunokuba benze amacandelo ahambelanayo okuzalisekisa, abanikezeli kufuneka babhekise ubuncwane kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente baze bancede ukwakha umthamo wabo ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukubona ngaphaya kombane nokuphendula: Ukuhlola okuzimeleyo, ukuvelela uluntu, kunye nokunika ingxelo rhoqo kuwonke-wonke kunciphisa ubuqhetseba kwaye kwandisa ukuthembana phakathi kwabemi norhulumente.
  • [[Ukulungelelana:0] phakathi kwabanikeli: Uhlolo oludityanisiweyo olufuna uhlolo, uhlolo oluqhelekileyo, kunye nobuchule benkxaso-mali obudityanisiweyo bunciphisa ukwahlukana kunye nendleko eziphantsi.
  • [[NTLA] Ulwahlulo olukwintsebenziswano yentlalo: Ulwakhiwo kunye neenkonzo kufuneka zicetyiswe ngeendlela ezidibanisa amaqela, zingaqiniseli ulwahlulo. Ukuquka incoko kunye neeprojekthi zokwakha kwakhona ulwenzo lwasekuhlaleni zingaphinda zakhiwe ukuthembana.
  • Icebo lokuphuma ekuqaleni: Ugcino lufuna ukuba imisebenzi igcinwe noovimba bangaphandle xa iphela. Uqeqesho, iinxenye ezigciniweyo, kunye nezicwangciso zesandla zifanele zakhiwe kwiprojekthi.

Le migaqo ayilula ukuzalisekisa, ingakumbi kwimeko yengxubevange, ephithizelayo yezobupolitika yokulungisa kwakhona emva kokuzibophelela. Kodwa ukungayihoyi ngokuqhubekayo kuye kwakhokelela ekuchitheni ubuncwane kwaye kuphoswe amathuba.

Isiphelo

Uncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe luhlala lusesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo sokwakha kwakhona emva kokwenza isiqinisekiso, ukunika ubuncwane kunye nobuchule obutshabalalisa uluntu olufuna ngokungxamisekileyo. Ingxelo yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu edluleyo ibonisa ukuba uncedo lunganceda ekulungiseni izibonelelo, ukwakhiwa kwakhona kolawulo, kwaye lubeke isiseko soxolo oluqulethwe luphela. Kodwa ikwabonisa ukuba uncedo aluthathi indawo yokuthanda kwezobupolitika, kwaye olo ncedo lungenziwa kakuhle lungenza umonakalo ohlala uhleli ngokukhuthaza ukuxhomekeka, ukurhwaphiliza, okanye ukugqitha urhulumente.

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona okusebenzayo kufuna ukutshintshwa ukusuka kwimisebenzi yexeshana elifutshane kwimisebenzi yokuncedisana ekufuneka ibekwe kumaziko asekuhlaleni embindini. Kufuna ukuba kubekho uxanduva olunzima, iinkqubo ezilungelelanisayo, kunye nokukulungela ukufunda kuzo zombini iimpumelelo nokungaphumeleli. Njengoko ungquzulwano luqhubeka lunyuka kwaye luqhubeka emhlabeni wonke, umbuzo awukokuba uncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe lungaxhasa ukwakhiwa kwakhona, kodwa indlela olunokwenziwa ngayo lube netyala, lulungelelaniswe ngakumbi, kwaye luqiniseke ngakumbi ngokunyanisekileyo kwibutho labantu olufuna ukulisebenzisa. Izibo ziphezulu: xa ukwakhiwa kwakhona kuphumelela, luvula ucango loxolo nenkqubela phambili. Xa lungaphumelelangalinganiswangaphi na iindleko, iindleko zilinganiswa kubuhlwe ubuhlwe, ugonyamelo oluhlaziyekileyo, ugonyamelo, nokulahleka komntu.