Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sesiGunya leMveli kwimfundo nempilo

UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States, ngeSigqibo seshumi leSiphendu-Mbetho, ugcina onke amagunya angaphathiswanga ngokungqalileyo urhulumente worhulumente wesizwe okanye abantu. Olu khetho lokwakha ludala inkqubo elungeleleneyo apho amazwe anegunya eliphambili [ ingeniso[ nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwi yenkathalo] ekhoyo. Ngokungafaniyo namazwe aneenkonzo zemfundo ezisembindini okanye iinkonzo zempilo zesizwe, i-U.S. ixhomekeke kwimizi-rejiyo yedemokhrasi engamashumi amahlanu ahlukeneyo yesizwe, ukufikelela kwawo kwimfundo, impilo kawonke, kunye nokunikezelwa kwezonyango. Eli lungiselelo lokukhuthaza nokusabela kolwamfezeko, imigangatho yemali, kunye nokufikelela kwimiqatha ye-okshorensi ye-mali, kunye nokungena kwiminxeba ye-mali.

Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa okuchanileyo koxanduva phakathi kwamakomkhulu ephondo neWashington, D.C., kubalulekile kubafundisi-mfundo, izifundiswa zempilo, abalawuli benkqubo, kunye nabemi abasebenzisa ezi nkqubo suku ngalunye. Ukusetyenziswa kwegunya lorhulumente, inkxaso-mali yengingqi, kunye nokuzalisekiswa kommandla kwenza uludwe oluntsonkothileyo olubumba ubomi bezigidi. Eli nqaku lihlola iindlela, imingeni, kunye nemigaqo yexesha elizayo karhulumente elawula kwimiqathango emibini yemithetho elandelayo kubomi baseMelika.

Oorhulumente bakarhulumente Nokwakhiwa Komgaqo-nkqubo Wemfundo

Imfundo ihlala ihleli, ngokwamazwi eNkundla ePhakamileyo, "umba obalulekileyo kumazwe. Akukho mGaqo-siseko wesizwe okhoyo kwilungelo lemfundo; endaweni yoko, wonke umgaqo-siseko worhulumente uquka amalungiselelo okuqinisekisa uhlobo oluthile lwemfundo kawonke-wonke. Ezi ndawo zesiseko ezisemthethweni ` zisesazulu solawulo lwemfundo, ukumisela izindululo zoludwe, ukuxhasa, ukuhlawula, nokuphendula kumashumi amawaka ezigidi zezikolo zasekuhlaleni.

Imfundo yeRhulumente Iinkqubo: Ukwakhiwa kunye nemisebenzi

Urhulumente ngamnye usebenza umbutho wemfundo yengingqi () yemfundo yengingqi (SEA) [1] ngokufuziselayo ligosa lesikolo okanye ummeli wemfundo `ookhokeli bemfundo') esebenza njengesiseko solawulo somgaqo-nkqubo we K-12. La masebe aguqulela imiqathango yemithetho-mthetho kwimithetho esebenzayo, ukuthobela isikolo sephondo, kwaye alawule ukuqukuqela kwe-R3 karhulumente kunye norhulumente. Iimbopheleleko ezithile zoNyuselo zinyuko zinyuke ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekudlulisweni kwe-Protary nakuMgalelo wemfundo weSiqikelelo soMganiso ngo1965 kunye notshintsho olulandelayo njengokungabikho Mntwana OseKhohlolo nakunye aBafundiweyo (ESA).

  • Inkqubela-phambili yeCurculum esemgangathweni: Amazwe achaza oko abafundi bafanele bakwazi kwisigaba ngasinye kwimixholo efana nezibalo, ubugcisa bolwimi lwesiNgesi, inzululwazi, kunye nezifundo zentlalo. Oku kuquka izigqibo zokuba bamkele imigangatho yemiba emininzi njenge Core eQhelekileyo okanye ukuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela ezikhula ekhaya.
  • ulawulo lolawulo lwezokufundisa:[ ukwenziwa kwamasebe emfundo karhulumente okanye kukhethwa iimvavanyo ezisemgangathweni ezisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuphumelela kwabafundi, ukuvavanya izikolo, kunye nokwanelisa iimfuno zobutyala bukarhulumente.
  • uyilo lwenkqubo yokufumana amatyala: Phantsi kweESSA, uxanduva kufuneka luyile iinkqubo zokulinganisa isikolo eziquka iingxelo zovavanyo, amanani okuphumelela, nezinye izibonisi ezifana nokungabikho kwamaxesha onke okanye ukulungele ukwenziwa komsebenzi wasekholeji.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kunye nokunika ingxelo: ulwandle lugcina iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezinde ngokubanzi ezilandela ukusebenza komfundi, iimfaneleko zokufundisa, kunye nemali yesikolo.

INgqungquthela yesizwe yeMasipala kaRhulumente inikela izibonelelo ezineenkcukacha ezilandelelanayo ezichaza indlela amatyala olawulo lwemfundo yawo, kuquka ukutyunjwa okanye unyulo lweebhodi zesikolo kunye nabaphathi bephondo. Olu khetho lubonisa iimpikiswano ezinzulu ngokuziphendulela ngokwedemokhrasi kunye nobuchule bemfundo kwinkqubo yobugcisa.

Ukuxhasa Izixhobo Zesikolo Nocelomngeni Lokungalingani

Ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali yemfundo kawonke-wonke eUnited States kusuka kwimithombo emithathu ephambili: irhafu yerhafu karhulumente, iirhafu zempahla yasekuhlaleni, kunye neminikelo karhulumente. Ngomlinganiselo, umlinganiselo wamazwe anikela malunga nama-47 ekhulwini emali yonke ye-K-12, nemithombo yasekuhlaleni ibonelela malunga nama-45 ekhulwini kunye norhulumente wephondo egquma eziseleyo. Oku kuxhomekeka kwirhafu yempahla yobulali kwenza ukuba kubekho ukuzinzisa okuzingisileyo nokubhalwe kakuhle [[FLT:] ukukhulula izibonelelo ezithenwa phakathi kwabemi abafumileyo nabafumana imali ephantsi.

Oorhulumente benza indima ebalulekileyo ekuzameni ukulingana ezi zahlulo ngenkxaso-mali ekhoyo ngokwe , emisela umgangatho osisiseko wemali esetyenziswayo kunye nolungelelaniso loonobangela abafana nobunzima, isiNgesi ofundayo, kunye nexabiso lelizwe. Amazwe anjengeKhalifoniya kunye neMassachusetts aqhubele phambili kwiinkqubo zemali ezithe ngqo oovimba abangakumbi kwimimandla efuna uncedo oluphezulu kubafundi. Kodwa ke, ukudityaniswa kwemali yesikolo kuhlala kuqhelekile, kunye neemeko eziqhelekileyo kumazwe aseTexas ukuya kumazwe anika inkxaso-mali enzima njengeesiqinisekiso somgalelo-siseko semfundo eyaneleyo.

Icebo langaphandle: IKhomishini yoTshintsho lwaseUnited States igcina ii-database ezibanzi zokulandelela iiprojekthi zemali yelifa lesizwe, uludwe lwemivuzo yomfundisi- ntsapho, kunye nemali yemali yesikolo, inika ugcino-lwazi olubalulekileyo lokuthelekisa ulwahlulo lwamazwe angenayo kucelomngeni.

Imigangatho yemithetho yemithetho kunye nemithetho ezenzekelayo

Oorhulumente banegunya lokuseka imigangatho yomxholo we- echaza oko abafundi bafanele bakufunde ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2010. Ngelixesha izikolo zasekuhlaleni zilawula izigqibo ezingokwesithethe malunga neencwadi, iindlela zokufundisa, kunye neminikelo yezonyango, imilinganiselo yorhulumente idala ukulindela okuzinzileyo kocwangciso lwezifundo. Ukusetyenziswa kweMigangatho yeSizwe esiCommo Core Core Core kumazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amane ebudeni bowama-2010 kwakumela omnye wemibutho engundoqo yomanyano yorhulumente kwimbali yemfundo. Kodwa ulawulo lwezobupolitika lwakhokelela kumazwe amaninzi ukuba aphinde afumane okanye athathe indawo yaloo migaqo-yo-Jiincopho, ibonise ukumanyana phakathi kwentsebenziswano yezolawulo nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Amaziko emfundo karhulumente akwamisela iimfuno zokuphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo , kuquka inani leemali zokuboleka ityala ezifunekayo kwizifundo ezingundoqo, nokuba abafundi kufuneka baphumelele kwiimvavanyo zokuphuma, kunye nezinye iindlela ezikhoyo kubafundi abaneziphene okanye abajongene nomsebenzi wempangelo kunye nemfundo yobugcisa. Ezi mfuneko zibumba amava omfundi kunye neziphumo, zikhuthaza ukulungiselela kolejini, ukulungiselela umsebenzi, nokuhambelana namaqela amanani abantu.

Ulawulo lwezempilo kumgangatho weRhulumente

Inkathalo yempilo eUnited States ayingomntu wonke okanye azimeleyo ngokupheleleyo; yinkqubo exubileyo apho oorhulumente belizwe beqhelisa imigaqo esebenzayo, i-fiscal, kunye negunya lokulawula. Iingcali zezonyango ze-inshorensi, ilawula iinkqubo ze-inshorensi, ilungiselela iinkqubo zenkcubeko yempilo, kwaye ikhusela impilo kawonke-wonke. Isiphumo sisenzo semithetho evelisa iziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo kubemi ngokwendlela abahlala kuyo.

ISebe lezeMpilo leLizwe:

Izwe ngalinye ligcina isebe le- elinobungozi lithenjiwe ngokukhusela impilo yabemi, ukukhusela izifo, nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zempilo ezibalulekileyo. La masebe asebenzisa iingcali zebhayoloji, iingcali zemekobume, abafundisi-mpilo, kunye nezazinzulu zelebhurejini ezihlola izifo ezasulelayo, zinyanzelisa imimiselo yokukhusela ukutya, kwaye zilawula iinkqubo zokuthintela izifo ezinganyangekiyo. I-COVIID-19 yezifo ezityhalela kwirejini yesizwe njengoko zifumana imbopheleleko yokuvavanya, ukunxibelelana, ukunxibelelana, ukusasa, kunye nokusasaza konxibelelwano ngonxibelelwano.

  • Ukuhlola ukuhlasela nokuqhambuka: amasebe ezempilo aseburhulumenteni achaza izifo ezinokuxelwa, ahlalutya ugcino-lwazi lwe-epidemimi, kwaye alungelelanisa ukusabela kwiziphumo ezisuka kumkhuhlane ukuya kutsho kwi-opioid egqithisileyo.
  • Abaphathi benkqubo yonikezelo:[[FLT: 1] Amazwe asebenzisa ukugonywa kwakhona, asasaza amagonyo kubanikezeli, kwaye aphumeze iimfuno zogonyo lwesikolo.
  • Umthetho wesiko lokunyamekela abaguli: waseStates wemvume yezibhedlele, amakhaya abalupheleyo, amaziko otyando oluhlalisayo, nezinye izibonelelo zezempilo, ukuqhuba uhlolo ukuqinisekisa ukuthobelana nokhuseleko nomgangatho.
  • ulawulo lwerejista yeerekhodi ze-Vit:[ amasebe ezempilo karhulumente agcina ukuzalwa kunye neengxelo zokufa, eziyimfuneko kuphando lwempilo kawonke-wonke, amanani abantu, kunye noxwebhu lomntu ngamnye oluchazayo.

Ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwamasebe ezempilo karhulumente kuyahluka-hluka. Amanye amazwana asebenza ngokuphandle kumbindi onamandla athe ngqo kwiiyunithi zempilo zasekuhlaleni, lo gama amanye enika amandla amakhulu kwingingqi okanye kumasebe ezempilo esixeko. Oku kuchaphazela isantya kunye nokulungelelana kweempendulo zoluntu, njengoko kuboniswa ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19 xa iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ziphumelela kakhulu kumlinganiselo wokugoma kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano ezithe chatha.

Ulawulo LwaseMedicaid Nengxoxo Yolwando

Imedicaid ime njengenkqubo enye enkulu yokunyamekela impilo elungiselelwe ngoorhulumente belizwe. Ngokuxhaswa ngamalungu orhulumente noorhulumente, iMedicaid inikezela ngengxelo yempilo kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-80 abafumana imali ephantsi, kuquka abantwana, amabhinqa akhulelweyo, abantu abadala abakhulileyo, nabantu abaneziphene. Kuleyo imigangatho ebanzi yesizwe, uninzi ulungelelwaniso olukhoyo, luneengxubeko oluneengenelo, iimpahla, ukuhlawula intlawulo, kunye nocwangciso lwenkqubo yokuhambisa.

UMthetho we-Affordlable Care Act ka-2010 waveza ukhetho lolwandiso lwemeko-mazwe ukugquma bonke abantu abadala abafumana ingeniso ukuya kutsho ku-88 pesenti yomgangatho wobuhlwempu karhulumente. Ngonyaka wama-2025, amashumi amane amaphondo kunye neSithili saseColumbia aye amkela ulwandiso, lo gama amaziko alishumi engalwamkeli. Le nkqubo yokuntywilisela iziphumo ezinzulu: amanani angenazingxengxenge-mfa kumazwe angeyo e-Medicaid aphezulu ngokuphawulekayo, izibhedlele ezisemaphandleni zijongenengxaki yemali eninzi, kwaye afumana abantu abadala abaphantsi kwezo mazwe abaswele ulawulo lwezifo ezingapheli.

Icebo langaphandle: [[Nkqutyana:0] Isiseko sentsapho se-Kaiser ipapasha uhlaziyo olugunyazisiweyo lwendawo yobhaliso lweMedicaid, ukuchithwa, kunye nolwahlulo lwenkqubo kumazwe, kuquka amaphepha omgangatho wemeko enokweenkcukacha ebonisa indlela umgangatho nengenelo ezahluka ngayo ngokwendawo.

Amazwe akwasebenzisa iNkqubo ye-inshorensi yezempilo yaBantwana ye-Imfihlelo yezempilo (CHIP), enika ingxibo kubantwana kwiintsapho ezinengeniso ephezulu kakhulu ukuba bafanelekele iMedicaid kodwa iphantsi kakhulu ukuba ingakwazi ukuhlawula i-inshorensi yabucala. CHAP inandipha inkxaso ebanzi ye-bipartis kwaye ivelise unciphiso oluphawulekayo kumlinganiselo ongakhange ulandelwe ngabantwana, nangona intengiso luqhubekekile kumazwe angakhange angenelelanento kunye neenkqubo zokuhlaziya.

Ukubuyiselwa kwentengiso ye-inshorensi kunye noMntu ngamnye

Oorhulumente basebenza njengemida yokuqala ye-inshorensi yempilo ethengiswayo kwimida yabo. ngemiqathango ye-inshorensi , bachaza uhlolo lwemiqathango yexabiso lemali, inyanzelisa imigangatho yokhuseleko lwabathengi, kwaye bongamele ulawulo lwemali lwe-inshorensing. I-Afford Care Act esungulwe imigangatho esezantsi karhulumente yokuyiqululela, kodwa amazwe agcine igunya kwiinkalo ezininzi ze-inshorensi, kuquka nenkcazelo yeenzuzo zempilo ezifunekayo (ngendlela zokhuselo-mthetho-mthetho-siseko se-memorensityheatry, iimfuno-edefignote, kunye nezicwangciso ezifutshane zolawulo lwe-miqatha ye-miqatha ye-mincotho.

Amatyala amaninzi aye amisela eyawo imiyalelo ye-inshorensi yempilo yabantu ukutshintsha isohlwayo sikarhulumente sokuphelisa ngokufezekileyo iKhomrhuthi ngo-2019. Ama-ododa anjengeMassachusetts, New Jersey, Rhode Island, California, kunye neVermont afuna abemi ukuba bagcine intengiso yempilo okanye bahlawule irhafu karhulumente, inkqubo ejolise ekuqinisekisweni kwentengiso ye-inshorensisfera ngokhuphiso ngokukhuthaza abantu abasempilweni ukuba babhalise baze basasaze umngcipheko othe ngaphaya kwamachibi abanzi. Le miqathango yesizwe ibonisa ukuphuhliswa okuqhubekayo kwenkqubo yezonyango kwanjengoko kuhlala kugciniwe urhulumente.

Izixhobo ze-Romenel: Ulwahlulo, Uxinzelelo, kunye nokulungelelana kwamandla

Akukho ngxoxo ngeendima zikarhulumente kwimfundo kunye nenkathalo yempilo ipheleleyo ngaphandle kokuvavanya ulwalamano lwezoburhulumente oluyiziphumo zenkqubo yobume. Amazwe asebenza ngaphakathi kwesakhelo semimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nemeko zemali ezibangela ukuba zombini zikwazi kwaye zinyanzele ukhetho lwawo. Isiphumo esiqhubela phambili sibandakanya ingxubusho eqhubekayo phakathi korhulumente norhulumente kunye norhulumente ngentsingiselo yokuziphendulela, izibophelelo ezidityaniswe kwi-dola yesizwe, kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wemigangatho yesizwe.

Ukuqokelelwa kweNgxowa-mali ngeMitya eQhagamshelweyo

Iminikelo yemali elungiselelwe ukubonelela ngemfundo kunye neenkqubo zonyango yezonyango iza neemeko eziphembelela izigqibo zenkqubo karhulumente. Kwimfundo, i-All Students Foundations Act ifuna ukuba kubekho iinkqubo zokuvavanya abafundi minyaka le ngokufunda nangezibalo ngokwemiba yamanqanaba amathathu ukuya kwesibhozo nakanye kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, inikela ingxelo yokurhoxiswa kwenkcazelo efunyenweyo, kwaye ichaze izikolo ezifuna inkxaso ebanzi. Amazwe amkela iSihloko-Indime-ndiyo kubafundi abasweleyo kufuneka athobele ezi mfuneko, kwanaxa amagosa karhulumente ekhetha ukuphendula ityala eli tyala.

Kwizikhathalelo zempilo, isakhiwo seMedicaid solawulo lwesizwe esingqinelanayo sidala izihlomelo ze-fiscal ezinamandla ukwenzela ukuba iimeko zandiswe, zifumane iimodeli zexabiso elisekelwe kwixabiso, kwaye zivelise iinkonzo ezisekelwe ekhaya nasentlalo. Urhulumente umisela imigangatho encinci ekhoyo kwaye abeke iimfuno ezinxulumene nokufumana inkxaso, umlinganiselo womgangatho, kunye nengqibelelo yenkqubo. Ezo mazwe afuna ubuchule bokuvavanyanisa iinkqubo zokuhambisa izinto ezitshanayo angazisebenzisela [[FLT: 0] ukuboniswa kwemiboniso ye-ravers[, ezivumela ukuvavanywa kokunikezelwa kweendlela kunye nokuxhonywa kwemiqatha yemiqatha. Ezi zizinto zisetyenziswa ekusebenzeni izikhundla, kunye namalungiselelo elungele ukulawulwa komgangatho woluntu.

Icebo langaphandle: Amaplanga e Medicare kunye ne Medicaid Services agcina isiseko sesiseko sedata esisemqoka semedicaids ezivunyiweyo zelizwe, enikezela ngokucacela kwindlela amazwe asebenzisa ngayo iinkqubo zawo ngexesha esebenza kwimida yengingqi.

Umfundi Ngamnye Uphumelela Kumthetho Nobugocigoci Belizwe

Ukudlula kwe-ESSA ngo-2015 kwaphawula ukurhoxa kwegunya elibalulekileyo elivela kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ukubuyela kumaphondo emfundo. Xa kuthelekiswa noNo Child Lend Bend, ESSA inika isindululo esithe chatha ekuyileni iinkqubo zokuphendula, ekumiseleni iinjongo zokuphumelela kwabafundi, nokumisela ungenelelo kwizikolo ezincinane. Amazwe angaquka amanyathelo omgangatho wesikolo okanye impumelelo yabafundi engaphaya kovavanyo, njengokungabikho kobukhenkenezeko-yo ekholejini, okanye ukufikelela kwimfundo ephambili. Oku kuvumela ukuba iimeko zikwazi ukufikelela kwimiqathango yasekuhlaleni ngoxa zigcina ii-alamulo zolawulo lorhulumente ziphantsi kolwazi oluphezulu phantsi kwamaqela abafundi abasebenzayo.

Iingxaki Eziqhubekayo Ezijamelene Noorhulumente Bakarhulumente

Phezu kwalo nje igunya labo elipheleleyo, oorhulumente bajongene nesakhiwo, i-fiscal, kunye nocelomngeni lwamanani oluntu olubangela ukuba kube nzima ukunikela imfundo ephezulu kunye nokunyamekela impilo. Olu celomngeni alwabiwa ngokulinganayo kumazwe onke; ezinye zijongene neengcinezelo eziqatha ngoxa ezinye zihamba ngemeko ezinokulawuleka.

Izinto Ezibalulekileyo Nezibalulekileyo Kuqingqo - mali

Uqingqo-mali lwezorhwebo lujongene noxinezeleko lwemali olungapheliyo phakathi kwemiqathango yengeniso kunye neemfuno ezikhulayo zeenkonzo. Imfundo kunye nenkxalabo yempilo zidityaniswe ngeemali ezinkulu zikarhulumente, ngokufuthi zisebenzisa ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkcitho yemali jikelele. Ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho, njengokudodobala okubangelwa yile ngxaki ye-COVID-19, zidala umlinganiselo wengeniso okhawulezileyo othe amandla okunciphisa inkxaso yemfundo okanye ulinganisa inkcitho yezempilo ngexesha elithe ngqo xa ummi efuna ukwanda. Ngokungafani norhulumente worhulumente, uninzi lwamazwe asebenza phantsi kwemilinganiselo elungelelanisiweyo yoqingqo-mali, ukunciphisa amandla awo okunganyibilikiswa kwemali ngexesha lobunzima.

Ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwemali esetyenziswayo ngokuqhubekayo kugqitha ukwanda kwengeniso yemali yelizwe ngenxa yokwanda kwexabiso lokunyanyekelwa kwempilo, ukwanda kwabemi abalupheleyo, nokwanda okukhulayo kweemeko ezinganyangekiyo. Amazwe kufuneka enze ukhetho olunzima malunga nokuhlawula intlawulo, ukungenelela, ukulinganisa ukuxhaswa kwemali ekungeneleni kwendlela yokufumana inkathalo. Ngokufanayo, inkxaso-mali yemfundo ikhuphisana nokulungisa, ukuthutha, nezinye izinto eziphambili, ezikhokelela kwiingxoxo zexesha ngalinye ezithe ngqo, ukudityaniswa, ukulingana, ukulingana, kunye nendima efanelekileyo yemali karhulumente enxulumene nolawulo loluntu.

Iinguqu zomlinganiselo wenani leenkqubo

Abemi baseMerika bayaluphala, baya bahluka-hluka ngokweentlobo zeentlanga, kwaye banikel ’ ingqalelo kwimimandla ethile yemimandla yelizwe ngelinye ixesha imimandla ihlayo. Le misebenzi ifuna ukuba abantwana bafumane imfundo yorhulumente kunye neenkqubo zokunyamekela impilo. Amazwe anabantwana abakhula ngokukhawuleza amele achithe iimali ekwakheni izikolo, uqeqesho, kunye neenkqubo zobuntwana babantwana abaqalayo. Amazwe anabantu abalupheleyo ajongene neendleko ezandileyo zeMedicare kunye neMedicaid, iindleko ezandileyo zezonyango ezihlala ixesha elide, kunye nokunqongophala kweingcali zezempilo.

Ukwahluka-hlukana kobuzwe ngohlanga, ubuhlanga, ingeniso, kunye nobume belizwe kuhlala kuqhubekeka ngokuzingisileyo phezu kwako nje ukuphuculwa kwempilo yabemi jikelele. Urhulumente unezixhobo ezithe ngqo zokuthetha ngezi zichasi-mali ngokutyatyalwa kwemibutho yezempilo yoluntu, ukukhathalelwa okufanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko, abathinteli bempilo, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olubonisa ukwahlukana. Noko ke, ulawulo lwezobupolitika kunye nobuchule bolawulo luyahluka, kwaye inkqubela iye yangahambelani namazwe namaxesha.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokungaguquguquki Komgaqo - siseko

Ukwanda kokuthatyathwa kwezobupolitika zaseMerika kunemiphumo engqalileyo yokulawula ulawulo lwezwe kwimfundo nakunyango lwempilo. Ukutshintsha kweqela lolawulo lwezindlu zowiso-mthetho kunye neenqanawa zokulawula kungavelisa utshintsho oluphawulekayo lwenkqubo: ulwandiso okanye ukudityaniswa kweMedicaid, ukusetyenziswa okanye ukuphinda-phinda imigangatho yemfundo, ukwanda okanye ukuncipha kwemiqathango yemfundo yezemfundo, kunye nokuqiniswa okanye ukurhoxiswa kwemimiselo ye-inshorensi. Ukungazinziswa kwemithetho kubangela ukungaqiniseki kwezikolo, abaxhasi bezonyango, kunye neentsapho, ezimele ziqhelane nemithetho etshintshayo kunye nemigangatho yemali.

Kwangaxeshanye, ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle kubangele amanye amazwe ukuba asukele iindlela zokukhulula , apho oorhulumente belizwe balinganisela igunya lezixeko kunye noqikelelo lokumisela iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni kwimfundo nakwimicimbi yempilo. Iingxoxo ngokutshayelwa kwemithetho ehlawulwayo yemivuzo encinane yendawo, ukuhlawulwa kwemfuno egulayo, kunye nerhafu ebonisa umlinganiselo othe nkqo wolawulo lwamazwe, ukongeza omnye umaleko wendlela enzima kwimifanekiso yezolawulo.

Ukubuyiselwa Notshintsho: Imisebenzi yeenkonzo Zedemokhrasi Esebenzayo

UJaji oPhakamileyo weNkundla ePhakamileyo uLouis Brandeis uchazwa ngokudumileyo ngokuthi "amaqumrhu olawulo-mpumezo," kunye namaqumrhu emfundo kunye nonyango ayaqhubeka evelisa iinkqubo ezitsha ezazisa iingxoxo zesizwe. Ama-odoli azama iinkqubo zesikolo eziquka izikolo zomthetho-siseko, iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa, ii-akhawunti zemfundo, kunye nezikolo ezigcina imali, nganye eneempawu ezahlukeneyo zoyilo kunye nobungqina. Kwizikoliso zempilo, kumazwe amaziko enqwelo-moya afumana ezinye iimodeli ezisekelwe kwi-Medicaid, asungula iinkqubo zokulungisa ii-mali ezixhasa imarishorente nganye, kwaye enze iindlela zokuhlawula uluntu ngezonyango.

Amazwe akwakhokelwa kwi-data yokubona ngaphaya kunye nokuyila inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina. I-inshorensi yempilo ye-Oregon isebenza njengemodeli yobugcisa bokubhalisela kunye noncedo lwabathengi. Inkxaso-mali yeTennessee yenkxaso-K-12 igxininisa inkxaso enzima yemali yabafundi kunye neziphumo ezisekelwe kwiziphumo zokuphendula. IColorado neWashington ziye zahlola iingcebiso zobugcisa bomntu wonke ophicothayo obunokuyibuyisela imida phakathi koluntu kunye ne-inshorensi. Olu vavanyo lomgangatho wesizwe luvelisa ulwazi olunokufumaneka kulo, lufaka ulwazi olunokutshintsha ukutshintsha kwemithetho ye-Melika.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kolawulo Lukarhulumente

Indima yoorhulumente belizwe [ kwimfundo kunye nenkathalo yempilo ayingolawulo kuphela kodwa ingunobangela wendlela idemokhrasi yaseMerika esebenza ngayo. I-United States iguqulela izibophelelo ezibanzi zomGaqo-siseko kwimigaqo-siseko engqalileyo ebumba abantwana ukuba bafunde ukuyifunda, nokuba iintsapho ziyakwazi ukuhlawula impilo, nokuba ingingqi ziyaphumelela okanye ziyalwa. Ukubekwa kwegunya ekuchazeni ukuba kunceda ukusabela kumaxabiso neemeko zasekuhlaleni, kodwa kwakhona kuvelisa ukulungelelanisa iimfuno zesizwe zokufuna ithuba nentlalo entle.

Abafundisi-mfundo, iingcali zezempilo, kunye nabemi abatshayelela ukulawulwa kwemigangatho karhulumente echaphazela umsebenzi wabo nobomi babo. Amasebe emfundo karhulumente, amasebe ezonyango, izindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye neerhuluneli asebenzisa izixhobo ezilawulayo zokulawula inkxaso-mali yesikolo, imigangatho yokufundisa, iMedicaid elpigig, umgangatho wempilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nomgaqo we-inshorensi. Ukusebenzisa la maziko ngokufaka isandla, ngokuvota, uqheliselo lobugcisa, kunye nokuconga kukawonke-wonke kubalulekile ukubumba ikamva lemfundo nenkxalabo yempilo eUnited States.

Njengokuba ukutshintsha kwamanani, inkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa, kunye neengcinezelo zemali ziqhubeka zitshintsha zombini iinkqubo, oorhulumente bamazwe baya kuhlala bephambili ekulingweni nasekucoceni ingxaki. Impumelelo nokusilela kwabo kunika lonke uhlanga izifundo, ukuqinisekisa ixabiso loburhulumente njengesiseko sokulawula esithambileyo nesihlala sihleli, esikhuphiswano kwaye siphumele.