Isiseko solawulo olumanyeneyo kuLawulo lwamaMelika

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamagunya karhulumente norhulumente luyenye yezona mpawu zichazayo inkqubo yezobupolitika eUnited States. Esi sakhiwo, esisaziwa njenge-constaalism, sahlula igunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente wesizwe, ngalinye elinendawo yalo yempembelelo. Abafundi kunye nabafundisi abafuna ukuqonda indlela inkqubo kawonke-wonke, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, kunye namalungelo emihla ngemihla, ukufumanisa ukuba le midlalo ayiyomfundo nje kuphela. Ibalulekile. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kolawulo olusembindini kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni lweziko-orhulumente, yonke into esukela kwimigaqo ye-klasi, ukuya kwimigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokufikelela kwezonyango ekuvotiyeni i-oventi.

Umanyano aluzange luvele ngengozi. Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko, bebone ububuthathaka beManqaku oMgaqo-siseko, benza ngabom inkqubo eya kulondoloza ulawulo lorhulumente ngeli lixa urhulumente wesizwe ewaneleyo ukusingatha iingxaki. Esi sakhiwo sibini siye savela ngokuphawulekayo ngokutshintshwa kotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, ngemithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nokuguquka kwemozulu yezobupolitika. Namhlanje, ukudityaniswa kwamandla karhulumente norhulumente kuhlala kungumdla ngokukhuphikiswana kwebala, ngokufuthi kukhuphiswano apho imida yegunya isoloko ivavanywa khona.

Ukuqonda urhulumente kufuna ukushukuma ngapha koko kuhamba ngaphaya koolathisi abalula. Asilocandelo elimileyo kodwa lulwalamano olunamandla oluphenjelelwa lunikezelo, ukukhululwa, kunye notoliko lwezomthetho. Le ngcamango yandisiweyo inika uvavanyo olusebenzisekayo lokudibana kwamandla orhulumente norhulumente, ukuzotywa kwemigaqo-siseko, imigaqo engundoqo, kunye nophando lwemeko yehlabathi lokwenene olubonisa uxinezeleko kunye nomanyano oluseMelika.

Ukuqonda Umanyano

Umanyano lubhekisela kulwahlulo lomgaqo-siseko lwamazwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe osembindini kunye noorhulumente abaliqela bephondo. Ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo yomanyano, apho onke amagunya ehleli kurhulumente osembindini, okanye kumanyano, apho amagunya agcina amandla agqibeleleyo, urhulumente udala amanqanaba amabini karhulumente asebenza ngexesha elinye kummandla omnye nakubemi. Umgangatho ngamnye unemithetho yawo, iqumrhu eliphetheyo, kunye namaziko ekwayahluleleneyo, kwaye ngalinye lifumana igunya lawo kuMgaqo-siseko kunakwelinye iqondo.

Isizathu esiphambili solawulo lukarhulumente silungelelanisa imfuneko yomanyano lwesizwe nokulondolozwa kobuzwe beendidi zasekuhlaleni. Abaseki bakholelwa ukuba oorhulumente belizwe baya kusabela ngakumbi kwiimfuno zabemi, bakhonze njengeeklasi zedemokhrasi, kwaye basebenze njengezixhobo zokukhusela ukumelana nokuqhathwa kwe-ogxamenti. Kwangaxeshanye, urhulumente wesizwe onamandla wayeyimfuneko ukulawula ezorhwebo, ukwenza inkqubo yamazwe asemzini, ukulungiselela ukukhusela urhulumente, nokukhusela amalungelo kwikhethe lasekuhlaleni.

Ukudlula kweenkulungwane, ukutolikwa kolawulo lorhulumente kutshintshile. Irepublic yangaphambili iye yabona imbono emxinwa yegunya lesizwe, neNkundla Ephakamileyo ku- Mcloch v. Maryland [1819]) imisela imfundiso yamagunya athelekelelwayo kodwa agcina ulawulo lukarhulumente. Imfazwe yeSizwe nenkqubo yombuso ekwakhenisiweyo yandisa imigaqo kazwelonke, ngokukodwa kumalungelo abemi. I-New Decrood yazisa ukukhula okuphawulekayo kwegunya lesizwe phantsi kwe-Commerciace Clace, kunye neenkqubo ezithengiselelwe phambili kwegunya lesizwe. Kumashumi eminyaka yakutshanje, iRehinquistqui noRoberts ziphinde zabekwa kwimidalo ye-oventi, eyona ingakumbi kumazwe [FLtic:].[3][4]

Namhlanje, urhulumente usathandabuza ingcamango, ngokuphikisana ngomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya likarhulumente eliqukunjelwa kwiBhunga, kwiinkundla, nakwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ukuqonda imigaqo esisiseko yokwabiwa kwegunya linyathelo lokuqala ekuhambeni kule ndawo intsonkothileyo.

Ukufuduka komGaqo-siseko kunye namagunya

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika iplani yokwabiwa kwamandla phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente. Olu lwabiweyo alupheleli kodwa luxhomekeke kumalungiselelo angundoqo amaninzi nakwimiqathango yesakhiwo echaza oko umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente unokwenziwa nasenokungenzi.

Amandla Anempembelelo

Inqaku I, Icandelo 8 lomGaqo-siseko lidwelisa amagunya akhethekileyo anikwe iNgqungquthela. La mandla adwelisweyo aquka amandla erhafu ye-levy, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula imimandla yengingqi kunye nezorhwebo zangaphandle, ukumisela imithetho efanayo yokuhlaliswa kwendalo kunye nokuwa, imali, ukuseka ii-ofisi zeposi, ukusungula imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi yamanzi, nokulungiselela umkhosi waselwandle. La mandla axhomekeke kurhulumente wesizwe, iintsingiselo ngokuqhelekileyo ayinakuwasebenzisa. Umzekelo, urhulumente akanakungena kwisivumelwano nelizwe lasemzini okanye imali yayo.

Amandla Agciniweyo

UMthetho-nkqubo weSihlalo weshumi opheleleyo ugcinwe ngokucacileyo kumaphondo lawo mandla anganikwanga urhulumente karhulumente okanye angavunyelwanga kumarhulumente. Eli "gunya" livumela ukuba kumiselwe ulawulo lwempilo, ukhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo jikelele. Phantsi kweli gunya, kumiselwa kwaye kulawulwa izikolo zikawonke-wonke, iingcali zelayisense (oogqirha, amagqwetha eendlebe, abachebi), ukunyanzelisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqhuba unyulo (olawulo oluphantsi kwemithetho kazwe), ukulawula ukusetyenziswa, nokulawula urhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Uhlaziselo lweshumi ludla ngokusetyenziswa ngurhulumente ochasa ulawulo.

Amandla Akhoyo

Bobabini oorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente banganegunya elithile ngexesha elinye. Ezi ziquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuseka iinkundla, iibhanki zomthetho-siseko, kunye nemithetho enyanzelisayo. Noko ke, xa imithetho karhulumente nekarhulumente ingquzulana, iSupremacy Claus (Article VI) iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente uphakamile, kwaye iinkundla zikarhulumente kufuneka ziwuxhase. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwiindawo zegunya elikhoyo, isenzo sorhulumente sinokuwukhulula umthetho worhulumente.

Amandla Asetyenziswayo Nokubaluleka Nokufanelekileyo KukaClaus

I-Active and Seant Clausle (Icandelo 8, Classic 18) inika iBhunga igunya lokwenza yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" yokuqhuba amagunya ayo adwelisweyo. Eli binzana litolikiwe ngokubanzi ukunikeza amandla acacileyo .Amandla angadweliswanga ngokucacileyo kodwa anxulumene ngokusengqiqweni nokubulawa kwalawo adweliswe. Umzekelo, amandla okulawula urhwebo lwamazwe asetyenziswe ukuthethelela imithetho karhulumente ekusebenzeni abantwana, kumalungelo abantu, ukukhusela imekobume, kwanawokugcinwa kweziyobisi kwindawo ethile.

Amandla Aphethulweyo

Omabini amaqondo eemvume zikarhulumente ajongene nokwalelwa. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, urhulumente wesizwe akanakubeka irhafu ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukunika izibizo zezikhulu, okanye ukukhupha ama-habeas i-corpus ngaphandle kwemvukelo okanye ukuhlasela. Amazwe awavumelekanga ukuba angene kwizivumelwano, anikele imali, adlulise amatyala, ashiye imithetho yasemva, okanye imithetho ephazamisa imbopheleleko yezivumelwano. Ngaphezu koko, ukuHloliselwa kwemida yeshumi elinesine kuyalela ukukhankanyela inkqubo efanelekileyo okanye ukukhusela imithetho elinganayo, ukunika iinkundla zesizwe amandla okuhlola izenzo zesizwe ezichasene namalungelo asisiseko.

Indawo ezingundoqo zodibano

Ulwahlulo oluqikelelwayo lwamagunya luba luqinisekisiwe kwimimandla ethile ekhethekileyo apho oorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente basebenzisana khona. Imimandla emithathu ./i-athority, imfundo, kunye nonyango-ukubonelela izinto ezikhoyo zequmrhu lorhulumente.

Ukunyanzelwa Komthetho

Umthetho onyanzeliswayo eUnited States ungowona mgaqo-siseko kunye nomsebenzi wasekuhlaleni. Malunga nama-85% amagosa omthetho wesizwe asebenza kwiphondo okanye kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, kwaye inkoliso yemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho ingumthetho. Urhulumente ngamnye unemithetho yakhe yesohlwayo, inkqubo yenkundla, kunye namaqumrhu okuqinisekisa ukuba amapolisa akwimimandla asekuhlaleni aphengulula ulwaphulo-mthetho kumda kamasipala, namagqwetha ephondo agweba ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Noko ke, urhulumente wesizwe ufeza indima ebalulekileyo ngoorhulumente abafana neFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), uLawulo lweziyobisi ezinyanzelisayo (DEA), kunye neBureau of Alcohol, Toba, Firemordars kunye ne-Explopasives (ATF). Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho woManyano kujolise kulwaphulo-mthetho oluthiliyo olunqamlezileyo, lubandakanya ipropati ye-ongini, okanye lubandakanya imimiselo ethile yesizwe, enjengeyokurhwebelana kweziyobisi, i-ikhkhkhrime, ubugrogri, ubusela-mthetho, ubusela-mthetho, ubusela-bhabhabha, ubusela, ubusela-bharji, ubusela-bhabhabhabha nxamnye norhulumente be-omatilathi-mali kurhulumente be-U. Abatshutshisi-Athoney kwi-ofisi nganye ye-U.

Ukudibana komthetho wesizwe noworhulumente kudala intsebenziswano kunye noxinezeleko. Amandla adityanisiweyo adibanisa ubuncwane basekuhlaleni kunye noorhulumente bokulwa ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo. Kodwa kuvela iimfazwe ezingaphaya kolawulo, oovimba kunye nezinto eziphambili. Umzekelo, umthetho wezezimali] uyalwalela umyansi phantsi koMthetho we-Substancess , ngoxa amaphondo amaninzi ewugunyaze ngokusemthethweni ukuba abatshutshisi begunya likarhulumente bathethe ngokhokelo kunokuba banyanzele umthetho okusasaza. Ngokufanayo, ukunyanzelisa ukulawulwa komthetho we-Imgalelo nomthetho wesizwe kubandakanya omabini (phantsi komthetho we-Immigration kunye nomthetho wesizwe) kunye nentsebenziswano, kunye neminye imithetho egunyazisa ulawulo lwesizwe ukuncedisa amanye amagunyazwe ngokuba asebenzisana imigaqo-orhulumente xa begunyaziso olusa intluxandukulwayo "antiudiso-yo" intsolulawulo.

Imfundo

Imfundo ngokuqhelekileyo ingumsebenzi wesizwe nowasekuhlaleni. Ummiselo wamandla amapolisa oMphengululo weshumi elinesihlanu uquka igunya lokuseka nokuqhuba izikolo zikarhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye unesebe lemfundo, iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni, kunye nenkqubo yenkxaso-mali kunye nemigangatho yemali. Amazwe amisela iimfuno zokufundisa, ii-arhente zokufundisa, ii-arhente, kunye nemigangatho yokuphumelela. Imimandla yasekuhlaleni ilawula imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, abaqeshi, abaqeshi, kunye nerhafu yepropati ye-levy ukuze ixhase izikolo.

Noko ke, urhulumente wesizwe uye wandisa impembelelo yakhe ngezikhuthazo zemali kunye neemfuno ezisemthethweni. Indima enkulu karhulumente ivela kuMthetho weElementary kunye nowemfundo weCetary (ESEA), owamiselwa ekuqaleni ngo-1965 kwaye wagunyaziswa ngokutsha njengoMthendeleko Wonke Womfundi Wempumelelo (ESA). Ngonyaka wama-2015, urhulumente unika izikolo iSihlomelo sokuxhasa imfundo ephantsi, ukutshintshisana ngokuthobelana kweemfuno ezithile zokuziphendulela. Imithetho yoluntu iyakuphelisa ukucalucalucalulo ngemfundo esekelwe kwibala, kwisondo, kwisiphene, nakwimvelaphi yesizwe, enyanzelelwa liSebe lemfundo yamaLungelo lwaManyange. Isebe eliphethe iSweecuacelseS (IA) ligunyazisa imfundo ekhululekileyo kubantwana ngoncedo olunembutho lwemali.

Impembelelo karhulumente ikwafikelela kwimfundo ephakamileyo ngoPell Grants, iimali-mboleko zabafundi, kunye nemithetho elawula ukugunyaziswa koonontlalo-ntle kunye nokhuseleko lwasekholeji. Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yezorhulumente kunye nolawulo lorhulumente/lokulawula indawo kudla ngokukhokelela kwingxoxo ngemibandela efana nokuvavanywa okusezantsi, imigangatho ephakathi, kunye nendima yemiqathango karhulumente kwizigqibo zokufundisa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ukuqhatha kwemiqathango yesizwe kululaza inkqumsho yasekuhlaleni, ngoxa abaxhasi bemi ngelithi imilinganiselo yesizwe iyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-siseko nembopheleleko.

Impilo

Inkathalo yempilo eUnited States ibonakalisa intsebenziswano entsonkothileyo phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente. Phambi kwenkulungwane yama-20, ukhathalelo lwempilo lwalungumbandela wobuqu obandakanyeke kakhulu kurhulumente. Ukusekwa kweMedicare neMedicaid ngo1966 kwaphawula ukungena okungundoqo kwemali yezonyango yezonyango, kudala isiseko solawulo esahlukeneyo esiqhubeka siyila.

iMedicare yinkqubo ye-inshorensi yempilo elungiselelwe urhulumente ngokuyintloko kubantu abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu, kwakunye nabantu abathile abaselula abakhubazekileyo. Urhulumente wezwe umisela imilinganiselo yokungalingani, iinzuzo, kunye nemali, nangona abaxhasi be-Inshorensi besebenzisa icandelo B kunye nezicwangciso D. E-United States inendima encinci engqalileyo kwiMedicare, nangona benokongeza ngoncedo lwamayeza karhulumente.

[[FLT: 0] I-Medicaid yinkqubo yesizwe edityanisiweyo enika ukudityaniswa kwempilo kubantu ngabanye namalungu aphantsi. Urhulumente wesizwe umisela iimfuno ezibanzi, unika izimali ezingqinelanayo (ezisuka malunga nama-50% ukuya kuma-80% zixhomekeke kwimali---mali karhulumente nganye ekhoyo), kwaye zivumela izibonelelo zemali ze-mali yeprojekthi yeprojekthi. Amazwe anika ukwenziwa kwemiboniso yemiboniso yemiboniso. Ukuyila nokusebenzisa iinkqubo zawo zeMedicaid kwimida esezantsi yesizwe, ukumisela imigangatho ebanzi (ngemincinane), iinkonzo ezigubucala, izibonelelo, izibonelelo ezinika izibonelelo, kunye nezibonelelo ezinika izibonelelo. Afford ekwaziyo ukunikezela (A) ngokufanelekileyo, ngokutshona kwe-204, ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe, ukusetyenziswa kwe-A) ukusetyenziswa kwe-oklobhusayithi, nangona kuthe ukuvuzwa kumazwe akhudcul-204, ukuvunywa,

Ezinye iindawo zokusebenzisana kwezonyango zesizwe esingurhulumente ziquka ukusabela kongxamiseko lwempilo kawonke-wonke (umz., ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza ebulalayo), umgaqo we-inshorensi yempilo (apho kulawula ngokuyintloko i-inshorensi, i-ACA emiselweyo kwimigaqo yesizwe kwizicwangciso ezithile), kunye nokungamela izibonelelo zempilo (kunxulumene nemeko yesizwe yokungathathi-nxaxheba kwi-Medicare/Medicaid inkonmentation). Umlinganiselo wamandla kwinkqubo yempilo uyaqhubeka uxabana, ngengxoxo eqhubekayo ye-AAA, inkciso yomyalelo yeziyobisi, kunye nekamva legunya loluntu.

Uvavanyo lwetyala lomanyano-zwe le-Interaction

Uhlolisiso olungqalileyo lwetyala lunika imbono ecacileyo ngendlela amandla orhulumente asebenza ngayo. Ngezantsi yimizekelo emithathu ebalulekileyo ebonisa umlinganiselo owahlukileyo wolwalamano.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

Mhlawumbi akukho mcimbi ubonakalisa kakuhle uxinezeleko phakathi kokwalelwa kwesizwe kunye nogunyaziso lukarhulumente kunomthetho womjuxuzo. Phantsi koMthetho weGunya eliLawulayo we-Substances Act (CSA) ka-1970, intsangu ithathwa njengesixhobo sokulawula iShedyuli, ithetha ukuba urhulumente ukujonga ukuba kunamandla okuxhatshazwa, ukungasetyenziswa kwezamayeza okwamkelekileyo okwangoku, nokungamkelekanga kokhuseleko lokusetyenziswa phantsi kolawulo lwezamayeza. I-CSA ikwenza kube okungekho mthethweni ukuvelisa, ukwabela, okanye ukuba nokwenza umyazamo kulo lonke elaseUnited States, ngokusetyenziswa kakubi.

Noko ke, ukususela kwiProsition yaseKhalifoniya 215 ngowe-199, amaza amaphondo aye agunyazisa umyalezo wezonyango. Ngonyaka wama-2024, amaphondo angama-38 kunye neSithili saseColumbia agunyazisile ukusetyenziswa kwezamayeza, kwaye ama-24 kunye ne-D.C. aye agunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kokuzonwabisa kwabantu abadala ngokusemthethweni. Oku kudala ingxabano engqalileyo: imithetho karhulumente ivumela ukuba umthetho karhulumente oweyisakale. Abatshutshisi bephondo banyanzele iCSA ngokuchasene norhulumente ngokuchasene noomasipala, kodwa ukususela ngo-2013, iSebe leJaji lisebenzisa ubuchule obuqhelekileyo bokuphendula umtshutshisisholo, ukubhekisa ingqalelo kwimiba okuphambili kwimibango yokuqhuba ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukurhwebelana kwe-mthetho wesizwe kunokuba kuthintele i-Rodminderterrand amdrendrend (apprients) kukhutshwe urhulumente owenziwe ngurhulumente ukususela ngo-2014, kodwa umqhubi-2014.

INkundla Ephakamileyo yathetha ngemfazwe ne-Raich (2005], ikholelwa ukuba uChwetheza Claus ugunyazisa urhulumente wezwe ukuba arhwebe urhwaphilizo nokusetyenziswa komsayini, kwaye nokuba umba womchako awuzange unqamle imigca karhulumente. Inkundla yavuma ukuba umthetho karhulumente awunakukhusela abantu kwinkundla. Phezu kwaso nje esi sigqibo, ukuma okusebenzayo kuyaqhubeka. Funda Gonzales v.[ich[FLT]]

Olu hlolisiso lubalaselisa imida yamandla karhulumente ngenxa yobungangamsha borhulumente, indima yokugweba, kunye nokutshintsha kwemithetho (njengokuthi i-SAFE Banking Act okanye imigudu yolu lawulo-mthetho) ukusombulula le ngxaki. Kwakhona kubonisa indlela amazwe anokuba negalelo ngayo njengeeprojekthi zedemokhrasi, anyanzelisa inkqubo karhulumente ekutshintsheni ngoluvo lukawonke wonke kunye novavanyo olusebenzisekayo.

Amalungelo

Umthetho wonyulo ngokuyintloko bubutyala borhulumente phantsi komGaqo-siseko. ICandelo I, Abathunywa aba-2 ukuchaza igunya lokumisela i "Ixesha, Iindawo kunye noManda wokuphatha unyulo lwabaGqibi kunye nabameli," kunye noMbutho ogcina amandla okutshintsha imimiselo enjalo. Ngokufanayo, amaphondo alawula unyulo lomongameli phantsi komthetho karhulumente, phantsi kwemigaqo-siseko somthetho-siseko. Lo rhulumente uquka iinkqubo zokuvota ubhaliso, ukuqokelela iindawo, izixhobo zokuvota, ukuphuma kwemithetho yokuvota, kunye noyilo lwangaphambili.

Kwangaxeshanye, urhulumente wesizwe uye waba nendima esebenzayo ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota, ngokukodwa ekuchaseni ucalucalulo. UMthetho-Mpanzi weshumi elinesihlanu uthintela ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yohlanga, uMphetho-weshumi elinesithoba ulwalela ukucalucalulwa kwesondo, ukuLandlwa kwemiqathango yeSigxina kweMasitho-Mbethi yeSibini kuyalela ukubhatala iirhafunxa zerhafumza lerhafumnoloji kunyulo, kwaye ifuna imigaqo yokuvota engamashumi amabini anesithandathu ehlahlelayo inzala engaphambili ngaphambi kokuba kuguqulwe imithetho yokuvota (i-Vractation 5).

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Selby County v. Umlawuli wadalula indlela esetyenziswayo ukugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amagunya aphantsi kokubekwa phambili, ngokunempumelelo iCandelo 5 de iBhunga limisele inkqubo entsha yokugquma. Ukususela ngoko, imimandla emininzi iye yamisela imithetho enqabileyo elawulayo i-ID yokuvota, inciphisa iintsuku zokuvota, ivotaroll, kunye nokubeka imiqathango yeposi kwi-vota. Iinkundla zesizwe ziye zaxhasa eminye yale mithetho ngexa isohlwayo ifunyanwa isenza ikhethelwe ngokusemthethweni kwisiseko sohlanga. UJohn umthetho olawula amaLungelo, wazisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kodwa engawukhuphanga, kodwa wazisa kwaye wahlaziya inkqubo yokuvota, ukuhlaziya.

Olu hlolisiso lubonisa uxinezeleko phakathi kolawulo lukarhulumente nolawulo. Abaxhasi bobubhetyebhetye besizwe baphikisa ngelithi amajelo akwisikhundla esingcono ekulungiseni imithetho yonyulo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni kwaye ungenelelo lwamazwe luphikisa ukuba ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunamandla lukarhulumente, amaziko aya kumisela imithetho ephelisa abavoti abambalwa abavoti kwaye athobe inxaxheba yedemokhrasi. Ukufunda ISigono-Shelby County isigqibo esikwi-Cornell LII.

Unyanzeliso lofuduko

Umthetho wokufuduka ungummandla wegunya elipheleleyo lesizwe phantsi komGaqo-siseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavuma ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba amandla okulawula ukufuduka azalwa kulawulo lwesizwe yaye amazwe akanako ukumisela imithetho yawo yokufuduka engqubana nenkqubo karhulumente. UMthetho we-Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) ulawula ukuvunywa okusemthethweni, iindidi ze-vsag, iingxoxo zokususwa, kunye nokwenziwa kwendalo. ISebe leSebe loKhuselo loKhuselo lweNtlalo (DS), elisebenzisa i-U.S. Utheko lobuminisholo kunye neSebe lokwaHlunyuko (USCIS), i-IS, i-Immigration kunye ne-Roundation Contranssion (ICE), kunye ne-Crivectional Devity (CP), ukulungiselela imithetho yesizwe (ixel).

Kodwa amatyala aye abandakanyeka ngokukhulayo, ekuxhathiseni intsebenziswano nomthetho worhulumente kunye nokuwuchasa. Amanye amazwe, njengo-Arizona, aye adlulisela imithetho (umz., SB 1070) efuna ukuba urhulumente kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni uqinisekise ngemeko yokufuduka ngexesha lokumiswa okusemthethweni, kodwa axhase imigudu yokugxotha. INkundla ePhakamileyo e] Arizona v. United States [20202] yabetha ilungiselelo elingephi le-SB 1070 njengoko ikhutshelwe ngumthetho wolawulo lwesizwe, kodwa yaphakamisa "ukundibonisa amaphepha akho", ngokubeka ilungiselelo eliqhubekayo phezu kwe-profilifiliti yohlanga. Amanye amazwe aye amkela "i-anctary" imigaqo-yokuMbutho woluntu olusebenzisanayo, njengoko ndingafuni ukukhulula umhla woluntu olusekelwe kunyaka wokufuduka.

Imidlalo iquka ulawulo lwesizwe lomsebenzi, apho oorhulumente besenokufuna ukuba bonke abaqeshi (abadlula kwiimfuno zikarhulumente), kunye nelungiselelo lombuso leengenelo (njengelayisensi zokuqhuba kunye nemvume yabemi abangabhalwanga). Ukuxhomekeka kukarhulumente kwintsebenziswano karhulumente yokuvalelwa (ngeemvume zokuvalelwa) kunye nokucaciswa komsebenzi onzima wokuphumeza ngokwahlukeneyo nangona urhulumente enegunya elisesikweni.

Olu hlolisiso lubonisa ukuba nangona amazwe engenako ukulawula ngokuthe ngqo ukufuduka, anokuphembelela ngokuphawulekayo ukunyanzeliswa nokusetyenziswa kwamapolisa afudukayo ngokwamandla awo nangeenkqubo zawo. Urhulumente osebenzayo ekufudukeni uhlala ekhuphisana ngokuphezulu kwaye ukhuphisana ngokusemthethweni.

Isiphelo

Ukudibana kwamandla orhulumente norhulumente asiyondlela yokudibana kodwa lulwalamano olumileyo, olujikelezayo olubumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla bamaMelika. Ukusuka kwigumbi lokufundela ukuya kwisibhedlele, ukusuka kwibhokisi yebhola ukuya kwinkundla yenkundla, icandelo kunye nokwabelana ngegunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye nelizwe kudala inkqubo ekwaziyo ukumelana nengxabano. Imikhosi ivumela ukwahluka-hlukene kwemigaqo-nkqubo /amazwe anokuzama ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela kwimpilo, imfundo, okanye isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho (xa kugcinwa kwesiseko sombuso okhusela amalungelo engundoqo kunye neengxaki zesizwe ezidlula kwimidabi.)

Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi nabemi. UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko sesiseko, kodwa ukusebenza kwemithetho kuxhomekeke ekutolikeni kwezasemthethweni, ekusebenzeni kwemithetho, ekusebenziseni imigaqo-mthetho, ekulawuleni, nasekuthetheni kwezobupolitika. Njengokuba imiba efana nokubhaliswa komsanqa, amalungelo okuvota, ukufuduka, kunye nokunyanyekelwa kwempilo kuyaqhubeka kuyila, ulungelelwano phakathi korhulumente kunye norhulumente luya kuhlala lungumxholo ongundoqo wokulawula kweMelika. Ngokufunda imigaqo, iinkomfantamfa, kunye neezifundo, ubani uzuza izixhobo zokuvavanya iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ze-demodemokhrasi nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ukuphinda ufunde, U.S. umGaqo-siseko osuka kuVimba lweSizwe kunye noovimba abavela kwiNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMthetho weSizwe unika iingongoma ezintle zokuqalisa ukuhlolisisa iinyaniso ezisebenzayo zolawulo.