Irhafu yinkcazo esisiseko sophuhliso lwe-Indiya, ithumela imali ukusuka kwimimandla yasezidolophini nasemizileni ukuya kumazwe amakhulu asemaphandleni apho kuhlala malunga nama-65% abantu belizwe. Ngaphandle komsinga othe ngqo nokhulayo wengeniso yerhafu, iinkqubo zokwakha iindlela zedolophana, ukunyusela iinkokhelo zemali, kwaye inike ingcebiso lemali yempilo exhomekeke kwiimali, imiqobo karhulumente exhomekeke kule minikelo, imiqobo efunekayo ekuqokelelweni kwemali, ukuqokelelwa kwemiqathango yezorhwebo, ukukhutha, ukukhutshwa kwemilingo yerhafuno. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela inkcitho yerhafuthelo yemali, izicwangciso ezingundoqo zikarhulumente ezixhasa ukuqokelelwa, nemiqobo efunekayo ukuze kubekho ukulawulwa kwenkqubo elungele ukusetyenziswa nokusetyenziswa.

Ukubaluleka Kwengeniso Yerhafu Kuphuhliso Lwasemaphandleni

Iiprojekthi zokuphuhlisa uphuhliso lwasemaphandleni . ngokokwakhiwa kwazo zonke iindlela ezingundoqo zokuseka iziko lezempilo eliphambili .-iimali zerhafu ezinyukayo ezinyukayo kunye nenkcitho ephindaphindwayo. Imali yerhafu inikela ngoninzi lwemali ephakathi neyamakomkhulu karhulumente. Ngokweencwadi zeSebe loqingqo-mali zaminyaka le, ii-intsontela zerhafu (ukuboleka ngemali) zidla ngokuba nengxelo eluncedo kwimali eninzi epheleleyo karhulumenteni. Inxalenye ephambili yale ngeniso ihlawulwe ukuchaza ngokohlobo lwerhafuthelo yeKhomishoni yemali, ezibubunzima obuninzi obufana noluntu, ummandla, kunye nengeniso efumaneka kuwo uninzi, uninzi lwamazwe asemaphandleni, asemaphandleni-empumfamanyeneyo.

Ngaphezu kokuthunyelwa ngqo, iimali zerhafu zikwaxhasa izicwangciso ezixhaswayo ezixhaswayo (CSS) ezijolise kwintlawulo yobuhlwempu basemaphandleni, umsebenzi, kunye nezibonelelo. i-Facince Commission [ ngokwayo] incomela ukwabelana ngeemali zerhafu ye-Union/irhafu yeshishini, irhafu yobuqu, kunye neGST(ukuqinisekisa ukuba kwaneemali eziphantsi zemali zangaphakathi zinganikela iinkonzo ezisisiseko. Le mithetho yorhulumente iyafuneka ngenxa yokuba imizi-ntle yasemaphandleni (panyats) inemiqatha yengeniso, ixhomekeke kwimfutho yempahla, imirhumo yomsebenzisi, kunye nentlawulo oluphezulu lwerhafuyo yesizwe, ukuqokelelwa kwemfundo yemfundo yasemaphandleni ukusuka kwisikolo semibhobhobho yasemini ukuya ku-odiyo.

Iintlobo zerhafu ezixhasa iprojekthi zasemaphandleni

Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zerhafu zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ekuphucukeni korhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela ilevy nganye esebenza ngayo kuyanceda ekuxabiseni indalo.

Irhafu

Iirhafu zengeniso yobuqu neyenkampani zininzi ezinikela kwiNgxowa-mali eHlanganisiweyo yaseIndiya. Imali eqingqiweyo yemali yama-41% ngokweKhomishini ye-15 yeMali, idelwe njengenxalenye yequla lerhafu. Ama-United States anikezela le mali ukuze anike le mali kwimida yezoshishino zasemaphandleni, ulwandiso, kunye nentlalo-ntle yentlalo. Ukongeza, irhafu yerhafu ekhoyo (umzekelo, icandelo lentlalo) ngamanye amaxesha ikhombeka-mfa yemingxube enjengeebhusayithi [[FFLT:0].Pradhan Mancan Yas Yay'ija., ukrwelelo lwemali lwerhafuyo inika izintengo yenkciso yemali ehlalo yemali (umzekelo., icandelo 35A.icandelo loweediyo, icandelo eliphantsi kwecandelo lobulungu lobulungu lobulungu lobulungu lezelelwe phantsi komsebenzi loburhulumente.

Irhafu yemali (GST)

I-GST yathabathel' indawo intsebenziswano yeerhafu ezingangqalanga kwaye yirhafu eyahlulwe phakathi kweZiko kunye namazwe. Icandelo lezwe iGST (SGST) linyusa ingeniso yeli lizwe, enokuchithwa kwimisebenzi yasemaphandleni. I-GST esembindini (CGST) ikwangena kwimibutho yoovimba be-Union beeprojekthi ezixhasa inkqubo zerhafu. Ngaphezu koko, i- I-GSSTSTANS [ [iiintengiso lobunethwele ngokwemirhumo yobunewu nempahla ye-demerit] isetyenziselwa ukuhlawula amaphondo ngenxa yemali ehlawulo, ukunyusa uqingqobhaso lwemali ebhanki esemaphandleni. Ukususela ngoJulayi 2017, i-GST inyusa irhafu yerhafu encinane, izisa iinkonzo zerhafuthelo.

Irhafu Yempahla

Irhafu yempahla iqokelelwa ngokuyintloko ngamaqumrhu asedolophini asekuhlaleni, kodwa kwii-pankayats zelali kwimimandla emininzi irhafu ye-levy kwizakhiwo, kwiindawo zendlu, kunye nomhlaba wezolimo (ngokufuthi ibizwa ngokuba “yirhafu yendlu” okanye“imali yemali yomhlaba yemali ephantsi”). Nangona ingeniso ingumthombo ofanelekileyo, yindawo ebalulekileyo yerhafu ye-pankachayats, enika irhafu engcono. 14 kunye ne-15 yemali encopho ukuhlawula irhafu, incopho yokwandisa irhafu yempahla yabo, umgudu ongcono werhafuthelo. Kumazwe anjengo-Keralas kunye ne-Tamilmil, irhafu yerhafu yemali, nokubonelela irhafu yamanzi, kunye nokurhoxawa kobudonga.

Irhafu Yezolimo

UMgaqo-siseko waseIndiya unika igunya lokunika irhafu yerhafu, kodwa uninzi lwamazwe luyihlawulele ukukhusela abalimi abancinane. Noko ke, amanye amaphondo ayilevy irhafu encinane yengeniso yezolimo kwifama (ikhafu, ikofu, irabha) okanye kwiifama ezinkulu zezorhwebo. Ingeniso ephumayo kwirhafu ekhompyutheni efuna intengiso yombuso, esoloko ibekelwe ukunyuselwa kweenkonzo zolimo, ukunkcenkceshela, kunye neendlela zasemaphandleni. Ngaphezu koko, ingeniso yemali yelizwe ( inkqubo yemali ekhoyo yerhafuyo kodwa ekhoyo kwirhafuyo yelizwe . .

Ezinye Irhafu NamaLevi

Umsebenzi wokukhuphisana kwirhafu yesithuthi ye- ibonelela ngandlela ithile. Ama-odolo adla ngokunikezela ngesabelo semali kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni ukwenzela ukuphuhliswa kwasemaphandleni. Swachh Bharat Mission [GRANT), ngokomzekelo, ufumana inxalenye yesabelo sikarhulumente osembindini kwi-petrol nedishric. Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi kunye nerhafu yobhaliso kwiprojekthi yempahla yasemaphandleni nakwimimandla ye-maphanethi ne-marko yoomatika esetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yemisebenzi ye-propatimenti.

Abathathi - nxaxheba bakarhulumente Bahlawulwa Ngerhafu

Urhulumente waseIndiya uqhuba iinkqubo ezininzi zophuhliso lwasemaphandleni ngokuxhaswa yimali yerhafu jikelele. Ngeli ngezantsi kukho ezinye zezixhobo zeflegi ezibonisa unxulumano olucacileyo phakathi kokuqokelelwa kwerhafu nentlalo-ntle yasemaphandleni.

IMahatma Gandhi Imisebenzi yasemaphandleni Iqinisekisa

IMGNREGA iqinisekisa iintsuku ezili-100 zomsebenzi ohlawulwa yimivuzo engenamsebenzi kwikhaya lasemaphandleni. Esi sicwangciso sixhaswe ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente osembindini ngee-lisithi zerhafu (kuquka i-] I-Screctives [ I-Esclectives izisekwe ngo-1, nangona kamva idityaniswe neGST cessss). KwiUmanyano yoHlahlolo lwama 2024-25, MGREGA yafumana ulwahlulo lwamashishini angaphezu kwama-6 000, isenza enye yeenkqubo ezinkulu ze-atrol-okt. Imali isetyenziswa ukuhlawula imivuzo yokudala imveliso (ugcina amadamada, amachibi, iindlela zasemakhaya), kunye neendleko zolawulo. MGREGA zinyuse izigidi zezigidi zemali ezikhoyo ezikhoyo.

UPradhan Mantri Aas Yojana (Gramin)

Olu cwangciso lwezindlu lunika izindlu ze-pucca ezineziphakamiso ezisisiseko kwiintsapho zasemaphandleni ezingenamhlaba namahlwempu. Luxhaswa ngemali ngentsebenziswano yemali yerhafu ephakathi kunye neminikelo yorhulumente engqinelanayo. Uqingqo-mali lwePAY-G kwiFY2024-25 lwalumalunga ne-765,500 crore. Amabhere afumana iingenelo ezithe ngqo (DBT) zokwakha izindlu, ngokufuthi ngenkxaso yemali evela kwiibhanki. Impumelelo yalo lulunciphisile ukungabikho kwasemaphandleni kwaye iphucule imigangatho yokuphila.

Imisebenzi yempilo yasemaphandleni (NRHM)

NRHM, ngoku eyilungu leNational Health Mission, igxininisa ekomelezeni izibonelelo zobomi babantu kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, emazantsi eedolophana, amaziko ezempilo asisiseko (PHCS), kunye namaziko ezempilo oluntu. Ixhaswa ngemali ngengeniso yorhulumente osembindini yerhafu kunye noqingqo-mali karhulumente. Lo msebenzi ukhokelele ekuncipheni okukhulu kwenani lokufa kwabantwana abazalwayo emaphandleni.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

PMSKY ijolise ukwandisa ukunyibilikiswa nokuphucula ukusebenza kwamanzi. Iquka amalungu afana nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi amancinane, ukuphuhliswa kwamanzi, kunye nophuhliso lwengingqi lokuyalela. Le nkqubo ixhaswa ngemali ngengeniso yerhafu yoorhulumente abasembindini nakurhulumente, ngokuyintsalela ngokupheleleyo i-78, ngonyaka kuqingqo-mali lwakutshanje. I-PMSY incedise ekunciphiseni uxinezeleko lomlimi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho amanzi athengiselwa izilimo.

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

PMSSY idibanisa iindawo zokuhlala ezingadityanisiweyo nazo zonke iindlela. Ixhaswa ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente osembindini (ngengeniso yerhafu kunye nemali esetyenziswa kwirhafu kunye nemali enikwa oorhulumente belizwe abanika umhlaba kunye nokulungisa. Isicwangciso sivule iikhilomitha ezingama-800,000 zeendlela zasemaphandleni ukususela ekundulukeni kwazo, ukukhuthaza umsebenzi wezoqoqosho nokufikelela ezimarikeni, kwizikolo, nezibhedlele. Uhlaziyo lwemali lwePMSY luye lwaziiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii-25 000-crore.

Iqela le-Swachh Bharat (Gramin)

Le nkqubo yogutyulo oluhamba nomgangatho ophezulu yakha izigidi zezindlu zangasese zasekhaya kunye nemijelo emanzisa kakhulu kumbindi werhafu kunye noovimba borhulumente. Umsebenzi wafikelela usukelo lwawo lokwenza i-Indiya ivuleke ikhululekile ngo-2019. Ilungu lerhafu liquka inxalenye yentlawulo ye-eces kunye nengeniso jikelele. Impumelelo yeSBM-G ibonisa indlela imijelo yerhafu enikezelweyo enokuthi iguqule ngayo impilo kawonke-wonke wasemaphandleni.

Ezinye Izicwangciso Eziphawulekayo

Uphuhliso lobuChwebi lweenkqubo (umz., Deen Dayal Udadya Grameen Kauperalya Yhoyaya) kunye Imisebenzi yeNguquko yeMibutho yeLifalbhas[ (njengeNULM-RLM) ixhomekeke kwiingeniso zerhafu. Ilizwe Local Livelity Mission Mission [ inike amabhinqa amandla ngokuzinceda ngokwawo kunye ne-micricedit, axhaswa ngqo ngumbatho woqingqo-mali.

Ucelomngeni lokuqokelela irhafu nokufudukela Ezindaweni ezisemaphandleni

Nangona irhafu ibaluleke gqitha, izakhiwo ezininzi zibangela ukuba imali efikelela emaphandleni ingabi nakufikelela kwimisebenzi ethile.

Ukugxothwa kwerhafu nokupheliswa

Umlinganiselo werhafu yeIndiya ukuya kwiGDP umilise irhafu emalunga ne-11-12%, ephantsi kunezoqoqosho olusakhulayo. Ukubhadula okuxhaphakileyo ngenxa yomsebenzi wezoqoqosho ongacwangciswanga (ingakumbi kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kunye nezingephi) kunciphisa isiseko serhafu. Umzekelo, abathengisi abaninzi abancinane kumashishini asemaphandleni abayifumani irhafu kunye ne-GST. Ukuqinisa ukugcinwa komthetho ngolwazi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-alytics, i-e-ivociactic, kunye nokugcinwa kweminye into kubalulekile. I-GST Network sele incedile ukwandisa ukuthotyelelwa kweminxilongo lothulelo lwasemaphandleni, kodwa kufuneka kwenziwe.

Ukuqokelelwa okwaneleyo yiMibini yasekuhlaleni

IPanchayats azixhotyiselwanga kakuhle ukuqokelela iirhafu zepropati. Abaninzi abagcini iirekhodi zelizwe okanye iibhulorho zokuhlola. Umyinge wokuhlawula irhafu yempahla kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni usoloko ungaphantsi kwama-30%. Le mikhosi inyanzela i-pankayat ukuxhomekeka kwimali enikwayo, evela kwiimeko ezivaliweyo, ezinciphisa ukuguquka kwemeko yasekuhlaleni. IKhomishoni yeMali inxibelelene nokuhlawula irhafu yempahla, kodwa isakhiwo somthamo sicotha.

Ukungacoceki Nokunganeliseki Kwemali

Kwanaxa ingeniso yerhafu inikezelwa, ingeniso engekhoyo kwinkqubo ekuzalisekisweni kwemirhumo ye-(-"iihlawulo ezilahliweyo, urhwaphilizo, nokungahoywa kweliso(-"ii-"igunya le-MLT]MGREGA[ ijongene nokugxekwa kwabasebenzi beziporho nokungahlawulwa. Ukuqinisa i-DBT, uphicothaniso lwentlalo-ntlalo, kunye nokujongwa kwexesha lokwenene kungaphucula ukusetyenziswa kwemali.

Ukwahluka Kwamazwe Ngaphaya Kwamazwe

Amaphondo afumileyo anesiseko esiqinileyo serhafu (umz. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) angaxhasa ukuphuhliswa kwasemaphandleni ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kakhulu kwimiqathango ephakathi. Amaphondo angamahlwempu (umz., Bihar, Utar Pradesh, Odisha) anemithombo elinganiselweyo yerhafu enzima kwaye axhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu esembindini. Imithetho yeSebe leMali izama ukulungisa oku, kodwa iyaqhubeka inqanda ukulingana.

Ukungaqiniseki Ngomgaqo - siseko Werhafu

Utshintsho olusoloko lukho kwintlawulo yeGST, i-cesses, kunye nemithetho yerhafu engqalileyo ibangela ukungaqiniseki kwabacebi belifa lesizwe. Umzekelo, ii-ces zembuyiselo zeGST zangentla zenzelwe ukuba zibe zezokwexeshana, kodwa ulwandiso nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwingeniso jikelele kuphazamise unxulumano phakathi kwerhafu ethile nenkcitho yasemaphandleni. Ukungachazi rhafu kungaphucula ukuphendula.

I-Outlook yexesha elizayo: Ukuqinisa iNkxaso- Nophuhliso lobuGcisa

Ukuze i-Indiya ikhawuleze ukuphuhliswa kwasemaphandleni, kufuneka ithathe iqhinga eliziintlobo ezininzi lokunyusa ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimali zifikelela kwinjongo yabo yokufumana iingenelo.

Ukwandisa Irhafu

Ukuzisa okungakumbi kwezoqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo kumnatha werhafu kubaluleke kakhulu. Inkqubo yeGST sele ibhalise izigidi zamashishini amancinane, kodwa amaninzi asesebenza ngaphantsi komqobo. Ukuhlisa umqobo we-GST ngokweziqendu, kunye nokuthobela okulula, kunganyusa ingeniso. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlawula ingeniso yezolimo ngaphezulu komqobo othile (umz. . 010 lakh) kungavelisa imali eninzi ngaphandle kokwenza amafama amancinane. Oku kuya kufuna ukuvumelana kunye noyilo olufanelekileyo lwezobupolitika ukuze kuphephe ukubhaqwa.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobugcisa obugudisayo

Uqokelelo logcino-lwazi lokwenene ngexesha nge-Aadhaar-mentes, iprojekthi ye-GIS, kunye nokwenziwa kwekhompyutha kweengxelo zomhlaba kungaphucula uhlomelo kunye nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu yempahla kwi-panchayats. Ityala le-Agggegator Frames yomsebenzi we-Esakhelo[ kunye [FLT] kunye [FLT] nenethwekhi ye-comporality Corresfectent inokuzisa ukuhlawula irhafuthezo zamanani kwiindawo ezikude. Urhulumente kufuneka urhulumente uhlawule kwiminxelo yerhafu yerhafu ezidolo.

Uphawu lokupopola kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ukwenza uCeess owenzelwe unikezelo ulwakhiwo olucacileyo lwezikolo okanye uqhagamshelwano olucacileyo phakathi kwenxenye ye-excuse/infice kunye nemisebenzi yasemaphandleni kunganyusa ukuthemba uluntu. Umzekelo, i-astreplay encinane kwingeniso ephezulu inganikwa i-linder yendlela zasemaphandleni kunye nezikolo. Urhulumente kufuneka apapashe “Uhlaziyo loPhuhliso-mali loMkhosi we-Romlnto” lubonisa ngokucacileyo iminikelo yerhafuthelo ngalinye, inika ulawulo lommi.

Ukuqinisa i-Autonomy yasekuhlaleni

IPanchayats kufuneka inikwe igunya lokuqokelela iirhafu zazo ngaphandle kokungenelela okugqithisileyo kukarhulumente. Uhlaziyo lwe- 73th Lonyaka-mali lunika isakhiwo, kodwa ukuzalisekisa akunamandla aphantsi. Ukunika iipankachayats ngokomthetho ukumisela irhafu yempahla, ukuqokelela ii-crester kwimisebenzi yentengiso, nokugcina intlawulo yemali ye-GST kunokwenza umgudu werhafu yasekuhlaleni inciphe kwaye kunciswe ukuxhomekeka.

Ukukhuthaza irhafu eluhlaza ukwenzela uphuhliso lwasemaphandleni

Iirhafu ezinxulumene nemekobume (irhafu yekharbon, ii-ces zeplastiki, ii-ces eziluhlaza kwizithuthi) zingathunyelwa ngokucacileyo kwimisebenzi yokuziqhelanisa nemozulu yasemaphandleni, njengolawulo olunyibilikileyo, ii-microgrids ezinokuhlaziywa, kunye nenkxaso yezolimo. Oku kuya kuwisela phambili usukelo lwemekobume kunye nenkqubela yasemaphandleni.

Unxulumano phakathi kwerhafu kunye nophuhliso lwasemaphandleni asingolawulo-lwazi kuphela, lungumcimbi wokusesikweni kwentlalo. Inkqubo yerhafu ecwangcisiweyo eqokelela ngokunempumelelo kwaye echitha ngokucaceyo ingenza iinguqulelo zedolophana zaseIndiya zikhawuleze. Ngokwandisa isiseko serhafu, ubugcisa bokusebenzisa idemokhrasi, kunye nokukhuthaza ulawulo-demokhrasi lwasekuhlaleni, urhulumente angaqinisekisa ukuba imali ephakanyisiweyo kubo bonke abemi − u-urban kunye nasemaphandleni, izityebi nabangamahlwempu (h) ikhuliswe ngendlela ekhulisa ezona mimandla iswele kakhulu. Kuphela ngokuya kuqwalaselwa ekutyeleleni kwemali ekhoyo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, bhekisa ku- uqikelelo lophuhliso lwasemaphandleni lwengxelo zaminyaka le, i-NITI I-AYITY amaphepha enkqubo esiseko sesiseko sasemaphandleni, i-[FLT] Ibhanki ye-Indiya [[FLT]]] Ibhanki yoqeqesho yemali yemali yelizwe, uhlalutyo lwerhafulmsss's's' yerhaful's' , kunye namaxwebhu ohlalo nyaka ngamnye apapashwa yiNkonzo yemali. Ezi mithombo inika ugcino-data olupheleleyo kwinkcociso lwerhafu yophuhliso lwasemaphandleni nakwezo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezo.