IBhunga leNtlanganiso laseUnited States limi njengelinye lamagumbi amabini eBhunga, elimela isiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Abameli bakhethwa njengabameli abakhonza kweli qumrhu lowiso-mthetho libalulekileyo, abasebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo kumthetho wesizwe, ukumiswa kwezomthetho, kunye nenkqubo yesizwe. Inkqubo yabo yonyulo yenzelwe ngenyameko ukuqinisekisa ukuba limele iphondo ngalinye limele kwaye bavumele abemi ukuba bakhethe iinkokeli zabo ngokungqalileyo ngenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda indlela abaququzeleli abanyulwa ngayo abasebenzi bezomthetho wowiso-mthetho bamazwe aseMerika abafuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yethu yedemokhrasi.

Isiseko Somelo Lwendlu Yoonobumba

IBhunga leNtsimbi leUnited States linamalungu ali-100, ngalinye kumarejistala angama-50 anyulela ngokuthe ngqo ababini abameli ngaphandle kobungakanani babemi besizwe. Olu melo lulinganayo lwaba luhlengahlengiso olubalulekileyo ngexesha leNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe, ulungelelanisa umelo olusekelwe kubemi kwiNdlu yabameli. Ukuba urhulumente unabemi abangamashumi amane ezigidi abafana neKhalifoniyani okanye abangaphantsi kwama-60 000, urhulumente ngamnye ufumana umelo olufanayo lwe-sentene engqungquthela.

Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinci anelizwi elilinganayo kumthetho wesizwe kunye noogxa bawo abakhulu. IBhunga lasungulwa njengelungu elide kuneNdlu yabameli, enamagama amade namalungu ambalwa ukukhuthaza ingxoxo eqiqayo nokukhusela ekwenzeni izigqibo ngokungxama okuqhutywa ziintshukumisa zokwexeshana ezithandwayo.

Indlela Abahlengi Abanyulwa Ngayo Namhlanje

Abaququzeleli banyulwa ngovoti edumileyo kwiphondo ngalinye, intsingiselo yokuba abavoti ababhalisweyo bakhethe ngokuthe ngqo abaza kubamela kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Kwiminyaka emithandathu nganye, onke amatyala angama-50 aba nonyulo lokukhetha abaququzeleli bawo, nangona kungezizo zonke izihlalo zeNtlanganiso ezikhuphiswaneni ezikhuphiswanayo ngexesha elinye. Olu nyulo lunxulunyaniswa ukuze kunyulwe kuphela malunga nesinye sesithathu sezihlalo zeCante eCampre.

Le nkqubo yonyulo edidekileyo ithetha ukuba iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi igcina iqhubekeko kunye nolwazi olusemthethweni, njengoko ii-intshi ezimbini ezizii-"3 zamaqumrhu zihlala eofisini nasemva konyulo. La magama adidekileyo akwaqinisekisa ukuba iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNgwevu ayizange ibekwe endaweni yayo ngokupheleleyo kwakanye, inika uzinzo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwaye ithintele ukutshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha kwemithetho-jikelezo ezinokwenzeka ukuba zonke izihlalo zazikhuphikiswa ngexesha elinye.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yonyulo Lwendlu Yezihlalo

Indlela yokukhetha abaququzeleli abasoloko besebenzisa ivoti edumileyo. Ekuqaleni, umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States wanika ukuba abaququzeleli be-Ismeters babeza kukhethwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kunokuba bakhethwe ngabantu ngqo. Le nkqubo ihlale isendaweni ngaphezu kwenkulungwane, ukususela ekusungulweni kweriphabliki de kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.

Ukuhlaziywa koMthetho weSindululo weSeventeenth ngowe-1913 kwayiguqula ngokusisiseko indlela abaququzeleli abanyulwa ngayo, bemisela unyulo olungqalileyo lwabacholo oluqhelekileyo. Olu tshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lwaba ngumphumo wotshintsho oluqhubekayo olwalufuna ukwenza iNdlu yeeNtlangala ikwazi ukusabela ngakumbi ekuthandeni abantu nokuphelisa ukonakala nokufa okwakukhe kwenzeke ngamanye amaxesha kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho xa kukhethwa abaquququzeleli be-zimrhu.

Phambi kokulungisa oku, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zazizakudibana zize zivote ukuze zikhethe abaququzeleli bazo belizwe, maxa wambi abakhokelela kumadabi ezobupolitika ande, kwizihlalo zeNtlanganiso engenamntu, kunye nezityholo zokunyoba nokunganyaniseki. Ukutshintshela ngqo konyulo kwakumela ukusetyenziswa kwezobupolitika zaseMelika ngokuphawulekayo kwaye kusondeza iNdlu yeeNtsimbi kubantu ezibasebenzelayo.

Ukuchazwa Kwenkqubo Yokhetho Lwendlu Yezigwebo

Ngexesha lonyulo lweNdlu yeeNtsimbi, abavoti ababhalisiweyo kwingingqi yelizwe baphosa amavoti abo akhethekileyo ngoSuku loNnyulo, olubanjwe ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba ebudeni beminyaka ede ifikelele. Umbatisi ofumana olona voti uninzi uphumelele kwisihlalo kwaye uza kusebenzisa igama elikwiminyaka emithandathu kwiBhunga laseUnited States. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba "ukuqala-umva wesikhosti" okanye inkqubo yokuvota.

Kumaphondo amaninzi, umvoti ofumana ubuninzi obulula bevoti qha, okuthetha ukuba zininzi iivoti kunaye nawuphi na omnye umntu, nokuba asingoninzi (hwin) unyulo. Noko ke, amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa imithetho eyahlukileyo, efana nonyulo olubalekayo xa kungekho mvotelwa ofumana uninzi lwevoti kunyulo lokuqala.

Unyulo Oluphambili Nocalulo

Phambi konyulo oluqhelekileyo, abatshateli abaninzi beNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kufuneka baqale baphumelele ekunyulweni kweqela labo ngonyulo oluphambili. Unyulo oluphambili luvumela amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo ukuba akhethe ukuba ngowuphi umlandeli oza kumela iqela labo kunyulo jikelele. Inkqubo yonyulo oluphambili iyahluka kakhulu ngokwemeko-mbuso, namanye amazwe abamba amagumbi okuvota avulekileyo apho nabani na obhalisiweyo angathabatha inxaxheba, ngelinye ixesha abanye bavala amaqumrhu amiselwe amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo.

Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa inkqubo engundoqo, apho bonke abatsha abathathi-nxaxheba kungakhathaliseki ukuba badityaniswe namaqela bavela kwivoti yokuqala enye, kunye nabavunyiweyo abafumana olona voti luphambili kunyulo jikelele. Oku ngamanye amaxesha kungaphumela ekubeni abantu ababini abathathi-nxaxheba abajongene kwiqela elinye kunyulo jikelele.

Abatshateli abazimeleyo kunye necandelo lesithathu labatshati abatsha abagqitha kwinkqubo yokuqala kodwa kufuneka bahlangabezane neemfuno ezithile ukuze bavele kwivoti jikelele, njengokuqokelela inani elithile lotyikityo olubhaliweyo olusuka kubavoti ababhalisiweyo.

Imali yeCandelo

Amaphulo eNdlu yeeNtlanga aye abiza imali eninzi ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, ngenxa yokuba ukhuphiswano ludla ngokubiza amashumi ezigidi zeerandi. Abathathi-nxaxheba bamele banyuse imali eninzi ukuze bahlawulele ukubhengeza, imivuzo yabasebenzi, uhambo, ukubhatala nezinye iindleko zephulo.

Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana iminikelo evela kubantu ngabanye abanikelayo, iikomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika (PACs), kunye nemibutho yeqela, bonke bephantsi kwemiqathango yorhulumente. Amaqela angaphandle aziwa ngokuba zii-Pigne PPACs anokuchitha imali engenakulinganiswa namali kubathathi-nxaxheba, nangona engenakusebenzisana ngqo namaphulo. Le ngqungquthela yezemali yezemali entsonkothileyo iye yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kunyulo lweNdlu lwale mihla.

IMfaneleko yoMgaqo-siseko

Ukubalekela iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yaseUnited States, umvotelwa kufuneka ahlangabezane neemfuno ezithile ezimiselwe liGatya I, iCandelo lesithathu lomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Ezi zimfaneleko ziqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba banokukhula, banyaniseke, kunye nonxulumano olufunekayo kwimo yabo efunekayo ukuze basebenze ngokunempumelelo kweli qumrhu lowiso-mthetho libalulekileyo.

Iimfuno ezintathu zomGaqo-siseko zabathathi-nxaxheba

  • Ubuncinane ubuncinane uneminyaka engama - 30 ubudala ngexesha lokufumana isikhundla
  • Ubuncinane sele eneminyaka esithoba engummi waseUnited States
  • Ukuba ngummi welizwe abafuna ukumela ngalo ngexesha lonyulo

Le mithetho ibekwe ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ukuqinisekisa ukuba abatshateli bafanelekela ukusebenza kwiNdlu yeeNtsimi zendlu yeMali kwaye banamava aneleyo obomi, ukuzibophelela eUnited States, nokuqonda iimfuno zorhulumente nezilangazelelo.

Ukuchazwa Kwemfuneko Yobudala

Ubuncinane beminyaka engama-30 yobuncinane be-intshi yama-25 yobuncinane bamalungu eNdlu yabameli. OoTata Abasunguli bamisela le mfuneko yeminyaka ephezulu ngenxa yokuba babecinga ukuba iNdlu yeQela ingumzimba oqolileyo nowehlayo. Iminyaka eyongezelelekileyo yobomi yayicingelwa ukuba izisa ubulumko obungakumbi, umgwebo, kunye nozinzo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Le mfuneko yeminyaka yobudala ibonisa indima yokuqala yeBhunga njengendlela yokuhlola iNdlu yabameli enokuba nengxamiseko, eyayenzelwe ukusabela ngqo kwiimvakalelo eziqhelekileyo. Igama leminyaka emithandathu lidityaniswe nemfuno yobudala obuphezulu yayijolise ekudaleni isiqu sabamisi-mthetho abanamava ababenokuthatha imbono ende ngezilangazelelo zesizwe.

Ukuchazwa Kwemfuneko Yobumi

Imfuneko yokuba abatshate kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso babe ngabemi baseUnited States ubuncinane iminyaka esithoba ingqongqo ngakumbi kunemfuneko yobumi yeminyaka esixhenxe kumalungu endlu. Le mfuneko ithelekelelwayo ithe qaba lemfuno yobumi yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaququzeleli bayawaqonda amaziko, amaxabiso, kunye nezilangazelelo phambi kokuba bakhonze kwiqumrhu elineembopheleleko ezibalaseleyo zemithetho yangaphandle.

INdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi inegunya elikhethekileyo elinxulumene nemicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka igunya lokuqinisekisa izivumelwano zokugunyazisa nokuqinisekisa ii-arhente. Abaseki Abasunguli bakholelwa ukuba ixesha elide lobumi beliya kuqinisekisa ukuba abaququzeleli bomzi - siseko banexesha elaneleyo lokuphuhlisa ukunyaniseka eUnited States nokuqonda izilangazelelo zamaMerika kwimicimbi yehlabathi lonke.

Ukuchazwa Kwemfuneko Yokufuna Ukuphinda Uphicothiwe

Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka babe ngabemi belizwe abanqwenela ukumela ngexesha lonyulo. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba abaququzeleli banonxulumano lokwenene kunye nokuqonda amazwe abawasebenzisayo. Ngelixesha umGaqo-siseko ungachazi ukuba umbhaptizi umele ukuba uphile ixesha elingakanani kwilizwe phambi kokuba asebenze kwindlu yezindlu, abavoti ngokuqhelekileyo bakhetha abathathi-nxaxheba abaneengcambu ezinzulu kuluntu lwabo.

Imfuneko yokuhlala ithintela abantu ekukhetheni ukubaleka kwiimeko apho banokuba namathemba angcono okukhetha ngaphandle konxibelelwano lokwenene kwezo mimandla. Iqinisa umgaqo wokuba abaququzeleli kufuneka bamelane nezilangazelelo namaxabiso abemi borhulumente wabo.

IMicimbi yeNkcubeko yeMbali

Abaququzeleli basebenzisa amagama eminyaka emithandathu, athe ngokuphawulekayo angaphezulu kakhulu kunamagama eminyaka emibini asetyenziswa ngamalungu eNdlu yabameli. Obu bude bude bude bunyulwe ngabom ngabalayishi bomGaqo-siseko ukunikezela ngeenzuzo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho nakulawulo-melo lwaseMelika njengendawo epheleleyo.

Eli gama leminyaka emithandathu livumela abaququzeleli ukuba bajolise kwinjongo yenkqubo yexesha elide kunokusoloko besenza iphulo lokhetho kwakhona. Libanika inkululeko yezopolitiko ukwenza izigqibo ezinzima okanye ezingathandwayo xa kuyimfuneko, bazi ukuba baneminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kokuba bajongene nabavoti kwakhona. Esi sakhiwo sikhuthaza abaququzeleli ukuba bacinge ngaphaya kweengcinezelo zezopolitiko ezikhawulezileyo kwaye baqwalasele iziphumo zexesha elide zezenzo zabo zowiso-mthetho.

Ukongezelela, eli gama lide lithetha ukuba abaququzeleli bangaphuhlisa ubuchule kwimimandla entsonkothileyo, bakha ulwalamano nabantu abasebenza nabo ngaphaya kwemigca yeqela, kwaye babandakanyeke kumsebenzi oneenkcukacha wokwenza umthetho ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okuzingisileyo kokukhuphisana. Eli gama leminyaka emithandathu linegalelo kudumo lweBhunga njengelungu elingenazintlupheneyo nelingenaziphene zingakumbi xa lithelekiswa neNdlu yeeNdlu.

Umjikelo Wokhetho Ophethulweyo

ICandelo lihlulwe lahlulwa ngamahlelo amathathu onyulo, nodidi ngalunye oluqulethe malunga nesinye sesithathu sezihlalo zeNdlu yeNtlanga. Udidi I i-Ii-senator lunyukele kunyulo kwiminyaka ekhoyo ludityaniswe ngamathandathu (njengo-2024, 2030, njl.njl), udidi III lwahlula-hlula amatshana ashiyeka aseleyo emine xa ahlulwa ngama-2028, 2034, njl.)

Le nkqubo ididekileyo ithetha ukuba kwanakwiminyaka yokutshintsha kwezobupolitika okubalulekileyo, iBhunga ligcina inkqubela eqinileyo. Nokuba lungaba lukhulu kangakanani unyulo, ubuncinane ii-3 ezimbini zezikhulu ezizayo ziya kuqhubeka zisebenza, zigcine ulwazi lwamaqumrhu kunye nokuthintela utshintsho olugqithisileyo kulwakhiwo lwegumbi kunye nezinto eziphambili.

Inkqubo yonyulo edidayo ikwathetha ukuba abavoti kumazwe awahlukeneyo banamathuba okukhetha abaququzeleli ngamaxesha awahlukeneyo, bevumela uqambi lweNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuba lubonise ngokuthe ngcembe ukutshintsha uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunokuba bafumane iinguqulelo ezipheleleyo.

Unyulo Olukhethekileyo Neemali Zendlu Yeentloko

Xa isihlalo seNdlu yeeNdlela zokulwa singasekho ngenxa yokufa, ukurhoxa, okanye ezinye izizathu ngaphambi kokuphela kwegama, inkqubo yokuzalisa eso sihlalo iyahluka ngokwesizwe. UHlomelo lweSeventeenth, olwaseka unyulo olungqalileyo lwabaququzeleli, lwanika nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente amandla okugunyazisa abalawuli bazo ukuba bamisele unyulo lokwexeshana de luba lunokubakho unyulo olukhethekileyo.

Uninzi lwamazwe luvumela abalawuli bawo ukuba bamisele indawo yexeshana ukuze basebenze de unyulo olulandelayo olucwangcisiweyo rhoqo okanye de kusungulwe unyulo olukhethekileyo. Amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba isekela elimiselweyo libe lisuka kwiqela elinye lezobupolitika njengesahlulo esisihlali, ngelinye ixesha abanye ababekeli mqathango ukhetho lwerhuluneli.

Unyulo olukhethekileyo lungaqhutywa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kumthetho wesizwe. Amanye amazwana athatha unyulo olukhethekileyo ngokukhawuleza ukuzalisa indawo, lo gama amanye evumela umququzeleli omiselweyo ukuba asebenze de umjikelo wonyulo olandelayo othe rhoqo. Umvuzi wonyulo olukhethekileyo usebenza kuphela oseleyo wegama lokuqala leminyaka emithandathu, hayi igama elitsha elipheleleyo.

Unyulo Olukhethekileyo Oluphawulekayo

Unyulo olukhethekileyo maxa wambi luye lwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezobupolitika zaseMerika, maxa wambi lubone ukuba liliphi iqela elilawula iNdlu yeeNtlanga okanye elizisa abo bangabalindelanga kwisikhundla esiphezulu sesizwe. Olu nyulo lungatsala ingqalelo enkulu nenkcitho yephulo lesizwe, njengoko lunokutshintsha umlinganiselo wegunya kwiiNdlu zeeNtlanganiso ezahluleleneyo.

Ngenxa yokuba unyulo olukhethekileyo lusenzeka ngaphandle komjikelo wonyulo oluqhelekileyo, lungavelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kunokhetho oluqhelekileyo, njengokuba umvoti ojikelezayo kunye neempembelelo zezobupolitika zisenokuhluka kwiminyaka yonyulo. Abathathi-nxaxheba kunyulo olukhethekileyo basoloko bejongene nonyulo olucinezelweyo lwexesha lokulwa kwaye kufuneka bakhawuleze baqinise igama kunye nemisebenzi yokuqokelela amagama.

Indima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika Kunyulo LweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso

Amaqela ezobupolitika adlala indima ephambili kunyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yanamhlanje, anika abatshati inkxaso yentlangano, aqokelela uncedo, abaphengululi bephulo, kunye noovimba bezixhobo zokuvota. Amaqela eDemocratic kunye neRiphabliki alawula unyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, nangona azimeleyo nawamacandelo amathathu athe angenela ukhuphiswano ngamanye amaxesha.

Imibutho yesizwe, equka iKomiti yeCandelo leDemocratic Senatorial (DSCC) neKomiti yeRiphabliki yeSizwe (NRSC), isebenzela ukubhalisa abo batshayo abanobundlobongela (NRSC), inikela inkxaso-mali kunye necebiso elifanelekileyo, kwaye inxibelelanisa ukubhalelana kwiintlanga ezininzi zeNtlanga-ntle. Le mibutho isoloko igxininisa ubuncwane bayo kwimilo yemilo yokhuphiswano enokuthi igqibe ukuba liliphi iqela leNdlukwano.

Imibutho yeqela lelizwe ikwanikela inkxaso ebalulekileyo kubathathi-nxaxheba kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ukunceda ngezixhobo zokuvota, ukuphuma kwimigudu yokuzibophelela, kunye nezibonelelo zephulo lasekuhlaleni. Ulwalamano phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba nemibutho yamaqela lungaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo iphulo lephulo kunye nempumelelo yokhetho

ICandidives ezizimeleyo neQela lesithathu

Ngelixesha inkoliso yabaququzeleli idibene neqela leDemocratic okanye iRiphabliki, abaza kufumana izihlalo zeNtlanganiso. Abaququzeleli abazimeleyo bangaphumelela ngenye yezona njongo zingundoqo zentlangano ngeli lixa begcina ubume babo obuzimeleyo kunye nobubhedungu bovolo.

Iqela lesithathu nabavoti bajongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo kunyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kuquka ukufikelela okulinganiselweyo kwimibutho eqokelela iingxowa-mali, ukuncitshiswa kwemibutho yamajelo eendaba, kunye neembono zabavoti zokuba abanako ukuphumelela okanye ukuxhasa ngaphandle kwenkxaso yeqela. Noko ke, kwamanye amazwe anezithethe ezizimeleyo zezobupolitika, aba bathathi-nxaxheba bangaba nokhuphiswano kwaye bade baphumelele.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kukhetho lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso

Unyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso luyehluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeka ekubeni unyulo luyenzeka kunyaka wonyulo lomongameli okanye kunyaka wonyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo. Iintlanga zeNtlanga-ntle ezibanjwe ebudeni beminyaka yonyulo lomongameli ziqhele ukubona umvoti ephezulu kuba abantu abaninzi beza kuvotelwa ukuba bavote umongameli baze kwakhona bavote kwintlalo eziphantsi zonyulo kuquka nokhuphiswano lweBhunga.

Unyulo lweNtlanganiso, oluqhutywa kwiminyaka ephakathi enokubalwayo xa kungekho lunyulo lomongameli, ngokubanzi lunamava aphantsi ovoti. Noko ke, iintlanga zeNtlanga-ntle zisenokuvelisa umdla omkhulu kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba, ingakumbi kumaphondo okhuphiswano okanye xa ulawulo lweBhunga lusemngciphekweni. Unyulo lwezinyulo kwiNtlanganiso luye lwakhula kwiminyaka yakutshanje njengoko ukuthamba kwezobupolitika kuye kwakhula kwaye abavoti beqonda ngakumbi indima ebalulekileyo yeNdlukwano ekuqinisekiseni abagwebi nasekudluliseni umthetho.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, abemi kufuneka babhaliswe ukuze bavote ngokweemfuno zikarhulumente. Iindlela zokubhalisa, iindlela zokuvota (ngendlela yokuvota, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ii-posi-ekhothathi) kunye neemfuno zokwahlula ziyahluka ngokwesizwe. Ukuqonda ezi mfuneko kubalulekile kubemi abafuna ukusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuvota kunyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanga.

Amagunya neembopheleleko Ezikhethekileyo zeBhunga

Ukuqonda indlela abaququzeleli abanyulwa ngayo kuba nentsingiselo engakumbi xa beqwalasela amagunya abalulekileyo kunye neembopheleleko abaququzeleli abazisebenzisayo kanye eofisini. IBhunga linamandla aliqela akhethekileyo omgaqo-siseko owahlulayo kwiNdlu yabameli kwaye lenze unyulo lweNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso luphumele iziphumo ezikhethekileyo kulawulo lwaseMerika.

IBhunga linegunya elipheleleyo lokuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli kwijaji yephondo, kuquka amajaji eNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwakunye namalungu eekhabhinethi, ii-ofire, namanye amagosa esebe elikwimigangatho ephezulu. Eli gunya lokuqinisekisa linika abaququzeleli impembelelo eqinileyo kubume bukarhulumente wesizwe neenkundla zelifa lesizwe, kunye neziphumo ezinokuhlala izizukulwana.

IBhunga leNtlanganiso likwanegunya elipheleleyo lokudibanisa izivumelwano ezi-rafyd ezixoxwe ngumongameli, ezifuna ukuba uninzi lwabavoti-zibini-sithathu lukholise. Eli gunya lenza iNdlu yeQela ibe ngumdlali obalulekileyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yamanye amazwe neyolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ngaphezu koko, iNdlu yeeNdlela iqhuba iimvavanyo zokuvavanya amagosa karhulumente atyunjwe yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu, enamandla okususa amagosa kwizikhundla ezisekweni.

Iimbopheleleko zoMthetho

Ngapha koko la mandla akhethekileyo, abaququzeleli babelana namalungu endlu ngoxanduva olusisiseko lokwenziwa nokudluliswa komthetho wesizwe. Abaququzeleli bazisa amatyala, basebenza kwiikomiti ezihlola umthetho ngokweenkcukacha, iingcebiso zengxoxo kumgangatho weNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kunye nokuvota enoba amatyala afanele abe ngumthetho kusini na. Umlinganiselo omncinci kunye nawezintlukwano ezinde zikhuthaza ingxoxo enkulu nokucokiselwa kunokuba kuqheleke kwiNdlunkulu yabameli.

Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi, kuquka inkqubo ye-filbuster kunye nemvisiswano, inika abaququzeleli kunye namaqela amancinane amandla angakumbi okuphembelela umthetho kunalawo akhoyo kwindlu. Le mithetho yesithethe ithetha ukuba umthetho ophumelelayo udla ngokufuna intsebenziswano nentsebenziswano ye-bipartis kunye nokulalanisa, ukwenza iNdlu yemikhosi ye-Intene engundoqo yokunxibelelana nokwakhiwa kwe-Melika.

Ubuchule bephulo kunyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso

Amaphulo eNdlu yeeNkqutyana asebenzisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo ukufikelela abavoti nokuphumelela kunyulo. Amajelo aphambili kufuneka akhe igama kwiphondo lonke, elinokuba lucelomngeni ngokukodwa kumaphondo amakhulu anentengiso yamajelo eendaba kunye nabemi abahlukeneyo. Iindlela zephulo ziquka umabonwakude kunye nezibhengezo zamanani, iiposi ezithe ngqo, iibhanki zomnxeba, ukuveliswa kweminxeba, iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, neengxoxo.

Amaphulo eNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso axhomekeke ngokukhula kwimiba yogcino-lwazi kunye nezixhobo ezincinane eziza kuboniswa ukuchaza abavoti nabaxhasi abanokuncedwa. Amaphulo aqokelela aze ahlalutye intengo enkulu yogcino-lwazi lwabavoti ukuze ikhuphe imiyalezo yabo ijoliswe kumaqela athile asekuhlaleni. Amajelo-ndaba oluntu aye aba sisixhobo esiyimfuneko, avumela abo batshayo ukuba banxibelelane ngqo nabavoti, baphendule, bavelise intloni yehlombe.

Abancomi beNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ephumelelayo kufuneka bakhe iminqophiso enokuthi iphumelele kwiphondo lonke, esoloko ifuna ukutsalwa kwii-asethi ezinezinto ezahlukileyo eziza kuqala nezinenkxalabo ezahlukeneyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka balungelelanise iimfuno zesiseko seqela labo nemfuneko yokutsala abavoti abazimeleyo kunye nezilungeleleneyo kwiqela eliphikisanayo. Oku kulungelelanisa ukwenza impetho yephulo, izikhundla zemithetho, kunye nezigqibo zobuchule kulo lonke umjikelo wonyulo.

Iingxoxo kunye nokugqunywa kwezixhobo zokusasaza

Iingxoxo eziveliswe kumabonwakude phakathi kwabachongi beNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zinika amathuba abalulekileyo kubavoti ukuba bathelekise abatshati-nxaxheba ngokungqalileyo baze bavavanye izikhundla zabo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo. Nangona kungeyomfuneko, uninzi lwemincili yeNtlanganiso yokhuphiswano luquka enye okanye ezininzi ezithi zifumane ingxubusho ebalulekileyo yejelo-ndaba kwaye zingaphembelela iimbono zabavoti kunye neziphumo zonyulo.

Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba inendima ebalulekileyo kunyulo lweNdlu yeeNdlu, impembelelo ekuqondeni kwabantu ngokubanzi abaza kufumana intlawulo entle yeendaba. I-Candidate ikhuphisana ukuze ikhuthazwe ngeendaba ngoxa ifaka imali eninzi kwizibhengezo zokuziko ukuze ilawule iileta zabo. Ulwalamano phakathi kwamaphulo namajelo eendaba luye lwavela ngokuphawulekayo ngokunyuka kwezixhobo zekhompyutha, amajelo-media ezentla, kunye nokuqhekeka kwabaphulaphuli beendaba besithethe.

Impembelelo Yokuhlaziya Umgangatho Wendawo

Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo lwendlu, unyulo lweNdlu yeNdlu aluchatshazelwa kukuhlahlela kuba abaququzeleli bamela onke amazwe kunokuba bamele izithili eziburhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba unyulo lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso lunikela umlinganiselo ocacileyo wokhetho lwezopolitiko lwesizwe ngokubanzi ngaphandle kokubekwa kwemiqobo ye-gerrymander kunye nokusetyenziswa komda wesithili.

Noko ke, utshintsho lwamanani abantu kumaphondo lungachaphazela unyulo oluphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukutshintsha kwendlela abantu ababuzwe nobuhlanga, ukuhlaliswa kwezixeko nokuguqulwa kwesizukulwana konke kuphembelela unyulo lwezopolitiko apho kusenzeka unyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanga. Amazwe ayesoloko engqinelana neqela elinye asenokukhuphisana okanye ade atshintshele kwelinye iqela njengoko iinguqu zawo ziguquka.

Ukuqonda ezi ngcamango zamanani abantu kunceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba unyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kwamanye amazwe luye lwakhuphisana kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngoxa amanye engakhuphiswani kakhulu. Iphulo elibonisa ngokuphumelelayo iinguqulelo zamanani abantu lineengenelo ezikhethekayo kunaleyo ixhomekeke kwiingcamango eziphelelwe lixesha ezingokhetho lweli lizwe lawo.

Iingenelo Ezifanelekileyo Kukhetho Lwendlu Yezihlalo

Abasebenzi abasisibonelelo-mali − abo sele bekhonza kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso kwaye bebaleka ukuze bafumane unyulo kwakhona − ngokungaqhelekanga banazo iinzuzo ezibalulekileyo ngaphezulu kwabacebisi. Ezi nzuzo ziquka ukuqwalaselwa kwamagama, ukusekwa kwemibutho yokubonelela, ukufikelela kwezixhobo, ukukwazi ukubiza ityala ngempumelelo yomthetho neenkonzo ze-ofisi yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi.

Abasebenzi banokusebenzisa isikhundla sabo ukuvelisa inkcazo entle yonxibelelwano ngemisebenzi esemthethweni, ukukhusela inkxaso-mali yezemali yesizwe kwimisebenzi kumaphondo abo, kunye nokwakha ulwalamano ngezixhobo ezinempembelelo. Ezi nzuzo zinceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba abaququzeleli abakwizikhundla baphumelele ukunyulwa kwakhona kwimigangatho ephezulu, nangona kungengaphakami njengamalungu endlu ekhuthukileyo.

Noko ke, uncedo olungenangxaki alunakunqandwa. Abaceli bangakoyisa ngokuxhasa ukunganeliseki kovoti, ukuqhuba amaphulo anzima, ukunyusa imali eyaneleyo, nokungenelwa kwiimeko ezintle zezobupolitika ezifana nomlandeli odumileyo wombutho wabo okanye utyekelo lwesizwe oluxhasa iqela labo.

Xa Abangamalungisa Belahlekelwa

Abameli ababekekileyo basengozini kakhulu xa bejamelene nocelomngeni olunamandla ngexesha lokuzimela kwezobupolitika ezingathandekiyo, njengonyulo oluphakathi xa umongameli weqela labo engathandwa.

Ucelomngeni lokuqala olusuka kwiqela elikwindawo ephakathi kombutho luye lwaxhaphaka kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingakumbi xa iimfanelo zithathwa njengezingathembekanga ngokwaneleyo kwizikhundla zeqela okanye ezikulungele kakhulu ukulalanisa neqela eliphikisanayo. Olu celomngeni lungadamba nokuba zinokusinda, zizenze zibe buthathaka ngakumbi kunyulo jikelele.

Indima Yemali Kunyulo Lwendlu Yoogxa

Imali yephulo iye yaba yenye yezona nkalo zididayo nezibalulekileyo kunyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanga - mkhosi zanamhlanje. Iindleko zentlalo - ntle yeminqamlezo ziye zanda ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ezinye iintlanga zibiza imali engaphezu kwama - R260 ezigidi xa ziquka ukuchitha abantu abaza kubhaptizwa, amaqela namaqela angaphandle.

Oku kuchitha imali eninzi kubonisa unyulo oluphezulu lweNdlu yeeNdlu zovote nokubaluleka komthetho weNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kunye namagunya okuqinisekisa. Amagunya agunyazisayo kufuneka anyuse aze achithe iimali ezinkulu ukunxibelelana nabavoti kuwo wonke amaphondo athe athe afumaneka ngoomabonwakude, ngemiboniso-manani, ngeposi, nangemisebenzi yasemasimini.

Imithetho yezemali yephondo ilinganisela ukuba zingaphi inkxaso engqalileyo abantu abanokunikela kwiNdlu yeeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zavumela ukusetyenziswa okungenasiphelo kwamaqela angaphandle angadibani namaphulo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekunyukeni kweePPAC eziphezulu namanye amaqela angaphandle anokunyusa nokuchitha iimali ezingenamdaka ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa abo batshabhileyo kwiNdlu yeeNtlanga.

Abahlalutyi bathi indima enkulu yemali kunyulo lweNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanga inika abanikeli abazizityebi neentshukumisa ezikhethekileyo kuba ngubani onyulwayo nemigaqo exhasayo. Abameli bathi ukusetyenziswa kweli phulo kuluhlobo lwentetho yezopolitiko ekhuselwe yiSimi sokuHlaziya Sokuqala nokugqiba kwabavoti ngokusekelwe kwimigwebo yabo ngabanyulwayo.

Unyulo Lwendlu Yolawulo Nezobupolitika Zesizwe

Ngoxa abaququzeleli bemela amazwe ngamanye, unyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanga luye lwazinza ngokukhula, ngokwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwiimbono zabo zemicimbi yesizwe, iinkokeli zeqela, nomongameli kunokuba lujoliswe kuphela kwinkxalabo yelizwe okanye iimpawu ezicacileyo zomntu ngamnye oza kungenela.

Oku kuhlaziywa kwesizwe konyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kubonisa intsingiselo ebanzi kwezobupolitika zaseMerika, kuquka ukunyuka kolwahlulo-mthetho olumanyeneyo, ukunyuka konxibelelwano lwesizwe kunye nokhuthazo lwezentlalo-ntle, nokubaluleka okukhulayo kokulawulwa kweBhunga leNtlanganiso ukwenzela ukuphuhlisa okanye ukuvala imiba ehlelileyo yomongameli. Ngokuya iinkalo zijonga unyulo lweNdlu njengeempelesi okanye iinkokeli zesizwe njengonyulo kumongameli okanye iinkokeli zebutho kunokuba zikhethe phakathi kwabantu abazamkela.

Ukwenziwa konyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kunciphise inani lamatyala ahlula amatikiti awo ngokuxhasa umlandeli womongameli kwelinye iqela kunye nommeli weNtlanga yeQela kwelinye iqela. Ukwahlula-hlula kwehla ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, namazwe amaninzi ngoku anyula abaququzeleli abasuka kwiqela elinye nomongameli ophumelele imeko yawo.

Ulawulo lweBhunga

Liliphi iqela elilawula iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso elinohlohlo olukhulu ekulawuleni kwamaMelika, elichaphazela umthetho onokuthi udlule, ophi amatyala aqinisekisiweyo, nokuba inkqubela phambili okanye izicwangciso zikamongameli. Ulawulo lweNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlalo lungaxhomekeka kwimilo embalwa nje yokhuphiswano, isenza unyulo lweNdlu yeNdlu eMbindi nganye yezentengiso lubangele umdla omkhulu wesizwe notyalo-mali.

Xa iNdlu yeeNtlanga yahlulelene ngokusondeleyo, yonke imicimbi yesihlalo ngokumangalisayo, yaye ukhuphiswano lwentlanga lutsala ingqalelo enkulu yokusebenzisa imali nokunikela ingqalelo kumaqela esizwe, amaqela anomdla, namajelo eendaba. Idabi leNdlu yeeNtlanga lilawula amaqhinga alo, ukuqokelela izinto eziza kuqala, nemibandela egxininiswa ngabathathi - nxaxheba kumaphulo abo.

Iindlela zokusasaza kunye nolawulo lokhetho

Unyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso luqhutywa ngamagosa karhulumente nawasekuhlaleni onyulo ngokwemithetho neenkqubo zikarhulumente, nangona kufuneka athobele iimfuno zikarhulumente eziquka uMthetho wamaLungelo oQoqonga kunye nezinye iiNkxaso zamalungelo abantu. Amazwe abhetyebhetye ngendlela aqhuba ngayo unyulo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwienguqu eziphawulekayo kwiindlela zokuvota, ukufikelela konyulo, kunye neenkqubo zonyulo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Uninzi lwamazwe lunika iindlela ezininzi zokuvota, kuquka ukuvota okungokwesithethe ngoSuku lokhetho, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni komvoteli ngexesha elingaphambi koSuku lokhetho, kunye neposi ngaphakathi okanye uvotelo olungekhoyo. Isifo se-CHOVAD se-19 sanyusa unyuso lovotelo lweposi kunye nokhetho lokuqala lokuvota kumazwe amaninzi, nangona amanye amazwe aye azimisela ezinketho ngelixa amanye ezi zithe zandisa.

Ukhuseleko lokhetho nengqibelelo iye yaba ziingxoxo eziphambili zikawonke-wonke, namagosa onyulo asebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuvota zikhuselekile, zichanile, kwaye zifikeleleka ngeli xesha uluntu luhlala luzithemba kwiziphumo zonyulo. Unyulo lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso lusebenzisa izibonelelo zokuvota kunye neenkqubo ezifanayo nezinye unyulo, nto leyo eyenza ukuthembeka kolawulo lonyulo kube yinto ebalulekileyo ekumeleni ukuba kugunyazwe ngedemokhrasi.

Ikamva Lonyulo Lwendlu Yoorhulumente

Unyulo lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso luyaqhubeka lubhenela ekuphenduleni utshintsho lobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu, ukuphuhliswa komthetho, kunye nokutshintshwa kwempembelelo yezobupolitika.

Ubuxhakaxhaka buza kuqhubeka buguqula iphulo, ngobukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, imigangatho ephambili yogcino-lwazi, kunye nemigangatho emitsha yonxibelelwano evelisa amathuba amatsha nocelomngeni kwabo baza kufumana iziphumo. Indima yezentlalo-ntle nezokubhengeza ngemichiza yamanani iza kuqhubeka zikhula, nto leyo enokuthi inciphise ukulawula izibhengezo zikamabonwakude eziqhelekileyo ebezingundoqo kumaphulo eNdlu.

Iinguqu zobomi ziya kuqhubeka ziguqula imeko yezobupolitika kumazwe amaninzi, nto leyo enokwenza amanye amazwe akhuphiseke kakhulu ngoxa esenza amanye akhuphiswane angakhuphi. Isizukulwana, nabavoti abaselula abathabathel ’ indawo abavoti abadala, basenokutshintsha imibutho yezopolitiko kunye nokutshintsha kwemiba elawula amaphulo eNdlu yeeNtlanganiso.

Iingxoxo ezimalunga nokuhlaziywa kwemali yezemali, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nolawulo lonyulo ziya kuqhubeka zibumba inkqubo esemthethweni nenomthetho apho kuqhutyelwa khona unyulo. Ezi ngxoxo zibonisa imibuzo esisiseko ngendlela yokulungelelanisa imilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo efana nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukulingana kwezobupolitika, ukhuseleko lonyulo, nokungena kovoti.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokuba Nenxaxheba Ngayo

Ukuqonda indlela abachongiwe ngayo abaququzeleli kubaluleke kakhulu xa kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Zininzi iindlela abemi abanokubandakanyeka kuzo kunyulo lweNdlu yeeNtsimbi ngaphandle kokuvota nje kuphela, nangona ukuvota kuselolona hlobo lubalulekileyo lokuthabatha inxaxheba.

Abami bangaphanda kunye neendawo zabo kwimiba nge-website yonyuselo, ukuchola, izikhokelo, kunye neengxoxo ezirekhodiweyo. Iintlangano ezinjenge [[FLT: 0] I-Leagues of Women Voters namanye amaqela angengawo amaqela aluncedo ekuncedeni abavoti benze izigqibo zolwazi.

Ngaphandle kokuvota, abemi bangasebenza ngokuzithandela kwiphulo, banikele kumaphulo, baye kwiziganeko, badibane nabantu ukuze bavakalise iimbono zabo ngemibandela, bakhuthaze abanye ukuba bavote. Abathathi-nxaxheba kunyulo lwedemokhrasi, yaye amaphulo eNdlu yeeNdlu zemikhosi axhomekeke kakhulu kumavoti ukuba afumane inkxaso.

Abahlali bangahlala benolwazi ngemisebenzi ye-seneta yabo ngoxa beseofisini ngokulandela uthungelwano lwabo olusemthethweni, ngokuya kwiintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, ngokuqhagamshelana neeofisi zabo ngemibandela exhalabisayo, nokuhlola iirekhodi zabo zokuvota nemisebenzi yowiso-mthetho. Oku kuthenjiswa okuqhubekayo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaququzeleli bahlala benoxanduva kubantu abameleyo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Okunceda Abanye

Ummi ngamnye waseMerika ofanelekileyo unelungelo lokuvota kunyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, yaye ukuqonda amalungelo akho okuvota kubalulekile ukuze ube nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo. Ilungelo lokuvota likhuselwe ngumGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente equka i-Boting Rights Act, ekwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni.

Ukusebenzisa ilungelo lakho lokuvota, kufuneka ubhaliswe ngokweemfuno zikarhulumente wakho. Ubhalisa luyahluka ngokommiselo, namanye amazwe avumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye ngelinye ixesha xa amanye efuna ubhaliso phambi koSuku lokhetho. Amazwe amaninzi anika ubhaliso lwe-intanethi, enza le nkqubo ibe luncedo ngakumbi kunanini ngaphambili.

Ukuba udibana neengxaki zokuvota okanye ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphuliwe, oovimba bakho bayafumaneka ukuba bancede. Inkululeko yangaphakathi yaseMerika ye- kunye neminye imibutho inikela ulwazi ngamalungelo okuvota kunye noncedo lwabavoti abajamelene nemiqobo okanye ucalucalulo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Konyulo LweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso

Unyulo lweNtlanganiso luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika, luvumela abemi ukuba bakhethe abaza kwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo malunga nomthetho, ukumiswa kwekomiti egwebayo, inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle, nezinto eziphambili eziphambili. Inkqubo yonyulo, ukusuka kumaphulo aphambili ngonyulo jikelele, inika amathuba okuba nenxaxheba kulawulo-demokhrasi nokuziphendulela.

Ukuqonda indlela abaququzeleli abanyulwa ngayo − kuquka iimfuno zomGaqo-siseko, iinkqubo zonyulo, iphulo lemisebenzi, kunye namagunya eNdlu yeeNtlanga (iiCamelo) ukuze babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Enoba ngokuvota, ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela, ngokuhlala benolwazi, okanye ngokunxulumana namagosa anyuliweyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabemi kusemgangathweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba iCatheri imela ngokwenene oko nokuzilangazelelo zabantu baseMelika.

Njengoko uhlahlelo lwezopolitiko luqhubeka luguquka, unyulo lweNdlu yeNtlanga luza kuhlala lukho xa abemi besebenzisa amandla abo ukubumba indlela yelizwe labo nelizwe. Ngokuyiqonda le nkqubo baze babe nenxaxheba, amaMelika anokuba luncedo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba amazwi abo aviwa yaye abaququzeleli bawo bamela imilinganiselo yabo nezinto eziphambili kwiiholo zeBhunga.

Unyulo olungqalileyo lwee-senamente, olwamiselwa ngaphaya kwenkulungwane edluleyo, lumela utshintsho olunzima lwedemokhrasi olwasondeza iNdlu yeQela kubantu. Ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokuvota kunyuso lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso oluthi luguqulele kwaye luncede kuzalisekise idinga ledemokhrasi yabameli elisembindini wenkqubo karhulumente waseMelika.