Isiseko Sokhetho Lwezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo abagwebi abakhethwa ngayo babumba wonke umsebenzi wenkqubo yokugweba. Igqiba ukuba ngubani ochaza imithetho, ocombulula iimpikiswano, kwaye akhusele amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Kunokuba yindlela yokukhetha ichaphazela ukuzimela kwezasemthethweni, ukuzithemba kwabantu, nokulunga kobulungisa okunikezelwayo. EUnited States kuphela, indlela yokulungisa iyahluka ngendlela ephawulekayo kwiinkundla zesizwe nezorhulumente, nenkqubo nganye ebonisa izinto eziphambili ezinxulumene nokuphendula, ukungacaluli, nokungacaluli, kunye nobuchule obuqhelekileyo.

Ukuqonda indlela abagwebi abakhethwa ngayo kufuna uxinzeleleko olungundoqo kwintliziyo yokhetho lobulungisa: imfuneko yokuba abagwebi bazimele kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika ngeli xesha behlala benoxanduva kuluntu abalusebenzayo. Olu lungelelwaniso lufunyanwa ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, ngalinye linamandla alo kunye nokungaphumi kwentengiso. Ijaji yesizwe ixhomekeke kwinkqubo yokumisela ubomi bobomi obucetyiweyo elungiselelwe ukunyusa inkululeko, ngoxa iinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente zisebenzisa unyulo olunoxanduva oluphambili. Eminye imiqathango idi edityaniswayo kuzo zombini izama ukuthabatha iingenelo zento nganye.

Inkqubo yokukhetha ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi okugcina amasango, kuquka ukuxilonga kokuqala, ukuthatha umiselo okanye ubunyani, uqinisekiso okanye unyulo, kunye nokuhlala uhleli. Kwinqanaba ngalinye, amagosa ahlukeneyo emidlalo ̬, amagosa akwimiqathango yowiso-mthetho, amaqumrhu emithetho, iikhomishini yokukhupha amaqhosha, kunye nabavoti-nxaxheba i̬ dlala iindima ezahlukileyo. Ukumiselwa kwale misebenzi kuchaza uphawu lwejaji nakuwuphi na ummandla onikiweyo.

Indaleko Engokwembali Yeendlela Zokukhetha Iijaji

Iindlela ezisetyenziswa ekukhetheni abagwebi ziye zaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-United States, inkqubo karhulumente eyamiselwa ngumGaqo-siseko yanika umongameli igunya lokukhupha iingcebiso kunye nemvume yabagwebi. Lo mzekelo wawucetyiswe ukukhusela abagwebi besizwe kwingcinezelo edumileyo ngeli xesha beqinisekisa ukukhangelwa kwegunya elilawulayo ngoqikelelo lomthetho. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zalandela umgaqo ofanayo, kunye neejaji ezimisela iijaji kumazwe amaninzi.

Ngexesha likaJackson loo1830 kunye no1840, ukuphikisana kweqela eliphambili ngokuchasene nolawulo oluphezulu kwakhokelela amazwe amaninzi ukuba atshintshele kunyulo oluqhelekileyo lwabagwebi. Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, uninzi lwamazwe lwamkele unyulo lomthetho. Olu tshintsho lwaqhutywa yinkolelo yokuba ukwenza abagwebi baphendule ngokungqalileyo abavoti baza kunciphisa ukonakala kwaye baqinisekise ukuba abalawuli bejaji babonakalisa idemokhrasi. Noko ke, amava atyhile iimfante, kuquka impembelelo yezobupolitika eziphembelelayo kunye nobunzima bobuso babo ekuquququzeleni abacholi bejala ijaji.

Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini yokuqala yazisa elinye igalelo lotshintsho, njengoko ixhalabisa ngokungenelela kwezobupolitika kunyulo lwabagwebi abachopheli-mthetho lwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo yokukhetha esekelwe kwisiseko sokhetho. Lo Mbutho we-American Judicature wathethelela oko kwathi kwaziwa njengeMissouri Plan, okokuqala owamkelwa kwelo lizwe ngo1940. Le ndlela idibanisa iziqalelo zokumiselwa kunye nonyulo, kusetyenziswa ikhomishini yokuvavanya abatshayo ngaphambi kokuba umphathi olawulayo enze ukumiselwa, kulandelwa lunyulo lwezinzaniso lwemali. Lo mzekelo we-projekthi ye-difidite yaqala yamkeleke ngokwamaqela angaphezulu kwamashumi amathathu eethathu eethathu eethe ngamashumi amathathu.

INkqubo yokuKhawulwa kweQumrhu III laBagwebi

Ukumiswa kwabagwebi besizwe phantsi kweGatya III loMgaqo-siseko ̬ kuquka amajaji eNkundla ePhakamileyo, abagwebi benkundla yesiphaluka, kunye neenkundla zesithili ezigwebi i̬ kulandela inkqubo enzima eneenyawo ezininzi edla ngokuthabatha iinyanga eziliqela ukugqitywa. Le nkqubo ibandakanya amasebe aphetheyo kunye nowiso-mthetho kwaye iquka ukupheliswa kakhulu kwabathathi-nxaxheba.

Utyumbiso nguMongameli

Le nkqubo iqala xa indawo isenzeka kwisihlalo sephondo. Umongameli, osoloko esebenza ekunconyeni okuvela kwiSebe leJaji, kwiSebe leSigqibo, kwisiluleko seHome eWhite, kwingingqi enxulumene nemeko ekhoyo, okanye amaqela angaphandle enza inzala, ukhetha i-meinee. Isithethe senkundla yesizwe, isithethe sesimilo sobunono sinika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kubaquququ beqela lomongameli ukusuka kwilizwe apho kukho khona isikhalazo. Aba baquququzeleli bangakumbela ngokunelisa i-mfamfa ngokungavumi ukubuyisela utyibiliko oluluhlaza, bebonisa ukungavumelani kwabo kwingini.

Abalawuli bakhangela abo banenxaxheba kwintanda-bulumko yabo yokugweba nabanamagunya angqongqo. Inkoliso yamatyala asemthethweni anamava ngaphambili njengabagwebi, abatshutshisi, okanye amaqabane kwiinkampani ezinkulu zomthetho. IKomiti yeMelika ye-Bar Association iSimeidial kwiFederal Judiciary ivavanya i-inshorensi nganye kwaye ibalinganise kakuhle, ifaneleke, okanye ingafanelekanga, nangona olu hlolisiso luyiyo i-acticosition kunokuba lubophelele.

Uphando Neengqwalasela Zemvelaphi

Phambi kokuba iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi iqwalasele ukutyunjwa, iFederal Bureau of Investiga iqhuba uphando olupheleleyo lwemvelaphi yomntu oza kubhalisayo. Olu phengululo luhlola imbali yobuqu, yenkcubeko, yezemali. IKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtsimi ye-Contat yoMdia ithumela ii-Adminiary ii-ars abuza amavanemend amava abo asemthethweni, iincwadi, iintetho, kunye nezikhundla zabo kwimibandela ehlukeneyo engokwasemthethweni. Abanini mabachaze ukuba babambana, ukungqubana kwenzala, kunye nazo naziphi na iingxoxo zabo zezo zezemfundo.

IKomiti yeNdlela yokuQuqulela Iindlebe

IKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ibamba ityala likarhulumente apho oosomaqhuzu bangqinela phantsi kwesifungo kunye nemibuzo yempendulo evela kumalungu ekomiti. KwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ezi tyala zifumana inkcazelo eninzi ye-metavies kwaye zinokuhlala iintsuku eziliqela. Amalungu eKomiti abuza ngentanda-bulumko yokugweba ka-minee, ukutolikwa kwemizekeliso engundoqo, iimbono kwimibandela engokomgaqo-siseko, kunye nemithetho okanye imibhalo yangaphambili. Akukho mfineshela-mfa kufuneka aquqe ezi ziphendule ngenyameko, anike inkcazelo eyaneleyo yokwanelisa amalungu ekomiti ngezo iintsuku eziliqela.

Inkxaso-mali yeKomiti kunye neNkqutyana eGqityiweyo

Emva kokuchongwa, iKomiti yoluHlu, ivoti yokuba ingakuchaza ukuba unyulo lufanele na kusini na kwiBhunga elipheleleyo. Ukuvota kweqhina kwikomiti kungathintela ukutyunjwa ekuqhubekekeni, nangona ubuchule bokusebenza kweproceded bukho ukugqitha ikomiti kwezinye iimeko. IBhunga elipheleleyo ngoko liphikisana ngonyuko kunye neevoti zokuqinisekisa. Kwinkundla esezantsi akukho mvume, kufuneka uninzi lwamavoti. Kwinkundla ephakamileyo yeNkundla ephakamileyo noomganyana, ukuvota, ukuxhasa kufuna uninzi kuphela, nangona imithetho nezithethe zeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekufuphi ne-Privebuster ziguqukile.

Izahlulelo zakuba ziqinisekisiwe, iijaji zesizwe zihlala zikwizikhundla zazo ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, ngokuphumelelayo ukuze zifumane ubomi. Oku kuphila kucetyelwe ukukhusela inkululeko yokugweba ngokususa isisongelo sokususwa kwezigqibo ezingathandwayo. Abagwebi boManyano banokususwa kuphela kwinkqubo yokungagunyaziswa, eqalwa yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeNdlu.

Iindlela Zokukhetha Inkundla Yetyala

Iinkundla zelizwe zisebenzisa uludwe lweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhetha, ezibonakalisa izithethe ezahlukeneyo zembali kunye nokhetho lwenkqubo. Akukho ndlela enye, kwaye kumaphondo amaninzi asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kumanqanaba awahlukeneyo eenkqubo zenkundla. Iindlela ezinkulu ziquka unyulo lwe-Roce, olungelulo ipartisan, unyulo lweziko, ukumiselwa kwemithetho-siseko sowiso-mthetho, kunye nokhetho olusekelwe kwinjongo entle ngonyulo lwenkumbulo.

Unyulo lwezejaji ezizizo

Kwinkqubo yonyulo lwabachongi abaququzeleli, abachopheli bemiqathango basebenza ngokuphandle kwiqela labaququzeleli. Le ndlela, isasetyenziswa kumaphondo aliqela ubuncinane kwezinye iinkundla, yenza unyulo lwezocawa lube lufana noluhlu lwemibutho yowiso-mthetho okanye iofisi yesebe elilawulayo. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwinxaxheba kwimibutho yonyulo, ngokufuthi besebenzisa iindleko zephulo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba iilebhile zeqela zinika abavoti inkcazelo eluncedo ngentanda-ntandabulumko yomvolo, ngoxa abagxeki bephikisa ukuba izigqibo zogwebo zimele zenziwe ngaphandle kokunyaniseka kwiqela okanye kwisikhundla sonyulo-volo jikelele, yaye iimbono ezijongelwayo zijonge phantsi imbono yokungakhethi.

Indima yegalelo lephulo kunyuso lonyulo lwezakhono ezilwa namatyala alwa namaqumrhu alwaluko. Njengoko iindleko zephulo zinyuka, abagwebi bangajamelana nengcinezelo yokulawula kakuhle kwabo banikela uncedo okanye baqwalasele indlela izigqibo eziya kulichaphazela ngayo iphulo labo elilandelayo lonyulo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ithethe ngemiba efana neKaparton v. Massey, apho iNkundla isithi ijaji kufuneka iphinde inike iminikelo yelingelele xa iziphumo zephulo zidala imbonakalo yekhethelo.

Unyulo lwezejaji olungenabuhlanga

Unyulo olungenapartisan lususa iilebhile zeqela kwibhola, ngokubhekiselele kwingcamango yokuba abavoti bavavanye abathathi-nxaxheba abasekelwe kwiimfaneleko ezisekelwe kwiqela kunokuba banxulumane. Amarhamente adla ngokuvela kwibhola yebhola ngaphandle kwembonakaliso yeqela labo lezobupolitika. Noko ke, abavoti badla ngokwazi okuncinane ngabachongi abagwebi abagwebi abangengobayo, abanokuthi bakhokelele ekunyulweni phantsi kweqokolelo lwegama, ekuvotisweni kwelo, ekujolisweni ngokwendawo yokuvota, okanye kwezinye izinto ezingavumelani ukufaneleka.

Iinkqubo ezingezizo ezentengiselwano aziyiphelisi impembelelo yamaqela enzala okanye asebenzisa iphulo. Abathathi-nxaxheba basenokwamkela ukunconywa kwamaqela ezobupolitika nokubonelelwa ngamagqwetha, iinkampani zomthetho, kunye nezilangazelelo zeshishini. Amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke yonyulo olufuna imali yonyulo lwabucala, kodwa ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezinjalo kuyahluka.

ISicwangciso-Sizwe neSigqibo soMgaqo-siseko

Iqaqobana lamazwekazi linika irhuluneli igunya lokumisela abagwebi, ngokufuthi ngokuqinisekiswa liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho okanye ibhunga. Oku kufana nemodeli yesizwe kwaye kugxininisa imbopheleleko yegunya elilawulayo kukhetho lomthetho. Abagwebi abamiselweyo kula maphondo basebenzela amagunya asisigxina kunokufumana ubomi obusisigxina, kwaye kufuneka bafune ukuphinda bafumane okanye bajongene nonyulo ekupheleni kwexesha labo. Ukumiselwa kwemithetho yowiso-mthetho, apho indlu yowiso-mthetho ikhetha abagwebi, isetyenziswa kwinani elincinane lamazwe, elingakumbi eMzantsi Carolina neVirginia.

Ukhetho olusekelwe kuMurit kunye nesicwangciso seMissouri

Inkqubo yokukhetha esekelwe kwisiseko, eyaziwa ngokuba yiMissouri Isicwangciso, imela ukulalanisa ngabom phakathi kokumiswa nonyulo. Le ndlela ijolise ekudibaniseni ubuchule bokutyunjwa nokuphendula konyulo. Iye yamkelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngamaphondo angaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, ngokufuthi kwiinkundla zetyala okanye kwiinkundla zamatyala kwimimandla yasedolophini.

Indlela Isicwangciso SeMissouri Esisebenza Ngayo

phantsi kweSicwangciso seMissouri, ikhomishini enika imvume equlunqwe ngamagqwetha, abagwebi, kunye namalungu aqhelekileyo akwizikhundla zokufumana izigxina ezisemthethweni. Ikhomishini ivavanya abo batshatelwe ngokusekelwe kwiimfaneleko zabo, kumava, udumo, kunye neempawu, ize inikezele uluhlu lwabafanelekeleyo kwirhuluneli. Irhuluneli kufuneka ikhethe kolu ludwe, ibeke imigaqo yegunya elilawulayo ize inciphise indima yokuxhasa okunyulukileyo kwezobupolitika.

Le khomishini iquka amalungu atyunjwe yirhuluneli, umbutho webar yesizwe, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ityala eliyintloko lenkundla ephakamileyo. Olu xwebhu lwenzelwe ukuqinisekisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo ngelixa kugcinwa imigangatho yengcali. Ukwenziwa kolwazi kunye nenkqubo yokumisa iikhomishini zothunyelo iyahluka ngokwemeko yesizwe, idala umahluko ocacileyo kwindlela esebenza ngayo le nkqubo.

Emva kokusebenza ngexesha lokuqala, abagwebi abakhethwe kwiMissouri Plan bajongene nonyulo lokungalufaki tyala. Kunyulo lokuzibophelela, abavoti bayabuzwa ukuba ijaji ifanele ihlale eofisini, kodwa akukho mchasi ubaleka ngokuchasene nomgwebi. Ukuba uninzi lwevoti, ijaji isebenza elinye ixesha elipheleleyo. Ukuba uninzi luvota hayi, ijaji iyasuswa, kwaye inkqubo yokurhoxa iqala kwakhona ukuvala izithuba.

Iingenelo Nokugxekwa Kokhetho Olufanelekileyo

Abaxhasi bokukhethwa okufanelekileyo bathi ivelisa abagwebi abanobuchule obungcono kunokumiselwa okunyuliweyo okanye unyulo olunyulu. Inkqubo yokuxilonga iqinisekisa ukuba kuphela abaqwalaselwe ababonakalisa ubuchule kunye nengqibelelo, ngeli xesha unyulo olugcinwayo lunika uhlolo ngokuchasene nokungabi nabuchule okanye ukuziphatha okubi okugqithisileyo. Le nkqubo inciphisa impembelelo yezopolitiko eziphembelelayo kunye negalelo lemirhumo kukhetho lokugweba.

Abahlalutyi bachasa ukuba ukhetho olufanelekileyo lunokuba lukukuko ukuphengulula, ngokuhlala nabagwebi kunye namalungu ebhatyi equmrhu alawula inkqubo. Olunye uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba ukwahluka-hluka kwebhedi kusenokubandezeleka phantsi kwenkqubo yokukhetha elungileyo, njengoko amagunya anika intsebenziswano abathathi-nxaxheba kwiifekta zomthetho ezimiselweyo okanye iimvelaphi zesithethe. Abanye bayathandabuza ukuba unyulo lunikela uxanduva olunentsingiselo, ekubeni abagwebi benqabile ukuvolwa ngaphandle kweofisi kunye nabavoti basoloko bengenalwazi oluphathelele ukugweba ngoko kusebenza kwejaji.

Imilinganiselo efunekayo neguquguqukayo

Nayiphi na indlela yokukhetha, zonke imimandla ineemfaneleko ezincinane zenkonzo yokugweba. Ezi zinto ziquka iimfuno ezinxulumene nobudala, ubumi, ubundisholo, ubulungu bebhari, neminyaka yamava asemthethweni.

Imfundo Namava

Ijaji ngalinye eUnited States kufuneka linikwe imvume yokusebenzisa umthetho kwigunya elisebenza apho lisebenza khona. Oku kufuna ukuba uphumelele kwisikolo somthetho esisemthethweni kwaye udlulise uvavanyo lwebhari. Inkoliso yabagwebi ubuncinane ineminyaka elishumi ukuya kwelishumi elinesihlanu yamava asemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba inyukele kwisihlalo, ngokufuthi ifunyanwa ngomsebenzi njengomtshutshisi, umtshutshisi kawonke-wonke, ugqirha wabucala, okanye umabhalane wenkundla ephakamileyo.

Amanye amagunya afuna ukuba abagwebi basebenzise umthetho kangangexesha elincinci. Ngokomzekelo, abagwebi benkundla yesithili yephondo kufuneka babe basebenzisa umthetho ubuncinane iminyaka emihlanu, nangona inkoliso yabo inamava aphawulekayo. Iimfuno zikarhulumente ziyahlukahluka, namanye amazwe afuna iminyaka embalwa ukuya kwimibini yokuqhelisela ezinye izikhundla zenkundla ezisezantsi.

Uphando Lwasemva Nohlolo Lophawu

Ukugwetywa ngokupheleleyo kwabachongi abagwebi kubandakanya ukutyhilwa kwemali, ukungquzulwana kohlalutyo lwenzala, kunye nophando lobuntu. Uvavanyo lwe-FBI lwesizwe luhlola iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yetyala, imbali yemisebenzi, neembekiselo zobuqu. Iinkqubo zokukhetha urhulumente zisenokuquka uphando olufanayo, nangona ubunzulu bemeko buxhomekeke kwimithombo nakwinqanaba lenkundla.

Unxulumano lwebhari ludla ngokwenza indima ekuvavanyeni abathathi-nxaxheba kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Ezi zivavanya izinga lomlinganiselo njengabafanelekileyo, abafanelekayo, okanye abangafanelekanga ngokusekelwe kuhlolisiso lwamagqwetha aye avela phambi komhlohli, uhlolo lomsebenzi obhaliweyo, kunye nodliwano-ndlebe. Ngoxa ezi nkcukacha zinganyanzelekanga, zinokuyiphembelela ngokuphawulekayo inkqubo yokukhetha ngokunika ulwazi ekumiseleni abasemagunyeni okanye abavoti.

Iingxaki Neengxoxo Zotshintsho

Ukukhethwa kwabagwebi kusoloko kuyinto eqhubekayo ephikiswayo nemigudu yokuguqula. Abahlalutyi bendlela nganye baye bachaza iingxaki ezithile, kwaye amagunya ayaqhubeka ezama ukulungisa indlela asebenza ngayo. Ukuqonda ezi mpikiswano kubalulekile ekuhloleni izicelo zotshintsho.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokungxengxezwa

Kwinkqubo yengingqi yorhulumente, ukwanda kokubekwa kweliso kwezobupolitika kuye kwenza inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ingxabano necothayo. Ii-vancing ezikwibhentshi yephondo zingahlala zivulekile kumaxesha ade ngeli xesha oomatshini belindele ukuva okanye ukuvota. Oku kudala iingcinezelo zokufaka ityala kubagwebi abakhoyo kwaye kunokuthintela ubulungisa kwiligitha. Ezinye iingcebiso zotshintsho ziye zafuna ukutsala inkqubela yokuqinisekisa, ngelinye ixesha ezinye ziye zagxininisa ekunciphiseni impembelelo yamaqela anomdla kukhetho lwezahlulelo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-finbuster kunye nezinye iindlela zobungcali kwiNdlu yeQela kutshintshile ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukususwa kweNkundla ePhantsi kwenkundla ngo-2013 nangooNomminees eNkundleni ePhakamileyo ngo-2017 kuye kwanciphisa amandla eqela elincinane lokuthintela ii-minenee kodwa kwandisa uxanduva oluchaseneyo ngokujikeleze isiqinisekiso.

Imali Yephulo Nokungakhethi Buso Kwezogwebo

Ngokutsho kwengxelo yokuba abagwebi abanyuliweyo, ukunyuka kwexabiso lamaphulo okugweba kuye kwabangela inkxalabo enkulu. Amatyala eenkundla eziphakamileyo ngoku asoloko enyusa izigidi zezigidi zeerandi, ezininzi zazo kumagqwetha, kwizikhululo zomthetho, nakwizilangazelelo zoshishino ezisenokuvela kamva kwezi nkundla. Oku kudala ubuncinane ukuqhambuka kwemfazwe yomdla kwaye kuye kwakhokelela ekulweni kwamatyala abandakanya abanikeli-mali abakhulu.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ithethe ngezinye iinkalo zale mbambano enjengeRepublican Party of Minnesota v. White, eyaphelisa imiqathango yoko abatshayeli bejaji banokukuthetha ngexesha lamaphulo. Esi sigqibo savula ucango kwiintetho ezicacileyo zentanda-bulumko egwebayo kumaphulo, nto leyo enokwenzeka ukuba inyuse unyulo olulula. Amanye amazwe aye asabela ngokumkela iinkqubo zemali zikawonke wonke ukwenzela amaphulo ejaji okanye ukomeleza imithetho egunyazisa ityala.

Iindidi Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zendawo Yokuhlala

Ukuqulunqwa kwabemi benkundla yezomthetho kuye kwaba yinto ephambili ekuqwalaselweni kwesigwebo. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba iinguqu zabagwebi ngokweentlobo zohlanga, ubuhlanga, ubufana, kunye nemvelaphi yobugcisa zinokuchaphazela ukwenza izigqibo zomthetho kunye nokukholosa kwabantu ezinkundleni. Iindlela zokukhetha zingenza lula okanye zithintele imigudu yokufikelela kwijaji elingakumbi elimele ijaji.

Iinkqubo zokumisa ziye zagxekwa ngokwenza izihlalo ezingafaniyo, ingakumbi xa igunya lokumisela lisuka kwiqula elimxinwa labathathi-nxaxheba. Iikhomishini zokukhetha amaMerit zingayithetha le nto ngokufuna ngokukhutheleyo abathathi-nxaxheba kwaye ziquka iiyantlukwano ekuqwalaseni kwazo. Unyulo lwejaji luvelise iziphumo ezidibeneyo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, kunye nezinye iizifundo ezibonisa ukuba amabhinqa nabathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa basenokujamelana nocelomngeni olwahlukileyo kwiinkqubo zokutyunjwa.

Imbono yehlabathi ngokuKhetha iJaji

Ukuthelekisa iindlela zokukhetha ukugweba kumazwe ngamazwe kutyhila uludwe lwendlela ezinokwenzeka kunye nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yemigaqo yomthetho ebekwa phambili. Ngoxa iUnited States ingaqhelekanga ekuthembeleni kwayo kunyulo lwezahlulelo kumgangatho welizwana, amanye amazwe aye avelisa iindlela ezahlukileyo zokukhetha iijaji.

Inkqubo yoMthetho waBalelwane

Kumazwe amaninzi omthetho wamakhaya, njengeFransi, iJamani, neJapan, abagwebi bangabasebenzi abasebenza ngezakhono abaqalayo umsebenzi wabo wokwahlulela ngokuvavanya ngokukhuphisana. Bafumana uqeqesho olukhethekileyo kwizikolo zejaji zezenkundla kwaye baqhubele phambili ngokusekelwe kwizifundo zomsebenzi. Le nkqubo igxininisa ubuchule bobuchule bobuchule kunye nozimele-mthetho, kodwa iye yagxekwa ngokuvelisa abagwebi abakhuselwe kwiimbono zoluntu ezithe ngqo kwaye abachanaba kwimitshato.

Iinkqubo zoMthetho oqhelekileyo

Amanye amazwe aqhelekileyo, anjenge-United Kingdom, iKhanada ne-Ostreliya, asebenzisa iinkqubo zokumisa ezibandakanya ii-ofisi ezizimeleyo. Ngokomzekelo, uBukumkani bomZandla, baseka iKhomishini yeeLwimi ngo- 2006 ukukhetha abagwebi abasekelwe kwilungelo, ngenjongo yokwanda kokubonakala kwangaphandle nokuhlukahluka. Eli gunya lisebenzisa udliwano-ndlebe olusekelwe kwinkxwaleko kunye nohlalutyo olusekelwe kwimincintiswano kunokuba kusetyenziswe inkqubo eninzi yezopolitiko esetyenziswa eUnited States.

Imikhwa Ekhulayo

Zininzi izimvo kukhetho lwezahlulelo ezibonakala kwizizwe ngezizwe. Amazwe amaninzi aye afudukela ekusetyenzisweni kakhulu koothunywashe abazimeleyo ukunciphisa impembelelo yezopolitiko kumadinga ejaji. Kukho ulwando olukhulayo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo njengoluhlu lokhetho, namanye amazwe amisela amaxhoba acacileyo. Ukucaca kwindlela yokukhetha kuye kwabaluleka ngakumbi, kunye nemithetho emininzi yokupapasha imilinganiselo yokukhetha nokunika izizathu zokuqalisa.

Kwangaxeshanye, inkxalabo ngokuzimela geqe nokuziphendulela iyaqhubeka ibangela iingxoxo kumazwe amaninzi. Amanye amazwe aye ajamelana neempikiswano phakathi kwesikhulu esiphetheyo nezigwebo ezilawulayo kwizigqibo zokutyunjwa, ezibalaselisa indlela yokukhetha ngokwezobupolitika kwanakwiinkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukuthoba impembelelo yabachopheli-mthetho.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Inkululeko Nokuphendula

Ukukhethwa kwabagwebi asingombandela wobugcisa kuphela kodwa lukhetho olusisiseko lwesiseko somGaqo-siseko olubumba uphawu lwejaji kunye nendima yayo kwinkqubo yomthetho. Indlela nganye yokukhetha ibandakanya ukuthelekisa phakathi kwamaxabiso okukhuphisana: ukuzimela. ukuphendula kobuchule, ulwamkelo lwedemokhrasi, kunye nozinzo. Akukho kufikelela okukodwa okugqibeleleyo kolu lungelelwaniso, kunye nolungelelwano olufanelekileyo kungahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumgangatho wenkundla kunye nempucuko esemthethweni yolawulo.

Inkqubo yokumisa karhulumente inikela ukhuseleko olunamandla lokuzimela ngokwamatyala ngobomi kodwa luye lwazinza ngokugqithisileyo. Unyulo lwezomthetho lunika ityala elingqalileyo kubavoti kodwa luphakamisa inkxalabo ngempembelelo yeminikelo yephulo kunye nezobupolitika eziphenjelelwayo. Iinkqubo zokukhetha ezisekelwe kwi-Merit zizama ukufumana iingenelo zombini kodwa zijongene nocelomngeni lwazo ekufikeleleni ukubonakala nokuhlukahluka. Ukuqonda ezi ndawo zorhwebo ziyimfuneko kwingxoxo engolwazi oluthengwe ngotshintsho lokhetho lwezahlulelo nokugcina intembelo kawonke kwiinkundla.

Njengokuba umsebenzi ongokwasemthethweni noluntu uqhubeka nokuxoxa ngeendlela ezingcono zokukhetha abagwebi, injongo esisiseko iseyafana: ukuqinisekisa ukuba amadoda namabhinqa ahleli kwibhedi afanelekile, akakhethi, kwaye azimelanga, ayakwazi ukusebenzisa umthetho ngokuthembeka ngaphandle koloyiko okanye ukukholiswa. Iinkqubo zokufikelela olu sukelo ziya kuqhubeka ziguquka njengoko iingxaki ezintsha zivela kwaye njengoko ukuqonda kwethu kwenza umgangatho wesahlulo somthetho unyuke.