Table of Contents
Ukubonakalisa abameli yenye yezona nkqubo zisisiseko kulawulo-demokhrasi. Kusebenza njengesiseko solawulo-melo lwabameli, kuvumela abemi ukuba bakhethe abantu abaza kuxhasa izilangazelelo zabo, benze izigqibo zemigaqo-siseko, baze babumbe ulawulo lukarhulumente kwindawo, kwiphondo, nakwimigangatho yesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela abakhethwa ngayo abameli, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokukhetha, kwaye abakhi bovotelo banika abemi amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi baze bagcine amagosa abo anyuliweyo ebeke kwityala.
Lo mkhokeli ubanzi uhlolisisa iinkcukacha ezintsonkothileyo zendlela abameli abanyulwa ngayo, ukusuka kwimigaqo esisiseko yonyulo lwedemokhrasi ukuya kwiinkqubo zovota ezintsonkothileyo ezisetyenziswa ehlabathini lonke. Nokuba ngaba unguvoti wokuqala, umfundi wesizwe, okanye umntu nje onomdla wokuqonda inkqubo yedemokhrasi bhetele, eli nqaku liya kukunika ulwazi olufunekayo ukuqhuba umhlaba wokhetho ngentembelo.
Isiseko Solawulo - melo Lomelo
Idemokhrasi emela abameli isebenza kumgaqo wokuba abemi bakhethe abantu abaza kumela izilangazelelo zabo kurhulumente kunokuba benze izigqibo ngeedemokhrasi ezithe ngqo. Le nkqubo ivumela ukuba kubekho ulawulo olunempumelelo ngakumbi ngoxa iqhubeka igcina i-demokhrasi. Abameli basebenza njengelizwi labameli babo, baguqulele iimfuno nokhetho olwahlukeneyo lwabantu kwizenzo zowiso-mthetho nakwizigqibo zenkqubo.
Ingcamango yokumela ivele ngokuphawulekayo kwiinkulungwane ezidluleyo. Ukusuka kwizixeko zamandulo zamaGrike ukuya kwiinkqubo zepalamente zale mihla, iindlela abameli abanyulwa ngazo ziye zasulungekiswa ukuze zibonakalise ngakumbi ukuthanda kwabantu. Namhlanje, amazwe amaninzi olawulo-bume lwedemokhrasi athabatha unyulo rhoqo ngexesha elimiselweyo, eqinisekisa ukuba abameli bahlala benoxanduva kwabo babanyulileyo kwaye urhulumente ubonakalisa iimvakalelo zabantu banamhlanje.
Isizathu Sokuba Unyulo Lubaluleke
Unyulo lusebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi. Inika igunya kurhulumente ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abo banegunya bayavuma ukulawulwa. Idala ubuchule bokuphendula, njengabameli abasilelayo ukunikela izilangazelelo zabo ezifanelekileyo baphulukane nezikhundla zabo kunyulo olulandelayo. Unyulo lukwanceda ukutshintsha koxolo kwamandla, luvumela utshintsho kurhulumente ngaphandle kogonyamelo okanye isiphithiphithi.
Ngapha koko, unyulo luquka intsingiselo yedemokhrasi yokuba bonke abemi banento efanayo yokuthetha ngendlela abalawulwa ngayo. Ngesenzo sokuvota, abantu ngabanye basebenzisa ilungelo labo elisisiseko lokuthatha inxaxheba ekulungiseni ikamva lebutho labo. Olu khetho lwedemokhrasi lunceda ekukhuthazeni umanyano lwezentlalo, uphando lwezobupolitika, kunye nengqiqo yokwabelana ngembopheleleko yokulunga okuqhelekileyo.
Inkqubo ye-Electoral: Ukusuka Kubhaliso Ukuya Kwiziphumo
Uhambo lokuchaza ukuba semthethweni kubandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, enzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni, ukuba mhlophe nokufaneleka. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunceda abavoti baqonde ukuntsonkotha konyulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo zokukhusela ingqibelelo yabachongi.
Ubhaliso lweVoter
Kwinkqubo ezininzi zedemokhrasi, abemi kufuneka babhalise ukuba bavote ngaphambi kokuba babe nenxaxheba kunyulo. Ukubhalisa kovoti kunceda iinjongo eziliqela: kunceda amagosa onyulo alungiselele iiroli ezichanekileyo zovoti, athintele ukuqhatha ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti bafumana iivoti ezifanelekileyo zesithili sabo. Iimfuno zobhaliso ziyahluka ngokwamandla olawulo kodwa ziquka ubungqina bobumi, ubuhlali, kunye neemfuno zobudala.
Inkqubo yokubhalisa iye yafumaneka ngokukhulayo kumazwe amaninzi, ngokukhetha ukubhaliswa nge-intanethi, ukubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo ngamaqumrhu karhulumente, nokubhaliswa kwaloo mihla-nye kwiindawo zokuvota. Olu tshintsho lujolise ekunciphiseni imiqobo ukuze bathabathe inxaxheba kwaye baqinisekise ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo banokusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuvota. Noko ke, ixesha lokubhalisa kunye neemfuno zihlala zibalulekile kubavoti abaza kuqonda nokusebenzisa indlela.
Ukutyunjwa Nokubhaliswa
Phambi kokuba abavoti bakhethe abameli babo, abatshatileyo kufuneka baqale bangene elubala. Inkqubo yokutyunjwa yahluka kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokhetho. Kwamanye amazwe, amaqela ezobupolitika adlala indima ephambili ekukhetheni abathathi-nxaxheba ngaphakathi okanye kwiindibano zeqela. Kwamanye, abathathi-nxaxheba basenokubaleka njengabazimeleyo okanye bajongene nemiqobo encinci ukuze babonakale kwi-colotor.
Akuba etyunjwe, abatshayeli babandakanyeka kwiphulo lokukhuthaza abavoti ukuba babaxhase. Amaphulo anamhlanje abandakanya umxube ontsonkothileyo wemisebenzi equka ukubonakala kwabantu, iingxoxo, izibhengezo, ukuqokelela iingca, nokunyuka kolwazi olukwimibutho yezonxibelelwano, nakwii-intanethi zezezentlalo-ntle yabantu nezoshishino. Imimiselo yezezimali yezeNkqutyana, eyahluka kakhulu ngokongalawulekiyo, izama ukulungelelanisa ukuthetha ngokukhululekile nenkxalabo yemali yempembelelo kwezobupolitika.
Ilahla iibhola
Esona senzo sovota singathabatha iintlobo ezininzi kwidemokhrasi yanamhlanje. Ukuvota okuqhelekileyo kwiindawo zokuvota ngomhla wonyulo kusaqhelekile, kodwa amagunya amaninzi andise ukhetho oluquka ukuvota kwangethuba, iposi ebhanki, kunye nokuvota okungekhoyo. Ezi zinto zinokungeniswa zinjongo yokwandisa ukufumaneka nokuhlalisa abavoti abanokujamelana nobunzima bokuvota ngosuku oluthile ngenxa yomsebenzi, ukuhamba, ukukhubazeka, okanye ezinye iimeko.
Uyilo lwebhola luyinto ebalulekileyo uqwalaselwa, njengokuba iibhola zomqhaqho-khabhathi ezididayo okanye eziyilwe kakubi zingakhokelela kwiimpazamo zabavoti neziphumo eziphikiswayo. Ibhola zangoku zingaba zisekelwe kumaphepha, ngombane, okanye umdityaniso oqhubekayo, ngengxoxo emalunga nokhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kobugcisa bokuvota obahlukahlukeneyo. Ngokungajongani nale ndlela, umgaqo osisiseko uhlala ufana: ukuqinisekisa ukuba umvoti ngamnye ofanelekileyo angaphosa ibholati ngasese kwaye ukuba ibala ngokuchanekileyo.
Ubalo
Emva kokuvala uphando, inkqubo yokubala iivoti iqala. Eli nqanaba libandakanya ukwenziwa kwamavoti ngononophelo, ngokufuthi ngobuninzi bolwaleko lokuqinisekisa ucoselelo. Abaqwalaseli bokhetho abasuka kumaqela ahlukeneyo okanye imibutho ezimeleyo bangaqwalasela inkqubo yokubala ukunyusa ukubonakala nokuthemba koluntu kwiziphumo.
Xa amanani okuqala egqityiwe, iziphumo zidla ngokuphuma kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa iziphumo zonyulo ngokusemthethweni. Kwimiba esondeleyo, amabali asenokuqaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo okanye acelwe ngabatsha abaza kubhaptizwa. Le nkqubo iphela yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yeziphumo ezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye nemfuneko yokuchanabeka nokuthembeka ekuboneni ukuba ngubani oza kubamela abantu.
Ukuqonda Iindlela Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zokwabelana Ngeempahla
Indlela apho amavoti aguqulelwa kwizihlalo ingachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo zonyulo kunye nohlobo lomelo. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuvota zisebenza kumgangatho owahlukileyo kunye nezinto eziza kuqala, ukusuka kulula nakugqibelela ukuya kulungelelaniso kunye nokungahambelani. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela umelo lwedemokhrasi olusebenza ngayo ngokoqobo.
Eyokuqala- kwePast- iposi (Plainfication Voting)
Kuqala-phambili-kunye, kwaziwa ngokuba lukhetho oluninzi, yenye yezona nkqubo zokhetho ezilula nezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi. EUnited States, amazwe angamashumi amane anesithandathu asebenzisa indlela yokuqala yokuvota-ubuninzi benqanawa ukunyusela abameli babo kunyulo lwama-2024. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, umvoteli ofumana uninzi lwezivoti kwisithili uphumelela isihlalo, nokuba ufumana na uninzi.
Eyona nzuzo iphambili yomva wokuqala yiyo elula nokulula kokuqonda. Abavote bakhetha nje umvotelwa omnye, kwaye umvoti ofumana ivoti eninzi. Le ndlela icacileyo ivelisa abaphumelele ngokucacileyo kwaye ithanda ukuxhasa amaqela amakhulu, amisiweyo, anokuba negalelo kuzinzo lukarhulumente. Le nkqubo ikwagcina uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwabameli kunye neenkcubeko ezithile zomhlaba, njengoko isithili ngasinye sikhetha ummeli omnye.
Ngoko, okokuqala umva wesityalo uneziphazamiso ezibalulekileyo. Oku kungaphumela kwiziphumo apho umvotisi ophumeleleyo afumana uninzi olungaphantsi kwevoti, ngokunokwenzeka eshiya abavoti abaninzi bengaxelelwanga. Le nkqubo ikwatyekele kwi "amavoti akhethiweyo," apho abavoti abaphulukani nabavumi abanampembelelo kulwakhiwo lokugqibela lwendlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kungakhokelela kwimeko apho iqela lizuza uninzi lwezihlalo ngaphandle kokuphumelela uninzi lwevoti eyaziwayo, kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nommeli worhulumente ophumeleyo.
Umelo olufuna inkcazelo
Umelo lweprojekthi yinkqubo yonyulo ekhetha abameli abaninzi kwisithili ngasinye ngokulingana nenani labantu ababavotelayo, ngoko ke ukuba isinye kwisithathu sabavoti babuyela kwiqela lezobupolitika, abavoti beqela bafumana ngokungathi sisithathu sezihlalo. Umelo lwepropotical sisona sixokelelwano sonyulo esiqhelekileyo phakathi kwedemokhrasi yehlabathi.
Umgaqo osisiseko womelo lolungelelwaniso ngowokuba ukusasazwa kwezihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka kubonise ukusasazwa kweevoti phakathi kwamaqela okanye abatshayeli. Injongo yeenkqubo ezinjalo kukuba zonke iivoti zirhoxisiwe, okanye ubuncinane umlinganiso omkhulu, usetyenziselwa ukukhetha umntu kwaye ummeli ngamnye kwindibano unyulwa ngamanani aphantse alinganayo ovoti. Le ndlela iyaphikisana kakhulu neenkqubo zokufumana, apho ukuba umvoti olandelayo ufumana ama-51 ekhulwini evoti, uzuza 100 ekhulwini lomelo.
Iinkqubo zomelo lweprojekthi zivela ngeendlela ezininzi. Umelo lweqela lolungelelwano luqhelekile, apho abavoti bakhetha iqela kunokuba bakhethe abantu abaza kuvota, kwaye izihlalo zabelwa amaqela asekelwe kwisabelo sabo sovoti. Phakathi koluhlu lweqela, kukho umahluko ongakumbi phakathi koludwe oluvaliweyo, apho iqela limisela umyalelo wabathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye livula uluhlu, apho abavoti banokuphembelela khona abathathi-nxaxheba abathile abanyuliweyo.
Iinzuzo zomelo olulungelelanisiweyo ziquka ukubonakaliswa okuchanekileyo kwezinto ezikhethwa ngabavoti kuqukwa kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho, ukucuthwa kwevoti, kunye nomelo olungcono kwiimbono ezincinane namaqela amancinane. Ngokungafaniyo nokufumana ingeniso yonke, phantsi komelo olulungelelanisiweyo, amaqela amaninzi atyekele ekubeni noko abe ligosa elinye elinyuliweyo elimela iimbono zawo kurhulumente. Oku kungakhokelela kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ezahlukahlukeneyo neziquka zonke ezimela kakuhle indidi yembono yezobupolitika kwibutho labantu.
Abahlalutyi bomelo lolungelelwaniso bathi isenokukhokelela kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezahluleleneyo namaqela amaninzi amancinane, nto leyo enokwenza kube nzima ukwenza oorhulumente abazinzileyo. Kusenokwehlisa unxulumano olungqalileyo phakathi kwabameli kunye neengingqi ezithile zomhlaba, njengoko abameli bedla ngonyulwa kwimimandla emikhulu, enamalungu amaninzi okanye kuludwe lwamaqela kunokuba zibe zisithili esinye.
Ukujija okuzinzileyo
Uvota olunendawo ebanzi, okwaziwa ngokuba kukuvota okukhawulezileyo okanye ukuvota okukhethiweyo, kumele umhlaba ophakathi phakathi kwesixokelelwano esilula sobuninzi kunye nomelo lolwahlulo. Uvotelo lwangoko lwasetyenziswa kumaphondo amabini (I-Alaska neMaine) kunyulo lwendlu lwama-2024 e-U.S. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, abavoti abathathi-nxaxheba kukhetho kunokuba bakhethe omnye.
Inkqubo yokubala i-choice yovotelo elungele ukubekwa phantsi isebenza ngokukhupha imijikelo. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, umvotelwa ofumana ivoti yokuqala embalwa evotiweyo iyasuswa. Ukuba umvoti wokuqala onyuliweyo ufika ekugqibeleni, umvoti ukhutshiwe kwaye ukhetho lomntu ovotayo lukwindawo elandelayo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de kube ufumana uninzi.
Uvoto olunendawo ebanzi lunika iingenelo ezininzi. Luqinisekisa ukuba abaphumeleleyo banenkxaso ebanzi, njengoko kufuneka ekugqibeleni baphumeze uninzi kunokuba babe baninzi. Inganciphisa iphulo elingalunganga, njengoko abavumi benomdla wokubhenela kwabanye abaxhasi bevoti yesibini. Le nkqubo ikwaphelisa "isiphumo se-spoiler," apho abavotelwa ngokufanayo bahlula uvote kwaye bavumele umvotiswa oqhelekileyo aphumelele.
Xa isetyenziswa kwimimandla emininzi, ukuvota okucuthiweyo kungavelisa iziphumo ezithe zahluka-phindayo ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yiVote eyodwa edluliswayo (STV). Uvoti omnye odlulisiweyo yinkqubo yokhetho oluninzi lweminunjane apho umvoti ngamnye evota ivotelwa enye ekwimo yebhola ephantsi, kwaye amavoti angathunyelwa kwenye into ekhethwayo ukuba umvoti wabo okhethekileyo ukhutshwe okanye unyulwe ngevoti eseleyo. I-STV ijongo yokusondela kumelo lolungelelaniso olusekelwe kwivoti ephonswe kwisithili apho isetyenziswa khona.
Nakanjani, ngexa uvotelo olucetywe ngokwezigaba kunye nomelo lolwahlulo luhambelana, zikwalutshintsho olwahlukileyo. Uvotelo oluchongiweyo kwingingqi enye isavelisa iziphumo eziphumeleleyo, ngelixesha uvotelo olucetywe ngokwezigaba kwimimandla eninzi lungafumana umelo lolwahlulo.
Iinkqubo ze-electoral ezixutyiweyo
Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo zokhetho ezixubeneyo ezidibanisa iziqalelo zendlela ezahlukeneyo. Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo ezidityanisiweyo (MMP) ezisetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge Jamani ne New Zealand, zivumela abavoti ukuba bafake iivoti ezimbini: enye yommeli wesithili wasekuhlaleni kunye nenye yeqela. Iqela levoti limisela ulwabeko lwezihlalo ezipheleleyo, ngelinye ixesha izihlalo zigcwaliswe ngabaphumeleleyo kwisithili. Le mizamo ivumela ukudibanisa iinzuzo zomelo kunye neziphumo zolungelelaniso.
Ezinye iinkqubo ezixubeneyo ziquka ukuvota okufanayo, apho ezinye izihlalo zabelwa ngovotelo oluninzi nezinye ngokuzimela ngokwahlukeneyo, kodwa ezi nkqubo zimbini zisebenza ngokwazo kunokuba zidityaniswe njenge-MMP. Ezi nkqubo zidityanisiweyo zibonisa imigudu yokulungelelanisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo kwisakhiwo sonyulo, njengokuziphendulela ngokweenkonzo zasekuhlaleni, ukumela ulungelelwaniso, nokuzinza korhulumente.
IMigangatho yeMimandla kunye noLwimi
Indlela ezizotywa ngayo izithili ezikhethiweyo zinentsingiselo enzulu yomelo kunye neziphumo zonyulo. Imida yesithili igqiba ukuba ngoobani abavoti abahlanganiswa kunye ngenjongo yokunyulwa koomeli, kwaye la maqela angachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ukuba ngabaphi abathathi-nxaxheba abaphumeleleyo yaye ngawaphi amaqela afumana igunya.
Inkqubo Yokuhlaziya
Kumazwe amaninzi, izithili zonyulo kufuneka ziphinde zitsalwe ukuze kuchazwe iinguqu zabemi. EUnited States, le nkqubo yenzeke rhoqo emva kweminyaka elishumi emva kokuba kubhaliwe inani labantu. Onke amaphondo anemimandla emininzi kufuneka ahlaziye iimaphu zawo zesithili emva kokubhalwa kwabantu ngokweminyaka edlulileyo ukuchaza utshintsho lwabemi, yaye ngo-2024, amaphondo amaninzi asebenzisa imimandla efanayo eyadalwa kumjikelezo wokuguquka komjikelezo wobalo emva kobalo lwama-2020.
Inkqubo yokulungisa iyahluka-hluka ngokwemithetho. Ezinye iindawo zisebenzisa ulawulo oluzimeleyo ukuzoba imida yesithili, ngelixesha ezinye zishiya umsebenzi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Indlela esetyenziswayo ingenza isiphumo esiphawulekayo sokusesikweni kunye nokumela kwesithili esiphumele kuyo, njengoko ezo zizoba imigca zinokuba nentshukumisa yokukhetha iqela elithile okanye amaqela.
Ukuqhaqhatha Izilwanyana Nemiphumo Yazo
UGrerymandering ubhekisela ekunyanzelweni kwemida yesithili ukuxhasa izilangazelelo ezithile zezobupolitika. Oku kuqhelisa kungathatha iintlobo ezininzi, kuquka "ukurhoxa" abavoti benkcaso kwisithili ezimbalwa ukunciphisa impembelelo yabo kwezinye iindawo, okanye "ukurhwebelana" kuzo zonke isithili ukuphelisa amandla azo okuvota. Iimaphu zitshintshile okanye zitshintshe kumazwe amaninzi, ngenxa yemingeni engokwasemthethweni eyenziwa kwisiseko sezobupolitika okanye sobuhlanga.
Iinkqubo zomphumeleli zichanabeke ngokungaqhelekanga ekulawuleni, njengokuba ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili kunokuthi kube neziphumo zokukhupha xa kunyulwa ummeli omnye kuphela kwisithili ngasinye. Oku kuthintela kukhokelela kwiingxaki ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo malunga nendlela yokuqinisekisa imida elungileyo yesithili.
Iziphumo zokunyuswa konyuso zidlulela ngaphaya kweziphumo ezikhawulezileyo zokhetho. Isithili esiqhutywa yiGerrymander inganciphisa ukhuphiswano olunyuliweyo, njengokuba izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo zidimaza abacuphi abavavanya ucelomngeni kwaye zinciphisa izikhuthazo zokuba abameli baphendule bonke abantu. Bangancedisa ekuhlaziyweni kwezobupolitika, njengoko abameli abasuka kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo benokujamelana nengcinezelo engakumbi evela kubavoti-ntloko kwimibango egqithiseleyo kunakumgangatho wokhetho jikelele.
Ububanzi besithili kunye nomelo
Ubukhulu besithili--*.inani labameli abanyulwa kwisithili ngasinye, lingunobangela obalulekileyo wokufumanisa ukuba zinjani iziphumo zonyulo eziya kuba zezo. Izithili ezingazodwa, ngengcaciso, azinakuvelisa iziphumo ezilungeleleneyo, njengoko kuthe kwaba linye kuphela iqela okanye umvo onokuthi uphumelele kwisihlalo ngasinye. Isithili esinamalungu amaninzi, ngokuphikisanayo, sivumela iziphumo ezininzi zolungelelwaniso, kunye nezininzi imimandla ngokuqhelekileyo ivelisa iziphumo zokulungelelanisa.
Malunga namashumi amabini anesithathu abamisi-mthetho behlabathi bolawulo-demokhrasi banyulwa besebenzisa umelo olulungelelanisiweyo, kwaye iinkqubo zePR zonke zibonakalisa imimandla enamalungu amaninzi apho ugunyaziso lwemithetho nganye lukhetha ngaphezulu kommeli omnye. Ubungakanani bezi phondo abuchaphazeli nje kuphela ukulungelelana kodwa buchaphazela uhlobo lomelo, njengoko imimandla emikhulu ingenza buthathaka unxulumano phakathi kwabameli ngabanye kunye noluntu oluthile.
Ukubonakala kwamalungelo omntu nokuncoma
Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani onelungelo lokuvota ngumbuzo obalulekileyo nakuyiphi na idemokhrasi. Ngeli xesha iimfuno ezithile ziyahluka ngokwelizwe nangolawulo, uninzi lweenkqubo zedemokhrasi zabelana ngemigaqo ethile eqhelekileyo ngokuphathelele ukukwazi ukuvota.
Iimfuno Zobudala
Phantse zonke iidemokhrasi zimisela ixesha elincinane lokuvota, eliqhele ukuba lineminyaka eli-18 ubudala. Eli xesha libonisa imigwebo malunga naxa abantu beqolile ngokwaneleyo yaye bebotshelelwe kwibutho labantu ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwizigqibo zonyulo. Amanye amazwe aye azama iminyaka ephantsi yokuvota kunyulo oluthile, kunye nabameli bephikisa ukuba abemi abaselula bachatshazelwa zisigqibo sezobupolitika yaye bafanele babe nelizwi lokuzenza.
Isizukulwana sokuvota siye saqalisa kumazwe amaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States, isizukulwana sokuvota sathotywa ukususela kuma-21 ukuya kutsho kuma-18 ukuya kutsho kwiSinyusi-Mpanzi se-26 ngowe-1971, ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yeempikiswano zokuba abo badala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bangenele inkonzo yasemkhosini bafanele bakwazi ukuvota. Le ndaleko yembali ibonakalisa ukutshintsha kweembono zoluntu ngobumi, ukuqola, nokuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika.
Ukuba ngummi Nokuzincama
Ukuba ngummi kuyimfuneko yokuvota kunyulo lwesizwe, nangona amanye amagunya evumela abahlali abangajoliyo ukuba bavote kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Iimfuno zokuvota ziqinisekisa ukuba abavoti banonxulumano lokwenene noluntu abavota kulo baze bathintele abantu ekuvoteleni kwiimfuno ezininzi.
Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokuhlala ziyahluka, ezinye iindawo ezifuna kuphela ukuba abavoti bahlale kummandla othile ngomhla wonyulo, ngoxa ezinye zimisela amaxesha amade okuhlala. Ezi mfuneko kufuneka zilungelelanise usukelo lokuqinisekisa unxulumano lokwenyaniso nonxulumano loluntu kunye nemfuneko yokuphepha ukuphelisa izithuthi ezihambayo, njengabafundi, abasebenzi basemkhosini, nabo bafuduka rhoqo ukuze basebenze.
I-ID yoMkhosi kunye noqinisekiso
Imithetho emininzi ifuna abavoti babonise ukuvota xa kuvota, nangona iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zahluka ngokubanzi. Ezinye iindawo zamkela uludwe olubanzi lwamaxwebhu, ngelinye ixesha ezinye zifuna iindlela ezithile zokuchaza imifanekiso. Ezi mfuneko zijolise ekuthinteleni ubuqhophololo nokuqinisekisa ukuba ziivoti ezifanelekileyo kuphela ezifakelwayo.
Noko ke, iimfuno ze-ID zovoti zihlala ziphikisana, zisekelwe kwingxoxo yokuba zithintela ubuqhophololo ngokunempumelelo okanye endaweni yoko zidala imiqobo echaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa amaqela athile abavoti. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi iimfuno ze-ID ezingqongqo zingadibanisa abavoti abangenawo amaxwebhu afunekayo, ingakumbi abantu abadala, abancinane, kunye nabemi abafumana imali ephantsi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba iimfuno ezifanelekileyo ze-ID ziyimfuneko ukugcina ingqibelelo yokhetho kunye nokuthembeka kwabantu kwiziphumo zonyulo.
Ukubuyiselwa Kwamalungelo Abantu
Amazwe amaninzi amisela amalungelo okuvota abantu abagwetywa ulwaphulo-mthetho, nangona imigaqo yahlukile ngokuphawulekayo. Ezinye iindawo zibadida ngokusisigxina abo baneenkolelo eziphosakeleyo, ezinye zibuyisela amalungelo emva kokugqitywa kwesigwebo, kanti ezinye zivumela abantu abavalelweyo ukuba bavote. Le migaqo iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngobumi, isohlwayo, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwempikiswano eqhubekayo ngokuphathelele amalungelo okuvota enoba afanele abuyiselwe nakuwo abo baneenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
Indima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika
Amaqela ezobupolitika anendima ephambili kwiinkqubo zonyulo zedemokhrasi, esebenza njengabameli phakathi kwabemi norhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela amaqela asebenza ngayo kwinkqubo yokunyulwa kubalulekile ekuqondeni idemokhrasi yabameli bale mihla.
Imisebenzi yeQela kuKhetho
Amaqela ezobupolitika enza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yonyulo. Afaka amatsha nababandakanyi abatshali, anika abavoti ukhetho olubekwe phambi kokuba luboniswe kwaye anciphisa iindleko zolwazi lokuvavanya abathathi-nxaxheba. Amatheko avelisa kwaye akhuthaza imigangatho yezomgaqo-siseko, anika abavoti ingqiqo yokuba ngabaphi amagosa anyuliweyo aya kubeka iliso eliphambili xa enikwe igunya. Kwakhona alungiselela amaphulo, aqokelela abavoti, anika nenkxaso kwabathathi befuna ukubhaptizwa.
Ngapha koko, amaqela asebenza njengemikhosi elungelelanisayo ngaphakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho, emisela izenzo zamagosa anyuliweyo kwaye eqinisekisa ukusekwa kombutho weengingqi zolawulo. Le ndima yentlangano ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo zepalamente, apho amandla okubumba nokugcina uninzi olulawulayo axhomekeke kumanyano kunye nentsebenziswano yeqela.
Iinkqubo zeQela kunye neziphumo ezi-
Inani kunye nohlobo lwamaqela ezobupolitika kwindlela ye-"partey"" inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nenkqubo yonyulo esetyenziswayo. Iinkqubo zokuqala zezangaphambili zezamacala zithanda ukuxhasa iinkqubo eziziinxenye ezimbini, njengoko amaqela amancinane ezama ukuwina izihlalo kwaye amavoti enokuba nenxaxheba ekuvotini ukuphepha "ukuhoya" abavoti babo kubaphumeleleyo. Iinkqubo zomelo zeproportion, ngokuphikisanayo, zithambeka ekuxhaseni iinkqubo zeza icandelo elininzi, njengokuba amaqela amancinane ekwazi ukuphumelela izihlalo ngesabelo ezincinane zevoti ezithelekisayo.
Inkqubo yeqela ichaphazela ulawulo ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo. Iinkqubo ezimbini ezizinzileyo zingavelisa oorhulumente abanobutyala obucacileyo, njengokuba abavoti benokunika ngokulula ityala okanye ityala ngomsebenzi karhulumente. Iinkqubo ezininzi zinganika abavoti ukhetho olungakumbi kunye nomelo olungcono lweembono ezahlukeneyo, kodwa zisenokukhokelela koorhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo apho uxanduva lusasazwa ngakumbi kwaye iziphumo zenkqubo zixhomekeke kwingxoxo yonxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqela.
UKhetho oluBanzi kunye Nokukhetha
Indlela amaqela akhetha ngayo abo baza kubhaptizwa ahluke kakhulu kwiidemokrasi. EUnited States, unyulo oluphambili luvumela amalungu eqela (namanye amaxesha bonke abavoti) ukuba akhethe abatyunjwa, anike abemi abaqhelekileyo impembelelo ebalulekileyo kukhetho lwabo abaza kubhaptizwa. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iindibano zeqela, iindibano zeqela, okanye iinkqubo zangaphakathi zokukhetha abathathi-nxaxheba, kunye namaqondo ahlukeneyo okuthabatha inxaxheba kwamalungu.
Inkqubo yokukhetha abatshatisiweyo ichaphazela uhlobo lwabathathi-nxaxheba abaqhubayo nabaphumelele kunyulo. Iinkqubo ezivulekileyo ezingakumbi zingavelisa abathathi-nxaxheba ababonakalisa ngcono izikhethelo zabaxhasi beqela, kodwa bangabaxhasa abo bathathi-nxaxheba ngolwazi lwegama okanye ukuxhasa amandla abo banolwazi olulawulayo okanye ubuchule benkqubo. Uyilo lokhetho lomntu oluza kubandakanya ukuthelekisa phakathi kokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, ukuthelekisana kweqela, nomgangatho wabathathi-nxaxheba.
Imali yeCandelo nokuHlanganisa
Indima yemali kunyulo yinkxalabo engapheliyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Imimiselo yezemali yekampumlo izama ukulungelelanisa imilinganiselo yemali ekhuphisanayo: ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, ukunyulwa kobulungisa nokufumana ithuba elingalinganiyo, nokuthintela urhwaphilizo okanye impembelelo engafanelekanga ngezilangazelelo ezityebileyo.
Imithombo Yemali Yephulo
Amaphulo ezobupolitika anokuxhaswa ngemithombo eyahlukeneyo, kuquka iminikelo yomntu ngamnye, inkxaso yeqela, iikomiti zezopolitiko nakwamanye amazwe, inkxaso kawonke wonke. Ukuxubana kweenkxaso zemali kuchaphazela abo banokuqhuba amaphulo okukhuphisana yaye banokuphembelela imiba ephambili nenomdla wabo bakha bakhetha.
Imiqathango yomnikelo ngamnye, apho zikhoyo, ijongo lokuthintela abantu abanikela ngezityebi ekubeni babe nempembelelo engathethekiyo ngoxa besavumela abemi ukuba baxhase abo bathe bathe bafumana inkxaso. Iinkqubo zemali zikawonke-wonke, ezisetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo, zizama ukucutha ibala lokudlala ngokunika imali karhulumente kwabathe bafikelela kwiindlela ezithile, zinciphisa ukubaluleka kokuqokelela imali yabucala yaye zikwazi ukuyenza ibe lula kubantu abaza kufuna uncedo ngaphandle konxibelelwano olunokhuphiswano.
Isivalo sediski kunye nokubonakala ngaphaya
Inkcitho yenkcitho yelifa lemveli igunyazisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba namaqela banike ingxelo ngemithombo yabo yenkxaso-mali nenkcitho. La manyathelo abonisa ukuba abavoti bayakwazi ukubona ukuba ngubani oxhasayo ngemali, onokuthi abonise ukungavisisani kwenzala okanye impembelelo engafanelekanga.
Noko ke, ukuphumelela kweemfuno zokutyhila kuxhomekeke kwindlela olufikeleleka ngayo noluqondakala ngayo ulwazi kubavoti abaqhelekileyo. Iinkqubo zokunika ingxelo ngoluntsonkothileyo okanye ukulibaziseka ukutyhilwa zingalinganisela impembelelo esebenzayo yeemfuno zokubonisa, ngeli lixa ukwenziwa kwengxelo yexesha lokwenene kunye nezixhobo zobuhlobo zomsebenzisi zinokunyusa ukuphaphela koluntu ngemiqathango yemali yeseko.
Iinguqu ezizimeleyo kunye namaqela angaphandle
Ngaphandle kwegalelo elingqalileyo kwabatshati, imali echithwe kwezobupolitika inokwenzeka ngenkcitho ezimeleyo yamaqela angaphandle angalungelelaniyo namaphulo. Ezi ndleko, ezisenokuquka ukubhengezwa, ukuqokelelwa, neminye imisebenzi, iye yabaluleka ngakumbi kwinkqubo ezininzi zokukhetha, ingakumbi eUnited States emva kwezigqibo zenkundla ezimisela umgaqo wokuzimela geqe.
Ukwanda kwenkcitho ezizimeleyo kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelele ukuphumelela kwemiqathango yomnikelo nokubonakala kwemali echithwayo kwezobupolitika. Ngoxa abatshangelwayo kufuneka batyhile abanikeli babo, amaqela azimeleyo asenokujamelana neemfuno ezimbalwa zokutyhilwa, kwaye imithombo epheleleyo yemali isenokusithengwa ngamalungiselelo entsonkothileyo entlangano. Le ngeniso yezenkcubeko iye yabangela iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba kutheni ukungakhethi nokukhusela ukunganyani xa kubhekisele kumalungelo okukhululekileyo.
Ulawulo lokhetho nengqibelelo
Ulawulo olusebenzayo lonyulo----ubhaliso lovoti, ukusebenza kwiindawo zokuvota, ukubala iibhola, kunye nokuqinisekisa iziphumo ezibalulekileyo .ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zonyulo zibonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo ukhetho lomvoti kwaye abemi banentembelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.
Amagosa okhetho nolawulo
Ulawulo lokhetho ludla ngokulawulwa ngamagosa karhulumente kumgangatho owahlukeneyo, ukusuka kumakhomishini onyulo lwesizwe ukuya kumaqumrhu onyulo asekuhlaleni. Ukuzimela negunya lala magosa kubalulekile ukuze agcine ingqibelelo yonyulo. Kwezinye iinkqubo, amagosa onyulo amiselwa ngeenkqubo ezingezozozacalulo ukuze anciphise impembelelo yezobupolitika, ngoxa kwezinye enyulwa okanye amiselwa ngamagosa onyuselo.
Ubuchule bokulawula, kuquka abachopheli bonyulo kumaqela ezobupolitika, imibutho ezimeleyo yokuhlola, kunye nabaqwalaseli bezizwe ngezizwe, banikela izikhuseli ezongezelelekileyo zengqibelelo yonyulo. Aba bajongi bayakwazi ukuchaza iingxaki, bathintele ubuqhetseba, kwaye bakhulise intembelo yoluntu kwiziphumo zonyulo ngokuqinisekisa ngokuzimeleyo ukuba inkqubo isebenza njani.
Ubalo Lokhuseleko Nezixa Ezininzi
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iivoti zikhuselekile kwaye zibaliwe ngokuchanekileyo kungundoqo wokuzibophelela. Oku kubandakanya amanyathelo okhuseleko lokwenzakalisa amaphepha, ukhuseleko lwendlela yokuvota yekhompyutha, kunye nenkqubo zononophelo lokuhambisa nokugcina iibhola zogcino-mthetho lokugcina inzala. I-khain yemithetho elandelwayo yokugcina inzala ebhaliweyo ekushicileleni ukudlula ekubaleni ukunqanda ukuphanga okanye ukulahlekelwa.
Inkqubo yokubala ngokwayo ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi oqinisekiso, kuquka uxolelwano lwenani leebhola ezikhankanyiweyo kunye nenani labavoti abakhangelwa, uthelekiso lomba wezixhobo kunye neziphumo zezandla kuphicotho-zincwadi, kunye nenkqubo yokucombulula ukungangqini. Ezi zikhuseli zijolise ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ezixeliweyo zibonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo iibhola eziphothiweyo, ngeli linye ixesha zinika iindlela zokufumana nokulungisa iimpazamo.
Ufikeleleko kunye nokuQhubeka
Ulawulo lonyulo lwale mihla lugxininisa ngokukhulayo ekufumanekeni, luqinisekisa ukuba bonke abavoti abafanelekileyo banokuba nenxaxheba kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakhubazekile, bangakwazi kusini na ukufikelela kwiimeko zolwimi okanye ezinye iingxaki. Oku kuquka ukubonelela iindawo zokuvota ezifikelelekayo, ukuhambisa iibhola ngeelwimi ezininzi, ukuvumela uncedo kubavoti abalufunayo, nokunika abo bangakwaziyo ukuvota ezinye iindlela zokuvota.
Amanyathelo okufumaneka abonisa ukuba amalungelo okuvota anentsingiselo kuphela ukuba abemi banokuwasebenzisa. Ngokususa imiqobo ukuze babe nenxaxheba, la manyathelo anceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imiphumo yokuchongwa ibonisa oko kukhethwa ngabo bonke abantu abafanelekileyo, kungekhona abo kuphela bajongene neyona miqobo imbalwa yokuvota.
Ucelomngeni Neenguqu Zexesha Elizayo
Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zijamelana nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo kwaye ziphantsi kwemigudu eqhubekayo yokulungisa iinguqu ejolise ekuphuculeni imbonakalo yomelo, ekuphuculeni inxaxheba nasekunyuseni ingqibelelo. Ukuqonda le miba yexesha elililo kunika ingqiqo ngendlela unyulo lwedemokhrasi oluqhubeka ngayo luguquka.
Ukunduluka Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba
Unyuko lweVoter lwahluka kakhulu kulawulo-melo nonyulo, namanye amazwe esoloko ebona unyuko ngaphezulu kwama-80% ngeli xesha amanye ezama ukufikelela inxaxheba kuma-50%. Ukurhoxa komphambili kunyusa inkxalabo malunga nokumela iziphumo zonyulo kunye nempilo yokuzibophelela kwedemokhrasi. Izinto ezichaphazelayo ziquka ukhuphiswano lonyulo, ukulula kovotelo, ukubaluleka okucingelwayo konyulo, kunye neenkqubo ezibanzi zombutho wasekuhlaleni.
Imigudu yokwandisa ukuvota iquka ukwenza uvotelo olulunge ngakumbi ngokuvota kwasekuqaleni nangeposi, ukuvota ngokusemthethweni, ukwenza umhla wonyulo ibe yiholide, nakwamanye amazwe, imithetho yokuvota enyanzelekileyo. Olu tshintsho lubonisa iingcamango ezahlukeneyo malunga nesizathu sokuba ukurhoxa kuncitshiswe kwaye ziziphi imilinganiselo ezinokulwandisa ngokunempumelelo inxaxheba ngaphandle kokulalanisa ingqibelelo yabavoti.
Utshintsho lwenkqubo ebanzi
Ulawulo oluninzi luqwalasela okanye luzalisekisa utshintsho kwiinkqubo zalo zokhetho. Olu tshintsho lusuka kutshintsho oluncinane, njengokwamkela ukuvota okukwindawo enye, ukuya kulwakhiwo olusisiseko olungundoqo, njengokusuka kwisiqalo sokuqala somphambili ukuya kumelo olulungelelanisiweyo. Imigudu yotshintsho idla ngokusuka ekunganeliseki zinkqubo zangoku, nokuba ibangelwa kukungathobeli, ukurhoxa, okanye ezinye iingxaki eziqwalaselweyo.
Utshintsho lwe-Electoral lungolwendalo lwezobupolitika, njengoko iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zinceda amaqela ahlukeneyo nezilangazelelo. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuguqula, njengokuba abo bangenelwa kwinkqubo yangoku benokuxhathisa iinguqu ezinokuthi zinciphise impumelelo yabo yokukhetha. Imigudu yokuguqula idla ngokufuna imiqolo ebanzi, ingcinezelo kawonke-wonke, okanye iimeko zezobupolitika ezingaqhelekanga ezibangela amathuba okutshintsha.
Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye noKhetho
Ubuxhakaxhaka buguqula iinkalo ezininzi zonyulo, ukusuka kwizinto zokuvota zomvoti ukuya kwiimatshini zokuvota kwijelo le-intanethi. Olu tshintsho lobugcisa lunika iingenelo, kuquka ukuphumelela okungakumbi, ukuphucula ukufumaneka nokunyusela ukudibana kovoti. Kodwa ke, luphakamisa inkxalabo ngokhuseleko, ukuba yimfihlo, nokuphazamisana.
Ukuzimela kolawulo lonyulo kuye kwaba yinto ephambili ekujoliswe kuyo, ixhala ngokuqhekezwa kwenkqubo yokuvota, ii-database zovota, kunye nezibonelelo zephulo. Ukulungelelanisa iingenelo zobugcisa nemfuneko yokhuseleko nokuthembeka kuhlala kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo, kunye nemithetho emininzi eyamkela iindlela ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa ukuphumelela kwenkqubela-phambili yobugcisa kunye nogcino-zincwadi nezinye izikhuselo.
Ukungafumani Lulwazi Nengqibelelo Epheleleyo
Ukusasazeka kolwazi olububuxoki okanye olulahlekisayo ngonyulo, abatshati, kunye nenkqubo yonyulo ngokwayo kubangela imingeni yokwenza izigqibo zedemokhrasi. Ukungagqibeki kolwazi lungathatha iindlela ezininzi, ukusuka kwimiba exokayo emalunga neendawo zomvolo ukuya kucenga iingcamango zobuqhetseba. Ii-projekthi zezentlalo-ntle ziye zaba ziivekteri ezinkulu zokurhoxa-lwazi, zivumela ulwazi olungeyonyaniso ukuba lwasasazwe ngokukhawuleza na ngokubanzi.
Ukuthetha ngokungachananga ngeli xesha kubhekiselele ekuthetheni ngokukhululekileyo. Ii-appey ziquka inyathelo lokuhlola isibakala, imfundo yokubhala, iinkqubo zeqonga ezichasene neentlobo ezithile zenkcazelo yobuxoki, kunye neemfuno zokubonakalisa ukubonakala kwezibhengezo zobupolitika. Ukusebenza kwala manyathelo kusaphikisana, njengoko kunjalo ngendima efanelekileyo karhulumente, iinkampani zobuqu, kunye nebutho labantu ekulweni nokurhoxaniswa kwenkcazelo.
Ingqikelelo lwehlabathi kwiinkqubo ze-Elector
Ukuqwalasela indlela amazwe ahlukeneyo akhetha ngayo abameli bawo kunika umongo obalulekileyo wokuqonda amandla nobuthathaka beendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngoxa kungekho nkqubo inye egqibeleleyo, uthelekiso lwamazwe ngamazwe lungakhanyisa urhwebo kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka zokuguqula.
Iinkqubo zoMongameli zePalamente
Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sichaphazela indlela abameli abanyulwa ngayo nendlela abasebenza ngayo xa bekwisikhundla. Iinkqubo zePalamente, apho umlawuli ophezulu ethatyathwa ukusuka kwaye emele aphendule kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ngokufuthi usebenzisa umelo lokulungelelanisa kunye nokugxininisa umbutho wombutho. Iinkqubo zomongameli, apho umphathi onegunya enyulwa ngokwahlukileyo, zingasebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zonyulo kodwa zidla ngokubonakalisa unyulo oluthe lwasentlani namaqela amancinci.
Olu mahluko wokwakhiwa kolwakhiwo luchaphazela umelo ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo. Iinkqubo zePalamente ezinomelo olulungelelanisiweyo zingavelisa izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezibonisa ngokuchane ngakumbi iingcinga zoluntu ezahlukeneyo, kodwa zisenokukhokelela koorhulumente abantsonkothileyo. Iinkqubo zoomongameli ezinamalungu anye zinokuvelisa ukuphendulana okucacileyo noorhulumente abazinzileyo, kodwa zisenokuphumela ekubeni urhulumente ahlulelene nomthetho.
Iziphumo ezithelekisayo
Iinkqubo zokhetho ezahlukeneyo zivelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ngokwemiqathango yomelo, uzinzo lukarhulumente, nokusabela kwenkqubo. Iinkqubo zomelo zidla ngokukhetha amabhinqa amaninzi kunye neqela elincinane, zivelise amaqela amaninzi kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, kwaye zisenokusabela kakhulu ekuguqukeni kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Iinkqubo zokuqala-mva zidla ngokuvelisa amaqela ambalwa, oorhulumente abazinzileyo, nomelo olunamandla, kodwa lunokuba ngummeli omncinane womgangatho opheleleyo wembono yezobupolitika.
Ezi milinganiselo zothelekiso zicebisa ukuba inkqubo yokukhetha ibandakanya ukuphuma okusisiseko korhwebo. Akukho nkqubo igqitha kuyo yonke imilinganiso ngexesha elinye, kunye nenkqubo ye "engcono" ixhomekeke kumaxabiso neziphumo ezibeka imilinganiselo ephambili yebutho labantu. Ukuqonda ezi ndawo zorhwebo kubalulekile kwingxoxo enxulumene notshintsho lonyulo kunye noxabiso ngamandla kunye nomlinganiselo weenkqubo ezikhoyo.
Ikamva Lonyulo Lwabameli
Njengoko ulawulo-melo lujamelana neengxaki ezintsha namathuba, iinkqubo abanyulwa ngazo abameli ziyaqhubeka ziguquka. Ukuqonda intsingiselo yangoku kunye nemiba evelayo kunganceda abemi kunye nabenzi bemithetho bacinge ngendlela eyakhayo ngekamva lomelo lwedemokhrasi.
Utshintsho lomfanekiso kunye nomelo
Ukutshintsha amanani abantu, kuquka ukwanda kolwahluko, ukuhlaliswa kwedolophu, kunye nokutshintsha kwesizukulwana, kuchaphazela bobabini abavotayo kunye nemiba ekhoyo kunyulo. Iinkqubo ze-Electoral kufuneka zilungelelanise ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyaqhubeka zinika umelo olulungileyo nolusebenzayo njengotshintsho lwabemi. Oku kungabandakanya ukutshintsha okutshayelela inkqubela-phambili yokubonakala kwentsebenziswano yabantu, utshintsho ukwandisa inxaxheba phakathi kwamaqela akhoyo, okanye iinguqu kwiinkqubo zonyulo ukuze zibonakalise umahluko wokwanda kwabemi.
Ukumela izizukulwana eziselula kuyinto exhalabisa ngokukhethekileyo, njengoko abavoti abaselula ngokufuthi benenxaxheba kwixabiso eliphantsi kunabavoti abadala kwaye basenokuvakalelwa kukuba iinkqubo zonyulo azizichazi ngokufanelekileyo izinto ezibaxhalabisayo. Ukudibanisa abemi abaselula nokuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi abo aviwa kwinkqubo yokukhetha kubalulekile kwimpilo yedemokhrasi yexesha elide.
Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nezobupolitika Ezimaxongo
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu neemeko-bume zibalulekile kakhulu kwezobupolitika ezinokukhethwa, ezichaphazela zombini iingxubusho zabatshati nendlela abavoti abazenza ngayo izigqibo. Ukuvela kwemozulu okude kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuba iinkqubo zokukhetha ezigxininisa ukuba imijikelo emifutshane yexesha elifutshane ingazicombulula ngokufanelekileyo iingxaki eziphakathi kwezizukulwana. Abanye baye bacebisa ngeenguqu ukuze banike izizukulwana ezizayo ilizwi elingakumbi okanye bavelise amaziko anokuthatha imbono yexesha elide kwiingxaki zenkqubo.
Ucelomngeni Lwehlabathi Lonke Nolawulo Lwedemokhrasi
Ingxaki eyandayo ejongene namabutho .ukusuka kwizifo ezimandundu ukuya kumanyano lwezoqoqosho ukuya kunqumla imida yesizwe kwaye ifuna intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nendlela idemokhrasi enokuba luncedo ngayo xa izigqibo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zibandakanya amazwe amaninzi okanye amaziko amazwe ngamazwe. Ukuvavanya ukuthathela ityala kwedemokhrasi kunye nokumela ihlabathi elidibeneyo kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo lweenkqubo zokukhetha ezilungiselelwe ulawulo lwesizwe.
Ubungqina Bomsebenzi
Ukuqonda indlela abathunywa abakhethwa ngayo kuyinxalenye yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi. Abahlali kufuneka babandakanyeke kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, bahlale beyazi imibandela nabaza kufumana inkxaso, baze benze izigqibo ezisengqiqweni ngabani abamele bamxhase.
Uphando Neengxaki
Ukwenza izigqibo zokuvota ngolwazi kufuna uphando nokucingisisa. Abachongi bangajonga imithombo emininzi yenkcazelo, kuquka iiwebhsayithi ezifuna ukuchongwa, intshumayelo yamaphephandaba, isikhokelo sabavoti, neengxoxo. Ukususwa kwabo kubandakanya ukuqwalasela izikhundla zabo kwimibandela, amava abo neemfaneleko zabo, ubuntu babo nengqibelelo yabo, kunye namandla abo okumela ngokunempumelelo abantu abamele imicimbi.
Kwixesha lobuninzi bolwazi kunye nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, ukuphuhlisa ubuchule bokubhala nokubhala kubaluleke ngakumbi. Oku kuquka ukuvavanya ukuthembeka kwemithombo, ukuvuma ikhethe, ukwahlula isibakala kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo, nokufuna iimbono ezahlukeneyo. Ukuvota okunolwazi akufuni kuvumelani nembono ethile, kodwa kufuneka ukuba ubandakanyeke nzulu nokhetho oluphambi komvoti.
Ngaphaya Koluvo: Ezinye Iindlela Zokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika
Ngoxa ukuvota kungundoqo kulawulo-demokhrasi lwabameli, asiyondlela yodwa abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba kuyo ngokwezobupolitika. Ezinye iindlela zokuganana ziquka ukunxibelelana nabameli abanyuliweyo, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ukudibana nemibutho yobugqeba, ukuncedisa kwiphulo lokuzithandela, nokuqhankqalaza ngoxolo. Le misebenzi ingenza abemi bavakalise amazwi abo kwaye incede abameli baqhubeke besabela kwimisebenzi yabo phakathi konyulo.
Ukumela okuphumelelayo kufuna unxibelelwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwabemi namagosa abo anyuliweyo. Ngokuhlala bebophelelekile ngaphaya kosuku lonyulo, abavoti banokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abameli babo bayayiqonda baze basabele kwiinkxalabo zabo, bedala inkqubo yedemokhrasi enamandla neyamkelekileyo.
Ukufundisa Ngemfundo Efanelekileyo
Ukulungiselela izizukulwana zexesha elizayo ukuze zingenelele kwidemokhrasi kufuna imfundo etyebileyo. Oku kuquka ukufundisa ngendlela iinkqubo zonyulo ezisebenza ngayo, amalungelo neembopheleleko zokuba ngummi, nobuchule obufunekayo ukuze kudityaniswe ezopolitiko ngolwazi. Imfundo ye-COVIC inokubakho kwizikolo, kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni nakwingxubusho yentsapho, ukunceda ekuveliseni ubumi obunolwazi nobuthembisileyo.
Imfundo yezentlalo ephumelelayo ibandakanya okungeyoyonto ibambe izibakala ngorhulumente ekuhlakuleleni ubuchule bokucinga obuchanabileyo, ukuqonda iimbono ezahlukeneyo, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Ngokufaka inxaxheba kwimfundo yezentlalo, ibutho labantu linokubanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo zikulungele ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokuqhelanisa iinkqubo zokukhetha ukuze zihlangabezane nocelomngeni olutsha.
Isiphelo: Inkqubo Yenkqubo Yenkqubo Ye - Evolution Ehambayo Yomelo Lwedemokhrasi
Inkqubo yabameli abanyuliweyo ingundoqo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, iguqulela iinketho ezahlukeneyo zabemi kwisenzo sikarhulumente. Ukusuka kwisiseko sobhaliso lovoti kunye nokujulwa kwezixhobo ezintsonkothileyo zenkqubo zonyulo, ukuqonda indlela abameli abakhethwa ngayo ukuba banike abemi amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwidemokhrasi.
Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ezingundoqo zokukhetha umgangatho kunye nezinto eziphambili. Iinkqubo zentsika zokuqala zexesha elidlulileyo zibeka ubuchule kunye nomelo lwasekuhlaleni kodwa zingaba nolwahlulo. Iinkqubo zomelo lomelo zijolise ekubonakaliseni okuchanileyo izinto ezikhethwayo kodwa zingavelisa iindlu zocalulo ezihlukeneyo. Imigudu yokuvota edaliweyo ukuqinisekisa uninzi lwenkxaso ngexa unika abavoti ukhetho oluninzi olucacileyo. Inkqubo nganye inobuchule nobuthathaka, kunye nenkqubo ye "sesazulu" ixhomekeke koko kuxhomekeke kumaxabiso ebutho labantu.
Njengokuba ulawulo-demokhrasi lujamelene neengxaki ezintsha .ukusuka ekutshintsheni kobugcisa ukuya kuguquko lobukho babemi behlabathi lonke kunxibelelwano----------equator iyaqhubeka iguquka. Imigudu yotshintsho ijolise ekunyuseni inxaxheba, ukuphucula ukuma komelo, ukuphucula ingqibelelo, kunye nokuqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo. Ukuqonda ezi mpikiswano ziqhubekayo kunye nophuhliso kuyimfuneko ukuze abe nabemi abanolwazi kunye nokuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.
Ekugqibeleni, ukufaneleka kwedemokhrasi yabameli akuxhomekekanga nje kwimibutho esesikweni yenkqubo yonyulo kodwa ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ekuboneni inxaxheba kwabemi nokuze baqonde indlela abakhethwa ngayo abameli, ukuhlala benolwazi ngeembambano nabathathi-nxaxheba, nokusebenza ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, abemi banokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo-demokhrasi luhlala lusabela, lunembopheleleko, kwaye lusebenza ekukhonzeni okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo.
Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngenkqubo zonyulo kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi, imibutho enjenge i-Fairvote kunye ne Internationalpolate Institute for Democratic and Electoral helpation[ inikezela ugcino-lwazi olubanzi kunye nophando. [[FLT:] U.S.EUFUMATION . Commentation inikela ulwazi oluchanekileyo kunyuso-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-zwelonke, ngelixa [[[FLT]] ibonelela ucomelo olubanzi kunye noluphengululo. Ezi zinto zinganceda abemi babo banokunyusa ukuqonda indlela abanyulwa ngayo nabathathiweyo.