Ilungelo lokuvota lisiseko solawulo-moya lwaseMelika, ibumba lolawulo-lwazi, ikhokeli karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, wesizwe, norhulumente. Noko ke, xa kufikelelwa kwisikhundla esiphezulu kakhulu kwelo lizwe — umongameli — uhambo lommi we-collet asilomgca othe ngqo ukuya kwiNdlu emhlophe. Endaweni yoko, idlula kumphathi-mmeli: iElectoral College. Eli qumrhu likhethekileyo nelisoloko lingaqondwa kakuhle linempembelelo enkulu kwindlela unyulo lomongameli olulwiwa ngayo, uphumelele, kwaye lulahlekile. Ukuqonda indlela iEltactoral Colleges echaphazela ngayo amandla akho okuvota kuyimfuneko kuye nawuphi na umvoti ofuna ukuqhuba ummandla wezobupolitika kwaye ubambe uxandumiso loburhulumente.

Yintoni Ikholeji yase-Electoral?

I-Electoral College yinkqubo, hayi indawo yokoqobo, emiselwe kwiGatya II, iCandelo 1 loMgaqo-siseko wase-U. Ngokutsho kwe- Ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe [, luquka ama-58 abanyuli. Isigqeba sonyulo esilula sabachongi abangama-270 abavotayo ukuphumelela umgangatho wengi. Le nkqubo ifumana inani labanyusi elilingana nenani labo elipheleleyo le-Sentators (esoloko zimbili) kunye nabameli kwindlu (esekelwe kubantu abahlukeneyo). Isithili seLuthi seLuthi lunikwe abanyulwa kathathu phantsi kolawulo lwe 23rd Amenzi. Le nkqubo yezobugcisa yalungiselelwa ngokulungelelanisa amandla karhulumente omncinane, njengesigqibo esiqhelekileyo sokulawula ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Imvelaphi Yembali: Ukulalanisa Okwakuchaza Inkqubo

Ukuze baqonde iElectoral College, umntu kufuneka ajonge kwiinjongo zokuFunywa kwabaseki boMgaqo-siseko ngexesha leNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe ananye. Abameli bajongana nengxaki esisiseko: indlela yokukhetha umphathi wesizwe. Ivoti edumileyo yagqalwa njengengenakwenzeka ngenxa yomgama omkhulu nokungabikho konxibelelwano lwesizwe. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe asemazantsi, ayenemininzi yabantu abakhotyokiswayo ababengenakuvota, bexhalabele ukuba inkqubo ethandwayo yokuvota iza kunciphisa amandla abo alinganiselwe. I-i-ffthth zajongeka abantu abakhotyo bangaba ngamakhoboka amathathu ngenxa yenjongo yokumela, igalelo oluthe ngqo kwindalo yeElmectoral College, inika amazwana amakhoboka athe kancinci kukhetho lomongameli.

Abanyusi babesoyika "umkhosi woninzi". Babecinga ukuba iElectoral College njengecebo lokucoca, apho abanyuli abanolwazi, babenokusebenzisa umgwebo wabo ukukhetha oyena mongameli ufanelekayo. Abazange balindele ukuvela kwamaqela ezobupolitika okanye ingcamango yokuba abanyuli baza kuthenjiswa kubathathi-nxaxheba. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, inkqubo iguqukele kwinkqubo yeqela elikhulu, kodwa isakhiwo sayo — apho impembelelo imiselwa yimida karhulumente kunokuba ijongwe ngabantu besizwe — ihlala ihleli ngokuqinileyo.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo Inkqubo

Inkqubo yokunyula umongameli eUnited States ityhileka ngamanqanaba aliqela ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linentsingiselo yalo ukuze liphembelele umvoti.

Inyathelo 1: Unyulo Lonke Nomculo Othandwayo

Xa ufaka ivoti yomlandeli womongameli ngoNovemba, uvota ngobuchule ngesileti sabanyuli abathembise ukuxhasa lowo mvoti. Amagama abacholi abacholayo akwivoti, nangona inkoliso yabavoti ingazazi ukuba zikho. Isiphumo sovoti ethandwayo kwilizwe ngalinye simisela ukuba yeliphi iqela elimiselwe ukuba libe ngabavoti.

Inyathelo 2: Umphumeleli uthatha- Wonke Umthetho

Kumazwe angama-48 kunye neSithili saseColumbia, umvumi wevoti ethandwayo wamkela zonke iivoti zelo zwelonke. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba "indawo ezithatha-onke" okanye "umthetho odityanisiweyo". IMaine neNebraska zihlukile, ngokusebenzisa indlela yesithili apho umvuzo wengingqi nganye yengqungquthela ufumana ivo evoti enye, kwaye urhulumente ebalaselayo wamkela abavoti ababini abachongi abaquli-malungu. Lo mthetho ungomnye obalulekileyo ekugqwetheni amandla omntu ngamnye, njengoko ingena ngokupheleleyo kwivoti yecala lombutho lowiso.

Inyathelo 3: Ikholeji Idibana Neengqungquthela

NgoDisemba, abavoti badibana kumakomkhulu abo elizwe ukuze bafake iivoti zabo. Ezi ziphumo zithunyelwa kwiBhunga, apho babalwa ngokusemthethweni kwintlanganiso edityanisiweyo ngoJanuwari, bengamelelwe nguMongameli onguMongameli. Kukweli thuba unyulo lomongameli luqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni. Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, izichasi zingaphakanyiselwa kwivoti karhulumente, ezikhokelela kwingxoxo kunye nokuvota kumagumbi omabini eBhunga, njengoko kwabonwayo kwiziphumo zonyulo lwama-202020.

Indlela Ikholeji EnguElectoral Ewachaphazela Ngayo Amandla Akho Okuphangela

Eyona mpembelelo isasazekileyo ye-Electoral College kukwenziwa kweqela leqela leqela leqela elibalulekileyo lovoti. Amandla akho okuvota awalingani nommi kwelinye ilizwe; ixhomekeke kakhulu kukhuphiswano nabemi belizwe ohlala kulo.

Inkcazo Efanelekileyo Kwiziqingatha

Inkqubo ephumeleleyo inika impembelelo ekhutshwayo "kumazwe atsalayo" okanye "Amatyala enkcubeko" - ithetha apho uvolotetete ahlulwe ngokusondeleyo phakathi kwamaqela amabini amakhulu. Amaqela arhoqo kunye namaqela ezobupolitika achitha uninzi lobuncwane bawo, ixesha, kwaye abhengeza ii-dola kumazwe amancinane afana nePennsylvania, Michigan, Continean, Georganian, ne Nevada. Ingqalelo kumaphondo alo idityaniswa ngoonobumba, inkqubo yesithembiso, kwaye afumane i-outracrate-oksis. Ukuba uhlala kwilizwe elijikelezayo, uvota wakho unomphicotho ophezulu wokuphembelela iziphumo zonke zonyulo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iqonga kwiqonga lokubhena kweqonga oluqhelekileyo, ukubhenelana kwemali yesizwe ngamanye amaxesha.

Inyaniso Yamazwe Akhuselekileyo Nawadandathekileyo

Ngokwahlukileyo, uninzi lwamaMelika luhlala kumazwe akhuselekileyo "okhuselekileyo" - ichaza ukuba ngokuqhubekayo uvotelwa omnye umntu okanye omnye. Ukuba unguRiphabliki eKhalifoniya okanye uDemocrat e-Alabama, ivoti yakho yomongameli ipheliswa ngokusisiseko yimiqathango yokuphumelela. I-odoli yakho inegalelo kwivoti ethandwayo yesizwe, kodwa ayinalo ithuba lokufumana ivoti yonyulo. Le nkqubo ingakhokelela ekuvoti-voti kwaye irhoxe, njengoko abemi abaninzi becinga ukuba ivoti yabo "ayinabalwa." [[FLT:] umbutho wesizwe uVot.[FOct:] u-Vanote[FOctal:1] uphikisa ukuba le nkqubo i-"ixograccodetic" yelizwe elininzi.

Ubunzima Obungakhutshwanga Bamazwe Amancinane

Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente ngamnye ufumana ubuncinane bevoti ezintathu zabavoti (ii-Senators ezimbini + omnye uMmeli), kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi, amaphondo amancinane athe wawafumana kwiElectoral College. Umzekelo, iWyoming inoMmeli omnye kwaye malunga ne-600,000 yabemi, inika ivoti enye ekhethekileyo kubantu abangama-200 000. IKhalifoni ine 522 abamele abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-40, eyinika ivoti enye evoti-70,000 yabantu. Le misebenzi ithetha ukuba umvoti eWyomi eNtshona Afrika unamandla engokwezibalo aphinda-phinda-phinda kathathu amandla okuphembelela iElctoral Collegery njengesiphumo sovoti yaseKhalifoniya. Oku kwakungumsebenzi owenzileyo wokukhusela inkqubo encinane, kodwa kusenza ngokuchasene nomgaqo-demokhrasi yanamhlanje.

Iimpikiswano Zezemali Nezokuchaswa Kwekoleji YeElectoral

Ukususela kwixesha elidluleyo, iElectoral College ibingumthombo wengxoxo enzulu.

Ityala Lokulondolozwa

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukusebenza kweFederalism: Le nkqubo iqinisa indima yoorhulumente njengabadlali abaphambili kwinkqubo yezopolitiko yesizwe. Ifuna abathathi-nxaxheba bakhe imiqolo ebanzi, eyahlukeneyo yelizwe kunokuba baxhobise imida emikhulu kumaziko ambalwa anabemi basedolophini.
  • Ukusebenziseka kunye nokuhamba-hamba: Inkqubo ephumeleleyo idla ngokuvelisa umvuzo ocacileyo (oza kufikelela ku 270), uthintela ukubakho kwendlela yelizwe lonke ebalekayo okanye eyahlulwe kakhulu. Inceda ukugcina inkqubo yecandelo elibini, abanye abathi baphikisane ngayo ikhokelela kuzinzo oluphezulu lwezobupolitika.
  • Ikhusela amaZwe amancinci: Ngokunika urhulumente ngamnye isiseko somgca wevoti ezintathu ezikhethiweyo, inkqubo yabaveleli bomongameli bemikhosi ukuqwalasela iimfuno zamazwe angenabemi baninzi, ithintela imo apho iindawo zasemaphandleni ezinabantu abambalwa kakhulu zingahoywa ngokupheleleyo zixhasa amaziko amakhulu asedolophini.
  • IConfensines Disputes: Kukhuphiswano olusondeleyo lonyulo, iimpikiswano zisoloko ziphelela kumazwe ambalwa angundoqo, zisenza isalathisi okanye ucelomngeni olusemthethweni lube lulawuleka ngakumbi kunengxelo yelizwe lonke yamashumi ezigidi zamavoti.

Ityala Lokungafunwa Okanye Lotshintsho

  • IVolitals One-Person-enye-iVote: Le nkqubo yenza ukungalingani kwesakhiwo apho amavoti kumazwe amancinci namazwe ajinga-jinga axabiseke kakhulu ngokwezibalo kunevoti kumazwe amakhulu, akhuselekileyo. Oku kuphikisana nentsingiselo engundoqo yedemokhrasi yokuba ummi ngamnye kufuneka abe nento elinganayo ekukhetheni inkokeli yakhe.
  • Iingcinga ezincinci Voter Turnout: Kuninzi lwemeko ezingathathwa njenge "indawo efihlakeleyo," abavoti bangaziva bedidekile, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuthobeni kwesantya sokuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo lomongameli kunye nokungadibani nezobupolitika zesizwe.
  • Ukubonakala kwe"Wrong Wnever" Okona kugxekwa kubonakalayo kukuba iElectoral College ingakhetha umvoteli ophulukana nevoti ethandwayo yesizwe. Oku kwenzeke izihlandlo ezihlanu kwimbali ye U.S., kutshanje ngo 2000 (uGeorge W. Bush waphulukana nevoti ethandwayo kuAl Gore) kunye no2016 (UnguMvo okhutshiweyo ulahleke ivoti eyaziwayo ku-Pinbergon Clinton).
  • Ukujolisa kobungcali kwiZizwe: Imacandelwana atyeshelayo amacala amakhulu elizwe. Iingxaki ezijolise kumazwe akhuselekileyo (umz. inkqubo yentlekele yendalo eFlorida okanye eCalifornia, amalungelo amanzi eNtshona) angabekwa ecaleni ekuxhaseni inkxalabo yeqela lamatyala emfazwe.

Izindululo Zokutshintsha

Ngenxa yeempikiswano, kuye kwavela iingcebiso eziliqela zokutshintsha okanye ukusebenza jikelele kwinkqubo ngaphandle kokuyiphelisa iElectoral College.

ISivumelwano seSizwe esiPhambili iBonte Interstate (NPVIC)

Umgudu ophambili wale mihla wokuguqula inkqubo nguMbutho weNational Popular Vote Interstate (NPVIC). Le yisivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe athabatha inxaxheba kuwo onke amavoti awo akhethiweyo afumana ivoti yoluntu oluxhaphakileyo [, kungakhathaliseki isiphumo semeko yawo nganye. Isivumelwano siyakuthatha isiphumo kuphela xa sesamke yamke yamkelwa ngumthetho olawula uninzi lwevoti (270). Njengokuba namhlanje, imele iivoti ezingaphezu kwe-190 zovoti ezikhethiweyo zidibekele umanyano. [[FLT.2] Brenan Center yeJanu yeJanual [FFFoct:3] elungele ukusetyenziswa kwe--mthetho ye-NCCP] inikela uhlaluzo olubanzi kwimibango-othelelwayo yezo zobupolitika. Ngexa kujongile i-Elkstpole i-evievemoult.

Uhlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko

Abaxhasi bevoti edumileyo yokulungisa umgaqo-siseko ukuphelisa iElectoral College ngokupheleleyo. Le yeyona ndlela ilula kodwa ikwayeyona inzima kwezobupolitika, efuna uninzi lwesithathu kwindlu neCathenal kunye nolwakhiwo ngee-arhente ezintathu zamazwe. Amazwe amancinci, angenelwa kwinkqubo yangoku, angenakuvota ukupheliswa kwayo, eyenza le ndlela ibe nzima kakhulu kokusingqongileyo okukhoyo.

Indlela Yesithili Yengqungquthela

IMaine neNebraska zinikela indlela ephakathi emhlabeni. Ngemivoti efumana i-voti esekelwe kumvuzo wesithili ngasinye sombutho, kunokuba iphumelele kuzo zonke isiseko sombuso ngokubanzi, inkqubo iba yeyantlukwano. Ngelixesha ngokwentelekiso, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ingakhokelela kwigerrymaning, apho izikhululo zikarhulumente zitsala kwakhona imigca yesithili ukwenza uncedo olungu sekela-ntlalo-ntle kunikezelo lwevoti.

Indima Yabafundisi Abangenalukholo

Abanyuli abangenalukholo bangamalungu eElectoral College abangavoti umvoti abathembise ukumxhasa. Ngexesha lembali enqabileyo neqhelekileyo, baye baphakamisa imibuzo engobungqindilili benkqubo. Ngonyaka ka2016, abavoti abasixhenxe baphambukiswa kumadinga abo abathenjiweyo. Ngo-2020, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula Chifafolo v. Washington [iilungu lomgaqo-siseko] ethi inelungelo lokufuna abacholi-mfa abaziwayo ukuba bafune abavoti bombuso wabo baze bohlwaye abo bangabohlwayi okanye bangabasusi. Oku kulawula kwanciphisa ngokuphawulekayo umngcipheko wabavoti-ntle abangenalukholo, kuqinisekisa ingcamango yokuba i-Eltalcollector inguquader ingumzimba wolungiselelo, ingabi ngumntu ozimeleyo omnye.

Ukwenza Ilizwi Lakho Liveke Kwinkqubo Yangoku

Nangona iElectoral College isenokubonakala ngathi yindawo ekude, engekho ngqiqweni, ayikuthobi ukubaluleka kokuvota. Ukuqonda inkqubo kukuvumela ukuba ube nenxaxheba kumongo ophezulu nakumacebo.

  • Ukuphakamisa kuzo zonke iinketho: Nokuba imeko yakho ingubume obukhuselekileyo," phantsi kwemilo yeqela lentlalo yeCate, yeNdlu yeNdlu, yeRhuluneli, nendlu yowiso-mthetho ichaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho, ngokukodwa, zinamandla okuzoba amaphondo abanyuli nokumisela imithetho yolawulo lonyulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukufumana kwimiba: kumaphondo amaninzi, unyulo oluphambili kunye nonyulo lwezikhuphiswano zelizwe apho kuqhutyelwa khona. Ngenxa yokuba iziphumo zonyulo jikelele zisoloko zimiselwe kwangaphambili kumazwe akhuselekileyo, inkqubo ephambili iba libala eligqibelayo lokulungisa iqonga leqela nokukhetha abaza kuvela kwiqela jikelele lonyulo.
  • Iparicipate kwiNkcubeko yeSizwe: Ukuba ukwimeko ejinga-jingayo okanye ukhuseleko, ilizwi lakho kumaqela oluntu asekuhlaleni, kumajelo eendaba oluntu, nakwiiholo zedolophu zinegalelo kwingxoxo yesizwe yezopolitiko. Iqonga lezobupolitika libunjwa zezi ngxoxo.
  • Caphula iMpatho Ebanzi: I-Electoral College iqinisa ngamandla amaqela amancinane alungelelanisiweyo kumazwe ajinga-jingayo. Abalimi baseIowa, abasebenzi bomanyano eMichigan, kunye ne-Cuban American coffice eFlorida bafumana ingqalelo ejoliswe kuyo. Ukuba iqela lenani labemi liyinxalenye engundoqo ye-mnqoqo-mfa, amandla enu aphezulu kakhulu.

Isiphelo: Ukupheliswa Kwendalo Yolawulo - melo

I-Electoral College luphawu olunamandla nolunengxabano kunyulo lomongameli waseMelika. Yayilelwa unyulo lwangaphambili, uhlanga olunecandelo eliphambili kwaye iguquke ngokubalulekileyo ngokuqhelisela nangomzekelo osemthethweni. Iyaqhubeka ilungisa iqhinga lamaphulo, isandi sengxoxo yesizwe, kunye neziphumo ezicacileyo zonyulo.

Ekugqibeleni, umbuzo wendlela iElectoral College echaphazela ngayo ilizwi lakho uphendulwa ngokujonga ubume bezobupolitika belizwe lakho. Ukuba uhlala kwimo yokujinga-jinga yokhuphiswano, unobuchule obukhulu. Ukuba uhlala kwimo ekhuselekileyo, uvotelo lomongameli wakho luyintetho efuziselayo echaphazela iziphumo. Noko ke, kwiimeko zombini, inxaxheba yakho ibalulekile. Idemokhrasi isebenza kakuhle xa abemi bayo bexelelwe kwaye bebophelelekile. Ukuqonda oomatshini beElctoral Colleges kukunika amandla okugqiba indlela yokuliva kakuhle ngayo ilizwi lakho — nokuba ngoncedo lokwenza utshintsho, ukukhuthaza amandla akho kwiziphumo zotshintsho, okanye ukuqwalasela amandla akho kwimilo yengingqini apho uvota khona ubunzima obuninzi. Ukuqwalasela unyulo lwembali kunye nokhetho lwezibonelelo lwe-e-metrol [FTY] [5]