Ukuqonda Indlela Abagcini - khaya Abakhethwe Ngayo: Ukhokelo Olubalulekileyo Kubemi

Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke, indlu ephezulu yendlu yowiso-mthetho − esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-senate(ekudla ngokwenziwa kwendlu esezantsi) idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni umthetho, ukuvelela, kunye nokumela. Inkqubo yokukhetha abachongi iyahluka kakhulu kwilizwe ngalinye, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi, yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zengingqi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhokelo olunamava, nokunika ingqwalasela kwindlu esezantsi. Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo luchaza indlela ezisebenza ngayo, iinkqubo zonyulo, ii-ealignimentations, kunye neendlela zokumisa ezigqiba ukuba ngubani ohlala kwi-senatenate. Ukuba ungumfundi karhulumente, umvoti, okanye ungomb ’ othe qhaphuzi, uyakwazi ukuqonda indlela ezikhethwa ngayo imithetho ekwazenziwa ngayo, indlela ophindwa ngayo namandla amaqela esasazwa ngayo.

Indima YeBhunga Leentloko - Mbindi

Phambi kokuntywila kwiinkqubo zokukhetha, kuluncedo ukuqonda oko kwenziwa yisenate. Ngokungafaniyo nendlu esezantsi, edla ngokumela izithili ezisekelwe kubemi, i-senate isoloko iyilelwe ukumela amazwe, amaphondo, okanye imimandla ngokulinganayo okanye ikhethe elikwimimandla emincinci. Abaququzeleli badla ngokusebenzisa amagama amade kunamalungu endlu esezantsi, anika izizinzo zesakhiwo kwaye avumela ukuqwalaselwa kwangabomnzi komthetho. Baqinisekisa ukumiswa kwegunya lequmrhu, izivumelwano zeraference, kwaye ngokufuthi banamandla okuvala okanye okususa amatyala. Le ndima ingaqhelekanga yenza iziqinisekiso kunye nokukhethwa kwee-sentene.

Inkqubo ze-Electoral ukwenzela ii-injini zokuhambisa

Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokukhetha ii-senetator lunyulo olungqalileyo lwabemi, kodwa iinkcukacha ziyahluka. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa inkqubo yokulinganisa yolungelelwaniso, ngoxa amanye exhomekeke kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo okanye ezixubeneyo. Ukuqonda oku kungundoqo ekuhlolisiseni ukuba ngabameli be-sentete ngokwenene njani.

Ii-v ezithe ngqo. Unyulo olungangqalanga

Kunyulo olungqalileyo, abavoti baphosa iibhola ezibhadliwe ngokukhethekileyo kubathathi-nxaxheba. Oku kuqhelekile eUnited States, e-Australia, eBrazil, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Unyulo olungangqalanga, kwelinye icala, lubandakanya iindlu zowiso-mthetho zengingqi okanye iikholeji ezikhethekileyo zokukhetha ii-senator. Umzekelo, eIndiya, inkoliso yamalungu eRajiya Sabba (indlu ephezulu) inyulwa ngeendibano zemithetho yowiso-mthetho, hayi ngoowonke-wonke. EJamani, iBoundesrat iqulunjwe ngabathunywa abamiselwe ngurhulumente. Umzekelo ngamnye umbandela wokuphendula nokusabela.

Umelo olufuna inkcazelo

Umelo lwePportion (PR) lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunyulo lwe-seneta ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinane afumana izihlalo ngokumanyeneyo ngokwesabelo sawo sokuvota. Inkqubo yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ye-Australia isebenzisa i-vvoti enye (STV), uhlobo lwePR evumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe amacandelo aphantsi. I-Brazil ne-Argentina zikwasebenzisa iintlobo ze-PR kwi-senates zabo zesizwe. I-PR ithanda ukuvelisa amagumbi amaninzi ahlukeneyo kwaye ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kweqela.

Iinkqubo zobuMasipala kunye neMigangatho yoBuntu

IBhunga leNtsimbi leUnited States lisebenzisa inkqubo yokuqala edlulileyo yezomthetho apho umvoti ofumana khona isihlalo, nokuba akakhuselekanga. Oku kungakhokelela kwimeko apho iqela lifumana uninzi lwezihlalo ezingaphantsi koninzi lwamavoti. Amanye amazwe afuna inkqubo engqukuva emibini (ukusuka) ukuqinisekisa umvoti ukuba ufumana ngaphezu kwama-50% evoti, njengokuba kubonwa eFransi ngonyulo lweNtsimbi (nakuba iCamelo laseFransi linyulwa yikholeji ekhethekileyo yamagosa asekuhlaleni, hayi ngqo). Iinkqubo zobumatilo-nkulu zithanda ukukholisa amaqela amakhulu yaye zinokuba neziphumo ezincinane.

Iinkqubo Ezixutyiweyo Okanye Ezixutyiweyo

Kumazwe anjengeJapan neMexico, indlu ephezulu inyulwa ngokudibanisa izithili ezinamalungu elinye kunye nomelo lolwahlulo. Umzekelo, iNdlu yeQela yaseMexico inezihlalo ezingama-96 ezinyulwe kwii-continuence ezintathu (apho iqela elinenkoliso yamavoti lifumana izihlalo ezimbini, kwaye imbaleki ifumana enye) nezihlalo ezingama-32 ezibelwe ngokomelelo lwesizwe.

Amagama Nobuchule: Ngubani Onokuba Ngumkhuseli?

Ilizwe ngalinye limisela imilinganiselo ekhethekileyo nemilinganiselo eqingqiweyo yexesha elide kumaqumrhu. Le mithetho ibonisa ulalanisa ngokwembali malunga neemfaneleko ezifanelekileyo kubenzi bomthetho abaya kusebenzisa amagama amade kwaye banike impembelelo eqinileyo.

Ubude Begama

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

  • United States: iminyaka emi-6 (enonyuso olu-1- lwesithathu rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini)
  • Australia: iminyaka emi-6 (isiqingatha esinyuliweyo rhoqo kwiminyaka emithathu)
  • Canada: icwangciselwe ubomi de ube neminyaka engama-75 (ukususela ngo1965, ukuthatha umhlala phantsi okunyanzelekileyo)
  • Brazil: iminyaka eyi 8 (ngokhetho olusindileyo)
  • France: iminyaka emi-6 (isiqingatha sihlaziyiwe rhoqo kwiminyaka emithathu)

Amagama ajijekileyo anceda ukugcina inkqubela-phambili nokuthintela ukutshintsha-tshintsha kwenkqubo.

Iimfuno Zobudala

Kukho iminyaka emincinci kwiziqu eziphezulu kunamalungu endlu esezantsi. Imizekelo iquka:

  • United States: iminyaka engama-30 ubudala
  • Australia: iminyaka eli-18 ubudala (efana nendlu)
  • Canada: iminyaka engama-30 ubudala (kumele ibe neendawo ezingama-$4,000 kwiphondo)
  • I-Italiya: iminyaka engama-40 ubudala yeBhunga leNtlanganiso (ithotywe ukuya kwi25 kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko 2021)
  • IsiJamani:[ Akukho mthetho wobudala obukhethekileyo, kodwa amalungu adla ngokuba noko ali-18

Ukuba ngummi Nokuzincama

Wonke amazwe afuna ukuba abaququzeleli babe ngabemi belizwe abamelayo. Kwakhona abaninzi bafuna ukuba bahlale kwiphondo okanye kwiphondo abalimeleyo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uyalela ukuba ummeli abe ngummi wesizwe ngexesha lonyulo. EOstreliya, abaququzeleli kufuneka babe ngabemi baseAustralia kunye nabahlali belizwe abameleyo. Amanye amazwe afuna ixesha elide lokuhlala ukuze aqinisekise ukuzalwa koluntu.

Ezinye Iimfanteko nongquzulwano

Inkoliso yee-demokhrasi ezigweba iinkundla zephondo, abantu abawileyo, okanye abo baneeofisi ezithile zikawonke-wonke (njengeejaji okanye abasebenzi basekuhlaleni) ukuba basebenze njengee-senteneri. Ngokomzekelo, eFransi, iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho alinakusebenza ngaxeshanye njengelungu leNdibano yesiZwe okanye njengomlungiseleli. Le mithetho ithintela iimbambano zomdla kwaye igcine ukwahlulwa kwamagunya.

Idinga

Ngeli xesha unyulo luyeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo, inani elibalulekileyo lamazwe lisebenzisa ukumisa idinga ``ephelele' okanye inxalenye yesenate. Izizathu zisuka ekukhuseleni amalungelo amancinane ukuya kuqinisekisa ukuba ubuchule okanye ukuhlalisa izakhiwo zorhulumente.

IiCandelo eziGqwesiweyo

ICandelo laseKhanada ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wendlu ephezulu emiselwe ngokupheleleyo. Abaququzeleli bamiselwa nguRhuluneli Jikelele ngecebiso loMphathi-mikhosi. Le nkqubo iye yagxekwa ngokukhetha i-odemokhrasi nokungaphindi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Noko ke, ivumela ukutyunjwa kwabantu abanolwazi olukhethekileyo abangakhange bafune unyulo. E-United Kingdom, iHouse of Lords ityunjwe ngokwenxalenye (oontanga bobomi bamiselwa ngukumkani ngecebiso lePMS) kwaye inxalenye yelifa leMvulo.

Ukumiselwa Ngokuyinxenye, Ukubonakaliswa Ngokwenxalenye

Amanye amazwe adibanisa ukumiselwa nonyulo ukuze alungelelanise ukumelelwa kweenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, eIreland, iSeenad Éirean (Seneta) inamalungu angama-60: 43 anyulwe kumacandelo amahlanu eenkonzo (afakela amacandelo afana nezolimo, umzi, njl.), amashishini ama-6 anyuliweyo ngabaphumelele eyunivesithi, kunye ne11 etyunjwe nguTaoissulla (umlungiseleli we-prime). EMzantsi Afrika, iBhunga lesiZwe lamaPhondo li-10 abathunywa bephondo (abameli abasuka kwiqela elikhulu kunye nabathunywa abathandathu abasuka kwamanye amaqela) kunye nabathunywa abathandathu abasuka kwiNdibano yeSizwe. Ezi zimo ze-prijini zizimisele ukuthatha iimbono ezahlukeneyo ngaphaya kwenzululwazi yenzululwazi yehlabathi.

Unyulo olungangqalanga lweMigaqo yeNtlalo okanye iiKholeji ze-Electoral

Iinkqubo ezininzi zesizwe zisebenzisa unyulo olungangqalanga ukuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente besizwe banendima engqalileyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe. I-Indiya uRaje Sabha inamalungu angama-233 anyulwe ngamalungu eendibano zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente esebenzisa inkqubo enye yokuvota. Amalungu ali-12 aseleyo atyunjwa nguMongameli ukwenzela inkonzo ekhethekileyo. Ngokufanayo, eNepal, iNdibano yeSizwe inamalungu angama-666 anyulwe ziindibano zephondo kunye nendibano yeNtlambo yeKathsi, kunye namalungu amathathu atyunjwe nguMongameli. Indlu yemikhosi yaseFransi inyulwa ngamagosa aphezulu asekuhlaleni amalunga ne-150 000 (amagxande, abanyuliweyo, njalo), ngokunjalo, isenza ngendlela edemo - demokhrasi.

Imizekelo Ethelekisekayo: Indlela Amazwe Amakhulu Akhetha Ngayo Abaququzeleli Bawo

Ukuhlolisisa amazwe athile kutyhila indlela ezahlukahlukeneyo yokuthetha nendlela embalini ewachaphazele ngayo.

I-United States

Ekuqaleni, ii-senate zase-U.S. zazikhethwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagunya agciniweyo kurhulumente worhulumente. UMthetho wokuHlaziya iNgxelo yeSevententh (1913) wakuguqula oku ukukhokela unyulo oluqhelekileyo. Namhlanje, urhulumente ngamnye ukhetha ii-sentenator ezimbini ngokweeminyaka emithandathu, kunye nesinye sesithathu sonyulo nyaka ngamnye. Iinkqubo zonyulo zingurhulumente, kwaye intengiselwano enezivotimente ezininzi ziphumelela (isiko). Ii-parim zigqiba ukuba iqela linganyuki noono-mine, nangona amanye amazwe esebenzisa iziqu eziphezulu-2 okanye ii-iququare-ice. [[FLT:U].S iinkqubo zonyulo-mthetho wonyulo [FLT.FLD:1]

I-Australia

ICandelo lase-Australia linamalungu 76: 12 ukusuka kumazwe amathandathu (akhethwe kumabinzana aneminyaka emithandathu, isiqingatha seminyaka emithathu) kunye nesi-2 ukusuka kwimimandla yaselunxwemeni (iminyaka emithathu). Unyulo lusebenzisa inkqubo yokulinganisa (ivoti edluliselwe kwenye) kwiphondo ngalinye. IiVoters zingavota “ngaphezulu komgca” kwiqela (ukwamkela umyalelo walo okhethekileyo) okanye“ ukunyusa umgca” ngabo bonke abatsha abathathi-nxaxheba. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinane angafumana umelo. [ i-Australian Camplate [ iqhutywa ngukhetho lwe-Australia.

CanadaName

ICandelo laseKhanada linamalungu ali-105 atyunjwe yiRhuluneli Jikelele ngecebiso lomPhathiswa oMphathi-mikhosi. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba abaququzeleli bamele imimandla emine (i-Ontario, iQuebec, amaphondo aseMaritime, amaphondo aseNtshona) kunye nezihlalo ezingama-24, kunye namacandelo eNewfoundland kunye neLabrador, amaphondo, neBritish Columbia. Amadinga asoloko egxekwa njengonogadabiso. Ngonyaka ka2016, urhulumente waseka ibhodi ezimeleyo yokumisela izindululo ezimelelo ezifanelekileyo, kodwa isigqibo sokugqibela sihlala noMphathi-Omphathi-mikhosi.

I-United Kingdom

Indlu yaBalawuli ayingombutho kodwa isebenza njengendlu ephezulu. Inkoliso yamalungu yoontanga bobomi ityunjwe ngukumkani ngecebiso lePMS, kunye noontanga abangama-92 abalifa kunye noobhishopu base-Rwanda abangama-26. Indlu yeLords Reform Act yonyaka ka-2014 ivumela amalungu ukuba arhoxe okanye arhoxe. Akukho lunyulo olungqalileyo, kodwa iHouse of Lords Plactes Commis Commis Commisnsensense Answers.

I-Jamani

IBundesrat asiyontlanganiso ngokwengqiqo yesithethe; libhunga lesizwe eliyilwe ngamalungu oorhulumente besizwe. Ingingqi nganye yesizwe ivota njengeqela, inenani lamavoti aqiniswe ngabantu (3 ukuya kwisi-6 sovoti kwiphondo ngalinye). Amalungu amiselwa ngurhulumente kwaye asebenza ngoyolo lwakhe. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli borhulumente banelizwi elingqalileyo kwimithetho yesizwe.

I-Brazil

IBrasi iNdlu yeNdlu yamaQela eMasipala inamalungu angama-81, amathathu kurhulumente ngamnye kunye neSithili soMasipala, nyulwa ngokweemeko zeminyaka esi-8 nonyulo olungenakuxengaxengiswa. Le nkqubo isebenzisa inkqubo yoninzi oluziintlobo ezimbini kwingingqi nganye yesihlalo ngasinye. Unyulo luthe ngqo kwaye lukhuphiswano.

Iingenelo Neengenelo Zeendlela Zokukhetha Ezahlukileyo

Akukho nkqubo yokukhetha ifezekileyo. Nganye inezinto zorhwebo ngokwezomelo, ukuphendula, ubungcaphephe, kunye nozinzo lwezobupolitika.

Unyulo oluthandwa ngqo

[[FLT: 0] Izitafile ezikhoyo: ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi, ukuphendula ngqo kubavoti, ukubotshwa kommi ophezulu.
Izixhobo ezikhoyo:[[[FLT:]] Abathathi-nxaxheba abatyebi, bangalawulwa ngoomatshini beqela, bangameleli ngokufanelekileyo imfuno yeqela okanye imimandla emincinane.

UKhetho olungangqalanga

Izikali ezikhoyo: Izininzi ezingqubanayo ezisuka kwiingcinezelo ze populist, zivumela ukhetho lwangabom, zingaqinisekisa imo/orhulumente bodidi oluthile banelizwi.
iindidi ezisezantsi: idemokhrasi encinci, etyekele kwimo-demokhrasi, ukonakala nolwakhiwo lwangasemva, abemi baziva bedityanisiwe kukhetho.

Idinga

[[FLT: 0] Izikhuseli: zingazisa iingcaphephe neenkokeli ezingenakuziphumelela izikhundla, zinika uzinzo nokuqhubekeka, zithintela ixabiso lonyulo.
Ukungafumani manani:[ Ukungabekeli uxanduva, ukunokwenzeka kwecrinosticism, ukuthoba ulawulo oluqhelekileyo.

Iinkqubo ze-Majorarian

Iinkqubo zombutho [ (njenge-Australia) zikhokelela kumelo olwahlukeneyo kodwa zingenza iqhina legridi ukuba amaqela amaninzi ayafuneka ukuze enze uninzi. Iinkqubo ze-Majoritarian [[[FL:3] [njenge-U.S.] zivelisa abaphumelele ngokucacileyo kodwa zinokushiya amacandelo amakhulu abantu ngaphandle komelo kwi-e-metate.

Amaphulo, Ukutyunjwa Nendima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Kumazwe anyulweyo, inkqubo iqala kumhla wonyulo. Amaqela ezobupolitika enza indima ephambili ekufumaneni abathathi-nxaxheba, ekuphakamiseni imali, nasekuthumeleni abavoti. Kwinkqubo zoluhlu oluvaliweyo (oqhelekileyo kwi-PR), iinkokeli zeqela zigqiba ulandelelwano lwabathathi-nxaxheba, zibanika amandla amakhulu. Kwinkqubo yokuvula okanye yephondo elinye lesithili, abatshabhisi bahlakulela iivoti zobuqu. Iintlanganiso, iindibano, kunye nokuncomela iqela ukuma kombutho. Abami abanqwenela ukuba ngabaququququzeleli basoloko befuna ukwakha umnatha phakathi kweqela, baphakamisa imali, kwaye baphumele amaphulo asebenzayo. Ukuqonda amaqela anamandla kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda indlela abanyulwa ngayo, njengoko iqela elinobuhlanga linokukhethwa, njengoko kubaluleke ngakumbi kumgangatho omkhulu kwimimandla yonyulo-ondiswa-wonke.

Utshintsho Lwakutshanje Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

Amazwe amaninzi aye aphikisana okanye aqalisa utshintsho kwiinkqubo zawo zokukhetha. IKhanada yacinga ukuba abanyuli bephondo abakhetha imimandla kodwa abangaphumeleli ukuphumelela ekulungiseni umGaqo-siseko. UBukumkani bomanyeneyo buye baxubusha ngeNdlu enyuliweyo yaBalawuli kodwa abakhange benze. EUnited States, kuyalelwa ukuba kupheliswe okanye kuhlaziywe iNdlu yeNdlu yeNtsimbi ngenxa yamandla angenakulinganiswa nakaneka karhulumente omncinane. Abanye bacebisa ukuba iphondo lwezingingqi okanye ukuvota okumisela iNtsinthathelo yeNtlanga ukuze kwenziwe ukhuphiswano nomkelo. Ukuqonda ezi luncedo kubemi bamazwe abo zijonge izicelo ezichaphazela i-sentene.

Isizathu Sokuba Abemi Bafanele Bayiphaphele Indlela Abanyulwa Ngayo Abahleli

Indlela abanyulwa ngayo abaququzeleli abanyuliweyo banokuthatha inxaxheba ngqo kwaye bavakalelwe ukuba bamele. Ukuba ilizwe lakho lisebenzisa unyulo oluthe ngqo, unyulo, okanye ukumiswa, ukuhlala lisazi ngemithetho kunye neziphumo zalo zobumi obusisiseko. Ngokuqonda indlela abalawuli be-demokhrasi abakhethwa ngayo, ungenza izigqibo ezingcono kwibhokisi yebhola kwaye uva ukuba abameli bamele ulawulo.

Eli nqaku labhalwa njengecebo lemfundo. Kwinkcazelo esemthethweni malunga nemithetho yonyulo yelizwe lakho, jonga kwikhomishini yakho yonyulo okanye ubulungiseleli bokusesikweni. Amakhonkco angaphandle anikezela ngomongo owongezelelweyo; ayechane ngexesha lokupapashwa.