Indlela Abasetyenziswa Ngayo Abachasi Bobupolitika

Uphando locotho lumela enye yezona zixhobo zikhohlisayo kwiphulo lezobupolitika langoku. Ngokungafaniyo nohlolisiso olusemthethweni olubamba iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke, ukunyanzela uphando lwenzelwe ukuxhaphaza abavoti ngokuphamba okungakhiyo, ngokufuthi obubuxoki, ulwazi olungaphakathi kombuzo wovotelo. Zizixhobo zokuphanda `azizo izixhobo zenkohliso. Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo, kutheni ziphumelela, kwaye oko kunokwenziwa ukulwa nazo kubalulekile kuye nawuphi na umvondi ofuna ukwenza izigqibo zolwazi kwibhokisi yebhola.

Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olubanzi lophando olunyanzelekileyo: imbali yabo, iindlela zengqondo abazisebenzisayo, imida esemthethweni neyokuziphatha abayivavanyayo, kunye nempembelelo yokwenene yehlabathi abanayo kunyulo. Ngesiphelo, uza kuxhotyiswa ngcono ukubona uphando olunyanzelwayo nokukhusela ugwebo lwakho kule misebenzi yempembelelo efihlakeleyo.

Yintoni Ngokwenene Ebangela Ukusasazwa Kooncwadi?

Uhlolisiso olunyanzelisayo bubuchule apho umfono-mfono-mfono (osoloko esebenzisa iskripti) ebuza uthotho lwemibuzo elungiselelwe ukutshintsha uluvo lomntu ophendulayo, hayi ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi. Imibuzo esoloko inenkcazelo engachananga okanye elahlekisayo ngomntu oza kubhaptizwa, ebekwe ngendlela yokuqiqa okanye yokumangalela. Umzekelo: “Ukuba uyazi ukuba uCandite Smith uphandwe ngenkohlakalo, ingakwenza ungabi namathuba okumvotela?" Lo mbuzo awubuzi nje ukuba uluvo lwakho olungenakuphikiswa okanye olungenakuphikiswa."Ithi ichaza isityholo esingenakuphikiswa kunye nezinyuko njengenyani.

Uphando lwe-gidimasite, ngokwahlukileyo, lusebenzisa amagama angekho mgaqweni, amasampula aqhelekileyo, kunye nendlela ekhanyayo. Imibuzo yenzelwe ukulinganisa uluvo ngaphandle kokuluphembelela. Uphando lotshitshini lungayifihla ngabom le layini. Umfonokazi usenokuzibanga ekwifekta esemthethweni okanye eyunivesithi, kodwa injongo yokwenene kukutyhola umchasi. NgokweAmerican Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR), uhlolisiso olunyanzela olunyanzela “ukuzama okanye ukuguqula imbono yomntu ophendula phantsi komgunyaziso olusemthethweni.” Le nkcazelo ingundoqo ukonakalisa uphatho lwemiba.

Imbali Nemizekelo Ephawulekayo

Ukusetyenziswa kophando oluninzi bekukho kangangamashumi eminyaka, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kukhawuleze ngonyuko lorhwebo olungephi noluzenzekelayo. Omnye wemizekelo yamandulo engalunganga yenzeka ngexesha lomongameli wama 2000 Republican. IiVoters eSouth Carolina zafumana izibongozo ezibuza, “Ukuba bekunokwenzeka okanye kuncinane kakhulu ukuvota uJohn McCain ukuba wayazi ukuba wayezale umntwana omnyama?” Umbuzo watyala intlebendwangu ekhohlakeleyo nenobuxoki ngentombi eyamkelwe nguMcC. UCycillen yaseBangladesh. Izingcingo zafunyanwa kwinkampani esebenzela uGeorge W.

Elinye ityala lepropati ephezulu lenzeka kunyulo jikelele lonyaka ka-2008. Iincwadi ezikumazwe aphambili afumana uhlolo olunyanzelisayo lwathi uBarack Obama uliSilamsi owalayo ukucengceleza iSifungo sika-Allegiance nokuba umfazi wakhe uMichelle wasebenzisa ibinzana elithi “welungu” kwintetho yecawa. Akukho nanye kwezi zinto zaziyinyaniso, kodwa uphengululo olunyanzelekileyo lwanceda kwisamente exokisweni yonyulo.

Kumjikelo 2016, uphando olunyanzelisayo lwe-Hillary Clinton ngemibuzo ephathelele ii-imeyili, uBenghazi, kunye nempilo, ngokufuthi ityala lalo alizange liphazanyiswe. Iphulo likaDonald Trump laye labandakanyeka ekunyanzeleni ukuncinwa kwabachasi abanjengoTed Cruz noMarco Rubio ngexesha le-princio. Kutshanje, ukunyanzelisa uphando kuye kwasetyenziswa kwimijaho yengi, kunyulo lwebhodi yesikolo, kwanokhuphiswano lwezahlulelo, ngokufuthi kubaphathi bezixhobo zobucukuphelo.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba ukunyanzelisa akuyondlela yobuchule engaphaya kwento ekhoyo.

Indlela Ukusasaza: Ubuchule

Uphando olucinezelayo luxhomekeke kubuchule obumbalwa obuphucukileyo. Bunye benzelwe ukuphepha ingcinga egxekayo yomvoti nokufakela unxulumano olungafanelekanga.

Ujikelezo Olungalunganga

Umba ongundoqo walo naluphina uhlolo olunyanzelisayo sisakhelo esingalunganga. Lo mbuzo uqala ngesiqinisekiso esiyingozi kwixhoba: “Ngaba akunakwenzeka ukuba uvotele u-X ukuba uyazi ukuba bavotele ukunyusa irhafu?" Nokuba ngaba iimpendulo eziphenduliweyo zisithi “hayi,” imbewu yamathandabuzo ityalwe. Ukuchana kwetyala kwenza ukuba ifumaneke kakhulu engqondweni xa umvoti kamva enza isigqibo. Lo ngumzekelo obalaseleyo we- obalulekileyo we-hearicity ] abantu bangakhumbula ngokulula.

Ingxolo okanye Ulwazi lobuxoki

Uphando olunyanzela abantu abaninzi basebenzisa ulwimi olungacacanga ngabom, olukwenza kube nzima ukulukhangela. Basenokubhekisela ku- “ingxelo” zokuba umbhaptizi“ usenokuba ubandakanyeke kwihambo evakalala. Eminye isebenzisa ubuxoki obucacileyo. Ngexesha lophakathi konyaka ka-2010, inyanzelisa uphando kumazwe amaninzi luxokwa ukuba amaxhoba okufa axhaswa “ziko-leenkqubo zedemokhrasi” okanye ufuna ukunqumla iMedicare. Ubeko lwalungabangela umbango.

Bambi banyanzelisa uphando olusebenzisa “ukubuza ubuchule”, apho umfowuni azenza ngathi uphoxekile ngokuphakamisa le mbambano. “Ndiya kukhathazeka ngokubuza oku, kodwa ngaba kuya kukukhathaza ukwazi ukuba iCandidate Jones inengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho?” Oku kuzenza ezi nkohliso zibonakale zifanelekile ngakumbi kuba umfoti ubonakala eyindawo yeqela elingathathi cala.

Ulwimi olungokweemvakalelo

Amagama afana [[FLT: 0] i-corctt, eyingozi, [[FLT:]] iteksi- nencomeka[[FLT:]], [[FLT]], [[FLT]]], [[FLT] iqhelekile. Imibuzo ixhotyiswe ukuvuselela uloyiko, umsindo, okanye ukucaphuka okungacingiyo. Ukuxilonga kungabuza, “ukukwenza ucaphukise imali eyamkelekileyo ngexesha lokuvota ezibukisayo" izakukhangelwa?

Umbuzo “Ophindwe kabini”

Elinye iqhinga eliqhelekileyo ngumbuzo ophindwa kabini, odibanisa imiba emibini eyahlukeneyo ibe kukunyanzelwa ukuba ukhethe. Umzekelo: “Ngaba uxhasa icebo leGreen Green lokunyusa iirhafu zempahla nokusika inkxaso yamapolisa?" Umvoti ochasa irhafu ukwanda kwenxalenye yesibini kwaye angamphulaphuli ngokupheleleyo umtshatezi, nangona isiseko sixoka okanye sigqwethekile. Umbuzo uguqula impendulo ngokunyusa iimbambano ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo.

Ukubiza nomqulu wesiXhobo

Uphando olurhuqekayo ludla ngokwenziwa “kumlilo webrashi” kumaphulo ``itshafu''', ukudutyulwa okukhulu konxulumano olujolise kwisithili esithile okanye kumanani amanani abantu. Bangamanani angamashumi amawaka kwaye badla ngokuthunyelwa kwiintsuku zokugqibela phambi konyulo, bashiyela umnyulo ixesha elincinane lokuphendula. Iifowuni ezi-Automated (ukubiza) zenza kube lula ukufikelela amanani amakhulu abavoti ngokungabinaxabiso liphezulu. Kwiimeko ezininzi, unxulumano azibhalwangahlawulwa njengedata yokuhlola; injongo kuphela kukusasaza umyalezo.

Umatshini Wengqondo: Isizathu Sokuba Ucengceleze Ukungcola Kusebenze

Nangona zisebenzisana ngobuchule obucacileyo, uphando lokunyanzela luyaphumelela kuba zisebenzisa uluvo olubhalwe kakuhle.

Iziphumo Zotyhilo

Isiphumo sokwambulwa nje sicebisa ukuba abantu bathande izinto abazichaphazeleyo. Xa uphando olunyanzelekileyo luphinda intengo engalunganga izihlandlo ezininzi, ngokunjalo nokuba umvoti uyichasa ngokuya iqheleka ngakumbi kwaye inyaniseke ngakumbi. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukunyanzela imibhalo yokuvota kusoloko kubuza umbuzo ofanayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo okanye ukulandela ngo- “Ngaba uqinisekile?” ukuqinisa umyalezo.

Imiphumo Engaqondakaliyo Yenyaniso

Uphando lubonisa ukuba iingxelo eziphindaphindwayo zibonakala ziyinyaniso, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zichanile kangakanani na. Uphando olucinezelayo lusebenzisa oku ngokuzingisa ngoqikelelo lobuxoki lokuba abavoti bangaphinda beve kwezinye imithombo. Uphinda-phindo, ludityaniswe negunya elicacileyo “le nkohliso,” lungadala inkohliso enamandla yenyaniso.

Ukwakhiwa noku-ankila

Indlela obekwe ngayo umbuzo ngokuyintloko imomomo ejika ngayo impendulo. Ngokumisa umbuzo nge khowudi engalunganga, unyanzelisa umvoti ukuba acinge ngotshaba kolo kukhanya kukhanya. Nokuba umvoti akavumelani nentsingiselo, umgudu ofunekayo wokuyiphikisa ungayishiya ithandabuzo eliqhelekileyo. Oku kusebenza kakhulu ngabavoti abaphantsi benkcazelo engenaluvo olunamandla olukhoyo.

Imiphumo Yokuchasa Nomlilo

Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, ukuzama ukukhupha iintsomi zophando ngamanye amaxesha zingaba nemiphumo ebuhlungu. Iziphumo zomlilo [[FLT: 1] zichaza indlela abantu abanokuqina ngayo kwiinkolelo zobuxoki xa benikwa inkcazelo elungisayo. Oku kwenza uphando lungaqondakali: xa isityholo sobuxoki sityalwe, kwanolungiso olunyanisekileyo lungandisa umonakalo.

Impembelelo kwiiNnyuko neMidlalo

Ubungqina obusetyenziswayo bokusebenza kwentsalelo budibene, kodwa amaziko amaninzi ephulo akholelwa ukuba ayasebenza. Uhlolisiso luye lwabonisa ukuba ukufowunela umnxeba ongafanelekanga kungamcinezela umhlolo-mfono-mfono nge2-85 yeencam zepesenti. Kugqatso olusondeleyo, olu mda ungagqiba iziphumo.

Uphando olucinezelayo lukwanempembelelo enzulu kwimeko-bume yenkcazelo. Lunegalelo ekugxekweni nokungathembani kukawonke-wonke. Abavumi abafumana uphando olunyanzelwayo basenokungakulungeli ukuphendula uphando olusemthethweni, lunciphise ubunjani bophando. Yaye ngenxa yokuba ukunyanzela ukuvota kudla ngokujoliswe kwixhoba labavoti, banokuthatyathel

Ngaphezu koko, uphando olunyanzelwayo lungabumba indlela abathe bancedwa ngayo ngamajelo eendaba. Ukuba uphando olunyanzelekileyo lusasaza amarhe obuxoki, abacholacholi basenokuziva benyanzelekile ukuba “bajonge i-"i-apply", ngokungazi, inike ukusasaza okubhaliweyo okuninzi. Ngoko ke unyanzelekile ukuba aphendule ubuxoki, aguqule umjikelezo weendaba ube kukukhusela iimpawu zabo kunokuba aphembelele kwinkqubo yabo.

Umonakalo Kwinkcazelo

Nokuba uphando olunyanzelisayo luye lwabhencwa kamva, umonakalo kudumo lomntu ojoliswe kuye unokuba lude. Ngowama 2000, uJohn McKain akazange akwazi ukunyakazisa ngokupheleleyo “umntwana omnyama othe wangenayo” wagcwale, nasemva kokuphumelela kwentloko. Ilishwa lobuxoki laqhubeka lijikeleza kwi-intanethi kunye nakumaphulo okusebeza. Ngonyaka ka-2004, ukunyanzela uphando eNtshona Virginia namanye amazwe lacebisa ukuba uJohn Kerry wayexoke ngenkonzo yakhe yaseVietnam, efunxa iSwift Boat Veterans yeNtua ngengxelo yenyaniso eyambangela ukuba alwe.

Umonakalo odumileyo ukhuliswa kuba abavoti abanyanzelisa ukujoliswa kwabo badla ngokuphosa amatyala phambi kokuba bafake amavoti abo onyulo (_ngosuku lonyulo/ngethuba lovoti lokuqala. Umvoti akanalo ixesha lokuphanda ngeli lixa, kwaye ukukhumbula ukutsalwa kobizo kungaphembelela ukhetho lwabo lokugqibela.

Inkxalabo nemithetho yezobuGcisa

Ngokwembono yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ukunyanzelisa ukuvotelwa kugwetywa phantse lihlabathi lonke yimibutho yophando yobugcisa. I-AAPOR inike izikhokelo ezicacileyo: “Uhlolisiso olusemthethweni asiyonzame yokuphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke.” Intlangano ikhuthaza ukuba kumiselwe imithetho efuna ukutyhilwa kwemibutho exhasa ukuvota, ukuze abavoti bawuvavanye lo mthombo. Noko ke, ukunyanzeleka akuyonto iphononongwa.

Umhlaba ophezulu

Umthetho womanyano awukuvali ngokungqalileyo ukunyanzelisa uphando, kodwa amazwe amaninzi aye azama ukuzilawula. Umzekelo:

  • [[UMTLA: 0] ICalifornia ifuna ukuba naluphi na uhlolo lwezopolitiko olubiza imali engaphezu kwama-500 eedola zemali lubhaliswe noNobhala welizwe kwaye kufuneka kuqukwe umalathisi-zi CD malunga nokuba ngubani ohlawulela uhalelo.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Florida kunye Minnesota inemithetho efuna abatsali boqhagamshelwano abanyanzelisi boqhagamshelwano ukuchaza umxhasi ukuba uvo luxubusha ingxelo yomvotelwa.
  • I-New Hampshire inomthetho othintela “uphando olukhawulezayo” njengoko uchazwa ngumthetho ofuna ukutyhilwa kwento ehlawulelwa umnxeba kwaye enqanda ukusebenzisa ulwimi olucetyelwe“ ukuphazamisa, ukuhlukumeza, okanye ukukhohlisa."

Noko ke, uphando olunyanzelisayo luqhutywa zii-PAC ezinkulu okanye amaqela azimeleyo asebenza kwiindawo ezingwevu. Abafowuni basenokuzibanga besuka “kwiqela elifunayo” ngaphandle kokutyhila okona kuxhasa. Izenzo zokunyanzelisa zinqabile, kwaye isohlwayo sidla ngokuba sincinane xa sithelekiswa nexabiso lokuqhuba iphulo.

IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano loManyano (FCC) ilawula ii-roocall, kodwa uphando lokunyanzela olusetyenziswayo ngabafowuni abaphilayo aluvumelekanga. Kwanothotho lweziqhubi lungasemthethweni ukuba luvumelana neTCUA (Umthetho woKhuselo lweNcumisano)) umisela imithetho.

Iimpendulo zoshishino

Ushishino lokuvota luphendule ngokukhuthaza ukubonakala kwanezenzo ezingcono. I-AAPOR Transparency Initive ifuna inxaxheba kwimibutho echaza indlela esetyenziswa ngayo, kuquka lowo waxhasa uphando nendlela owenziwa ngayo. Abavoteli-mthetho badla ngokuquka ingxelo efana nethi “Lo nguhlolisiso lokwenene lwegama elikwindawo ekuthethwa kuyo kwaye impendulo yakho iza kuba yimfihlo." Ukuba ubizo aluquki ukubonakala okunje, yiflegi ebomvu.

Amaphulo ezobupolitika anemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. IAmerican Association of Political Concalutions (AAAPC) inemithetho yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ekwalelayo ukusasaza inkcazelo ebubuxoki ngokwaziyo. Kodwa ke, abacebisi bamaphulo badla ngokuyityhalela imida, yaye ukunyanzelisa imithetho akusebenzi.

Indlela Yokubona Nokumelana Nokrwelo Lobundlobongela

Kukho amaqhinga anokusetyenziswa ngabavoti, iintatheli namaphulo anokusetyenziswa ukuze kuphendulwe uphando olunyanzelwayo.

Yevoters

  • Ungaluthandabuzi naluphi na uvo oluqala ngombuzo olayishweyo. Ukuba umbuzo uquka ukubekwa kophawu olungalunganga okanye izityholo ezithelekelelwayo, kusenokuba luvo olunyanzelayo.
  • Buza umfoti iinkcukacha. Ngubani oqhuba uvo? Ngubani oyixhasayo? i-athom esemthethweni iza kunikeza ulwazi olucacileyo. Umvoti otyhafisayo uza kuphambuka okanye aphephe.
  • Ungaphenduli imibuzo. Ungathi, “Andinanxaxheba kuphando olusebenzisa imibuzo echuliweyo,” kwaye ndixhome. Oku kulikhanyeli ithuba lokufaka umyalezo.
  • Ingxelo ifowunela kwibhodi yonyulo karhulumente wakho okanye igqwetha jikelele. Amanye amazwe anemigca eshushu yokuxela uphando olunyanzelekileyo.
  • Ibhabha- ukhangelo lwento yewebhsayithi njenge FactorCCkeck.org okanye iPritiFact ukuba uva isityholo esimangalisayo ngomntu oza kungena. Ngokufuthi, isigqeba sesisusiwe.

Ingxelo yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko

Imibutho yamajelo eendaba kufuneka iphaphele ukunyanzela amaphulo okhetho. Xa abavoti benikela ingxelo yonxulumano olungaqhelekanga, intatheli zingaphengulula imvelaphi zize zibhence umgudu. Inyaniso kufuneka ijonge izibhengezo zovotelo ezinyanzelisayo nezinzima njengezibhengezo zephulo. Isitshixo kukuphepha ukuphinda-phinda intengo yobuxoki ngaphandle komongo; endaweni yoko, chaza ngeqhinga ngokwalo.

Ukuza Kuphunyelelwa

Abo bajoliswe kuphando olunyanzelwayo kufuneka baphendule ngokukhawuleza nangokungqalileyo.

  • Ukhupho lwephephandaba oluchaza uphando olunyanzelwayo nomthombo walo.
  • Ividiyo okanye amazwi abonisa ukuba oko kuthethwa bubuxoki.
  • Ukubiza umphikisi ukuba alahle iqhinga.
  • Isicelo sokuba abavoti babhale iminxeba okanye bayixele kubasemagunyeni.

Iphulo lingasebenzisa umvoti walo ukuphikisa le nkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Ukuba umvoti ubizwa ngombuzo wokhupho - hlolo malunga “nerhafu,” iphulo lingalandela ngomnxeba okanye umthumeli olungisa irekhodi. Kodwa le ndlela yokuphendula ibiza imali eninzi kwaye isoloko isemva kwexesha.

Ikamva Lokonakalisa Koomatshini Ngexesha Eliqhelekileyo

Njengokuba izibhengezo zezopolitiko zihamba kwi-intanethi, uphando olunyanzelisayo luye lwaguqukela kwiintlobo ezintsha. “Uphando lwe-Push” luqhelekile, njengokuba lunjalo uphando lwendlela yobugcisa ye-media yamajelo eendaba oluthi luzibanga olungalunganga. Umzekelo, i-Facebook ad ingabuza, “Uyavuma ukuba imigaqo ka-Candite Johnson igabadekile?” Olu luhlolisiso olunempumelelo olufikelela kumawaka abaphulaphuli abakhetha abaphulaphuli abafuna ukujoliswa.

Ucelomngeni lwabalawuli kukuba le miba yokutyhalelana yamanani kunzima kakhulu ukulandelela indlela. Bangafakwa kwimicro kwinani elithile labemi, ivumele amaphulo okusasaza iimetho ezahlukeneyo kumaqela awahlukeneyo. Imvelaphi ingafihlaka emva kwemibutho yamaqokobhe okanye amaqela angaziwayo asebenza ngemipu.

Ubukrelekrele bokwenza bungayenza nzulu ingxaki. Ukuphosa kwelizwi eliphumayo kungenza uphando lwexesha elizayo oluzinkohliso kakhulu − isibizo esivakala njengomhlobo othembekileyo okanye i-ankile yendaba yasekuhlaleni ebuza umbuzo olayishiweyo. Imida yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha iyakufuna ukuphinda ilungiswe njengoko inkqubela yezobugcisa. Ezinye iingcali ziye zabiza uvalelo lwamagunya ekutyhaleleni ukhuphozo, kodwa inkxalabo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nobunzima bokuchaza lo msebenzi kwenza ukuba uvalo lungaqheleki kwilixa lokuzinzi.

Isiphelo

Uphando lobugocigoci luyiqhinga elibuqhetseba nelingekho mthethweni elithoba ingqibelelo yonyulo lwedemokhrasi. Lusebenzisa ucalucalulo lobuxhakaxhaka, ukusasaza ulwazi oluphosakeleyo, kunye nomonakalo owenziwe phantsi kophando olusemthethweni.

Ekugqibeleni, ikhapheli lokunyanzela unyulo luyindawo esunguliweyo efuna ukubonakala kakuhle nokunyaniseka kumaphulo. Ngokuqonda indlela yokunyanzela uvolo, singakhusela ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sethu kwaye siqinisekise ukuba unyulo lugqitywe zizibakala neengxoxo zemigaqo, hayi ngokusebenzisa i-projekthi ngokufihlakeleyo.

Ukuqhubeka ufundo, bona i APOR imigaqo yokutyhala ukuvota , i FactCcock.org ingcaciso yokutyhalela unyuso[, kunye nale uphengululo lophando [ lolwando lobalo-khuthulo lokhupho.[[FLT]]