Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seNkxaso enguMongameli

Isifungo somongameli asingomsitho emva kokucingela; yimfuneko yomgaqo-siseko ebophelela umphathi oyintloko ozayo kumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Icandelo II, Icandelo 1, Clause 8 loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika isigwebo esinye umongameli ngamnye amele asicengceleze phambi kokuthatha isikhundla: Ü olu lwimi lusoloko lufunga (okanye luqinisekisa) ukuba ndiya kukuphumeza ngokuthembeka i-Ofisi yoMongameli wase-United States, kwaye luza kusingisele kwisona sigxina sobugqeba bam, lukhusele luze lukhusele kwaye lukhusele umGaqo-siseko weUnited States.[#821; Olu lwimi luye lwahlala lungaguquguquki ukususela ngowe-1789, lubonisa ukuba igunya elilawulayokuba limele libe limiselwe ngomgaqo-mthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Isifungo sisebenza iinjongo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, siqinisekisa umongameli i’ ekuhleni; ukuzinikela kuMgaqo-siseko kunokuba kuliphi na iqela, inyani, okanye umdla wobuqu. Okwesibini, sidala imbopheleleko esemthethweni: ukungaphumeleli ukuphakamisa isifungo kusenokuba zizizathu zokungagunyaziswa. Abaxhasi bafake isifungo ngabom kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, ngokungafaniyo neeofisi ezincinci apho iBhunga linokuyalela khona ifomu (Artle VI). Oku kugxininisa indima ekhethekileyo njengoko umphathi omnye ebekwe ityala nge-“ ukukhathalela ukuba uMthetho ubulawe ngokuthembekileyo. ”

Ukusebenzisa Amagama Afanelekileyo Nokutolika

Nangona ingeyonto, onke amabinzana athwala ubunzima. “ ngokuthuka ngokufihlakeleyo i ̵ ikhuthaza isifungo sonqulo okanye sokuziphatha, ngelinye icala i “ i-Afrid ̵ ihlala abo baneemfuno ezinyanisekileyo. & #8220; isebenza ngokuthembeka iphumeza i & #821; ithetha ukukhuthala, nokunamathela kumthetho. Imisebenzi emithathu i & #8212; “ i-Spreserve, kwaye ikhusela, kwaye ikhusela i ̶ & &221; ithetha ngokusemthethweni ukugxininisa ityala. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni baphawula ukuba #220; & &8222; i-edevice; i- providelience, i- ne-'5222; kunye ne- proviterne; kunye kunye ne-ethenti ye- proving, ithetha ukuba i-ethentile.

Ngokwembali, oomongameli bongeze ibinzana le “ ngoko ke ndincede iGod̵ emva kokubhaliweyo komGaqo-siseko. UGeorge Washington waqalisa lo msebenzi, nangona kungafuneki. UFranklin Pierce wakhetha ukuvuma kunokufunga kweBhayibhile; uTheodore Roosevelt wafunga kwiBhayibhile kodwa washiya ibinzana elongezelelekileyo. Ezi ntlobo zibonisa isifungo ̱ ulungelelwaniso olukwisiseko somgaqo-siseko ongqongqo.

Ukuguquka Kwembali

Umsitho wokunikezelwa kwendlu yecawa ukhule ukusuka kwisiganeko esilula segumbi lendlu yecamelo sibe ngumbutho omkhulu kawonke-wonke, ukanti isifungo i’ isifungo asizange sitshintshe. UGeorge Washington wenza isifungo ngoApril 30, 1789, kwiHolo yeFederal kwisiXeko saseNew York. Wabeka isandla sakhe kwiBhayibhile ebolekiweyo ngokungxama kwaye wongeza iSifungo esikhoyo ngoku i-#820; ngoko ke ndincede uThixo. ̵ iinkulungwane ngeminyaka, indawo efudukele kwiCapitol ̱ ingaphambili kwaye kamva intshona phambili, kwaye isifungo sasetyenziswa nguMongameli oyintloko weUnited States ukususela ngoko 1797 (uAdams waba ngowokuqala ukusamkela iJasti). Oku kusenzeka kuphela ngo196666 iBydoul Bronston wathatha uMkhosi woMkhosi wakwaMongameli waseNtshona 76 emva koMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi wamaKatolika, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa komthetho wobuKatolika ka-197, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa komthetho.

Isifungo sithatyathwe ngamaxesha angaqhelekanga. Ekufeni kukaWilliam Henry Harrison ngo1841, uJohn Tyler wenza isifungo kwigumbi lakhe lehotele, emisela umzekelo wokulandelana komongameli. Ngo-1923, uCalvin Coolidge wafuywa nguyise, uwonke-wonke, kwindlu yentsapho yesibane. La maxesha abonisa ukuba isifungo i̱ umgaqo-siseko awuxhomekekanga kwintelekelelo; uxhomekeke ekuthetheni kwamazwi agunyazisiweyo phambi komphathi onegunya.

[[UMTL:0] ugcino lwethala leencwadi zongquzulwano lunika iinkcukacha ukuqokelelwa kwezinto zokunikezela ukulandela isifungo & #817; imbali.

Inkqubela ye-Electoral: Ukusuka kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kwi-Electoral College

Inkqubo yokhetho yinkqubo ekhethwa luhlanga ukuba ngubani oza kuthabatha eso sifungo. Ngokungafaniyo nemigangatho emininzi yedemokhrasi apho indunankulu ikhethwa ngoninzi lwemithetho-siseko, inkqubo ye-U.S. ibandakanya intsebenziswano yeqonga eninzi: iintelekiso zamaqela kunye neendibano, iindibano zesizwe, unyulo jikelele, kunye neElectoral College.

Iimarine, IiCaucus, Nendlela Eya Kumtyumbo

Inkqubo esisiseko yale nkqubo yakutshanje yavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 njengolungiso lokunciphisa amandla abalawuli beqela. Namhlanje, urhulumente ngamnye uba nonyulo oluphambili (umbutho oqhelekileyo) okanye i-caucus (intlanganiso yexesha elininzi eliphakathi) apho amalungu eqela akhetha abathunywa abathembise ukuba babe ngababhaptizeli abathile. Isiphumo asikokuthelekisa ngokwamaqela; amaqela asebenzisa imigaqo eyahlukeneyo, kwaye abanye abathunywa abasuka kwimithetho yesithethe neqela (umz., Democratic ̴ unyukeli &822;). Ixesha eliphambili lihamba ukusuka kuFebruwa ukuya kuJuni iminyaka yonyulo, kunye no-Iowamshireyi, ngokusebenzisa imithetho yokuqala yesithethe kwimithetho kunye neqela.

Le nkqubo iqwalaselwa kakhulu kuba yelula ibala elixineneyo kumntu omnye kwiqela ngalinye. Imbali ibonisa ukuba uqhubeko lwangaphambili lunokuba lugqitywe: uJohn F. Kennedy ’ ngo 1960 uloyiso oluphambili lwaseNtshona Virginia lwangqina umKatolika enokuthi aphumelele kwilizwe elinamandla kakhulu lamaProtestanti, lo gama ngo-2016 Donald Trump ̱ uphumeza ngamandla ekuvuleni kwemibhobho exhobisayo kwibala elichaphazekileyo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo yangoku inika impembelelo enkulu kumazwe angaphambili, angamelangameli bamazwe azimeleyo. Imigudu yokujikeleza ikhalenda okanye ukwenza isiqala sesizwe esiye sajikeleza ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Unyulo Jikelele kunye neElectoral College

Unyulo oluqhelekileyo luyenzeka ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba. Abakhi bobuxhakaxhaka bobuchule bokwenza izikolo zonyulo abathembise umbutho womongameli, hayi kubavoti ngqo. Aba bavoti babumba iElectoral College, edibana ngoDisemba ukuvota abasemthethweni. Urhulumente ngamnye & #817; inani labavoti lilingana nomelo lwawo (Indlu kunye nezihlalo ezimbini zendlu yendlu yesonka), kunye noomatiloshe abathathu abatsha abangaphezulu boMdabi weLibala laseColumbia (Ty-359-Gandom Amend). Kuwonke amazwe ngaphandle kweMaine ne Nebraska, umfumani wovoti womthetho odumileyo ufumana lonke olo hlelo (&817; abavoti (i &82; umthetho wee-unitnut).

I-Electoral College ibinempikiswano ukususela ekudalweni kwayo. Abaxhasi bayila oko njengolwahlulelwano phakathi konyulo lweKhomishini kunye novoti exhaphakileyo, ukoyika ulawulo lwehlokondiba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho. Noko ke, iveze oomongameli abahlanu abaphulukana nevoti ethandwayo yesizwe: John Quincy Adams (11824), Rutherford B. Hayes (1888), uGeorge W. Bush (2000), kunye noMonald Trump (2016). Ityala ngalinye livavanye ubuchule benkqubo yovoti-voti kwaye libangela ukuba kufuneke utshintsho okanye ukurhoxiswa. I-National Popular Voentstard Commeter, izama ukurle Collegency ngaphandle kombergy, uGeorge W. Bush Bush Bush (1888%), kwaye usekelwe ngama-16) kunye noMdilidio-o-o-205 ye-omatiliethi ee.

[[UMTL:0] Ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe nolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lugcina uphindo lwekholeji [[FLT:] kunye nembali kunye neenkqubo.

Abahlalutyi Abangenalukholo Nabagwebi Abasemthethweni

Ngeli xesha abanyuli belindeleke ukuba bavotele umvotelo wabo othenjiweyo, malunga no-1% kuzo zonke iinketho babeyi “ iNkundla ePhakamileyo i̵ i-̬ inika omnye umntu iziphumo. Ngonyaka ka-2016, abavoti abasixhenxe abasuka kumazwe eDemocratic abavotelela uBernie Sanders nabanye, kunye nabavoti abambalwa baseRiphabliki abavotelela abatha abathathi abathathi bathathi abathathi banye abaya oku . Washington), ilawula into yokuba ifune abavoteli ukuba balandele izivumelwano zabo baze bafake okanye bafake abavoti-voti abangenalukileyo. Esi sigqibo sawo sawodwa njengemisebenzi nje ethandwayo.

Unxulumano: Umthetho kunye noMthetho

Isifungo somongameli kunye nenkqubo yokukhetha asizimelenga; benza itsheyina elinye lomthetho. Inkqubo yonyulo imisela lowo uya kukhokela, kodwa isifungo siya kutshintsha umnqolobi abe ligosa elisemthethweni. Ngaphandle kwesifungo, kwanomntu ophumeleleyo okhuphiweyo akanakuwasebenzisa ngokusemthethweni amandla omphathi. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo esebenzayo, isifungo siya kusetyenziswa kumntu ongomnye ongowomthetho, sicuthe umthetho.

Isifungo Njengokwenziwa Kwamandla Kwokugqibela

Umthetho-siseko usemthethweni ngokulandelelana kwamanyathelo asemthethweni: unyulo lwabanyuli, ukuvota, ukumiswa kwemiqathango yamavoti, ukuqinisekiswa yiKhomishini (ngoJanuwari 6), kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuthatyathwa kwesifungo. Inyathelo ngalinye kufuneka livunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukutshintsha. Unyulo olufana nolo 2000 Bush ̫ iGore impikiswano kunye neengxaki zonyulo ezingama-2020, zibalaselisa ukubaluleka kweqonga ngalinye. Ngo-2002, iNkundla ePhakade i-’ isigqibo sokusebenza komthetho wakhe okokugqibela [[FLT: 0] Bhush v. Gore [[FLT: 1] ngokufanelekileyo] yaphela ngokufanelekileyo ithetha iimpikiswano eFlorida, ikhokelela kwi-creacess of Georgeigrace. Njengokuphumelela. Umendo wathatha umhla wama-20 kweyesigray, i-El, iziphumo ezininzi, kunye neziphumo ezingoMkhosi waseburhulumente, emva kwe-El.

Oku kudibana kuthetha ukuba ukuhlasela inkqubo yokunyulwa kungangena kutshintsho. Ukuba amaqela amakhulu eqela leqela lezakhono zoluntu okanye ezopolitiko ayalwamkeli unyulo i’ ukufaneleka, umongameli ozayo i’ igunya libuthathaka. Isifungo asinako ukulungisa imbono egqwethekileyo ngokugqibeleleyo yokungalawuleki, kodwa sinika ukubuyiselwa okusemthethweni. Umzekelo, emva kwe1876 Haspos ̫Tilden ukulalanisa, uRutherth-B.Hayes ̱ Sceries Sceens saqalisa phantsi kweziphumo zonyulo; ukanti isifungo sakhe sobucala saqwalaselwa phantsi kwesikhundla sawo onke amasebe noorhulumente basemzini, esimvumela ukuba alawule.

Ukuthuthwa Kwamandla Ngoxolo

Umsebenzi obalulekileyo wesifungo kukwenza kube yinto eqhelekileyo ukususela ekudluliseni amandla ngoxolo. Xa umongameli ophumayo nomongameli ozayo bethabatha inxaxheba kumkhosi kunye, ibonisa ukuqhubeka komsitho, nangona umphengululi ehambayo ebuya ekunikezelweni. Isithethe somongameli okhoyo asifunwanga ngokusemthethweni kodwa singumthetho ukususela uJohn Adams Thomas Jefferson Ù; unikezelo olukhoyo ngo1801. Olwahlukileyo olungenakubonwayo lwenzeka kuJoe Bidenand#17 (uJohn Adams akayanga kwiAndrew Jackson & #817;), 1877 (Ungayangayangahambi eHaye e-&817;) kunye no-1201 (URodrumpt & & &2; umongameli ophumayo, kunye noMphinikeli-omspowe-om; umhla wama-201 (unyaka ophuma kwiSindululo, ophumayo) kuMvusele, umongameli onyuka (umhla wama-2017) umhla ka-2017).

ugcino lwecebo: Iprojekthi yoLawulo lwaseMelika e UC Barbara inikeza ugcino-lwazi lonke idilesi kunye nesifungo sokuzihlola.

Unyulo oluDlulisiweyo ne-Oath’ Indima yokuzinzisa

Imbali ibhala ngamatyala aliqela apho inkqubo yokukhetha yaphikiswa kangangokuba ilungelo lomongameli ozayo lokuxhonywa engqibelelweni. Kwimeko nganye, isifungo sasisebenza njengesenzo esisemthethweni esizinzisayo esivumela ulawulo luqhubeke ngoxa iimpikiswano zaziconjululwa okanye zishenxiswa.

I-1824 “ Corrupt Bargain ”

Kunyulo lonyaka we-1824, akukho mvoti uninzi lwabavoti abachongiweyo (UAndrew Jackson wakhokela ngo-99, uJohn Quincy Adams wayene-84, uWilliam Crawford 41, noHenry Clay 37). Per umGaqo-siseko, iNdlu yabameli yakhetha umongameli ukusuka kwabathathu abaphezulu. uHenry Clay, owayenempembelelo njengoSosiba, wafaka inkxaso yakhe kuAdams, owathi kamva wafumana ivoti yendlu waza kamva wamisela uClay njengoNobhala weSizwe. Jackson nooshiciso bagxeka i-#820; i-corruptcent.#821; kanti xa u-Adam wathatha isifungo ngoMatshi 4, 1825, u-Preciocester wayesebenza, ukuba oko kuthe kwangqinwa ngomthetho-mthetho-mthetho emva koko wanika igunya elisemthethweni, nangona iJakn.21818; uG.

I - 1876 Ukuyekelela

Ngo1876, uRiphabliki uRutherford B. Hayes noDemocrat Samuel Tilden bajamelana neziphumo zokuphikisana kumaphondo amathathu asemazantsi (i-Florida, iLouisiana, uMzantsi Carolina) kunye ne-Oregon. omabini la maqela athe athe angoyisileyo. IBhunga lenza iKhomishoni ye-Electoral eyathi yafumana zonke iivoti zonyuselo zonyuselo kuHayes, imnika ulo olungu185811;18444 ulo. uDemocrates wavuma ukwamkela iziphumo zokurhoxanduva kwamajoni ezwe ngokubanzileyo (isiphelo sika-Rocranson). Xa uHauce wafaka isifungo ngasese ngoMatshi 3, 18777 (njengoko umhla kaMatshi 4 wawa ngeCawa), yaye ekuhleni ngoMatshi 5,5817; ukuvunywa komthetho kwangaze kwavunyelwa kweBhunga okanye iiNgqungqu zonyuko, kwavuma ngokungqi zasemthethweni, nangoko zonyulwayo.

Umzekeliso Wama - 2000 Nendawo Emnyama

Unyulo lwama 2000 phakathi kukaGeorge W. Bush noAl Gore luxhomekeke kwivoti ezingo-537 eFlorida emva kokhuphiswano olukrakra. INkundla ePhakamileyo yalumisa ubalo ku bush v. Gore, ngokunempumelelo ichaza iBhish njengomphumezi. Gore yavuma ngoDisemba 13, kwaye Bush wafunga ngoJanuwari 20, 2001 nangona uDemocrates wathatha isiphumo njengongekho mthethweni, isifungo sasekwa iBush ̱ igunya elisemthethweni. Utshintsho loxolo, kuquka iGore& 517; indima njengoMongameli weCandelo ngexesha lika-196, lwakhuthaza inkqubo ye-mGwal.

Ingxaki Yotshintsho Engama - 2020

Unyulo lwama-2020 lwabona ucelomngeni olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili: amatyala enkundla angaphezu kwama-60 asilela ukubhukuqa iziphumo, yaye iBhiden yahlaselwa ngoJanuwari 6, 2021, ngexesha lokubhaliswa kwesiqinisekiso. Kodwa umatshini womGaqo-siseko wephondo wadibana kwaye wavota, iKhomishini eqinisekisiweyo i-Joe Bideṉ uloyiso ekuqaleni ngoJanuwari 7, kwaye uBiden wenza isifungo emini yasemini ngemini ngoJanuwari 20. Nangona inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokukholelwa ekunyulweni ngonyulo yabiwa, isifungo seofisi sanika isiseko esisemthethweni solawulo olutsha. ISebe lobulungisa, umkhosi, nesebe eliphetheyo yonke isebe ngoko nangoko laqonda ukuba uBiden ngumlawuli-ko, ucacisa indlela isifungo se-Spediancel

“ Isifungo somongameli lilitye elisemthethweni elitshixa igophe labanyuli. Ngaphandle kwalo, izakhiwo zolawulo lwedemokhrasi zingawela ekubeni ligunya elikhuphisanayo.”

Ingqikelelo-manani: Ii-oats kwezinye ii-Democracca

IUnited States asiyoyodwa efuna isifungo somGaqo-siseko kwintloko yayo yelizwana.

Inkqubo yePalamente

Kulo Manyano loMlawuli, umlawuli akafaki sifungo sobumongameli ekungeneni; endaweni yoko, umlawuli wenza uthotho lwezifungo kwiBhunga le-Priviyotion (kuquka ukuthembisa ukuxhasa ukulandelelana kwamaProtestanti nokugcina iCawa yaseSkotlani). UMphathi-mikhosi, njengentloko karhulumente, akafungwe ngesifungo sikawonke-wonke; uqulunqe isifungo sobunyani nesifungo esisemthethweni kwiBhunga lePriv. Oku kubonisa umgaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga siseko kunye nesibakala sokuba igunya eliphetheyo lisuka kukumkani kunokuba libe lunyulo oludumileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, umongameli wase-U.̱ igunya nje liphuma ngqo kumGaqo-siseko, hayi phambi komiyongameli.

IiRiphabliki zoMgaqo-siseko

I-France̱ umongameli usenza isifungo phambi kweBhunga loMgaqo-siseko kunye neNdiya yeSizwe, efunga ukuhlonela umGaqo-siseko nokukhusela umdla wesizwe. I-Indiya i’ umongameli ufunge ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho, ebonakalisa inkqubano yemiqathango yase-U.S. iJamani’ umongameli wesizwe wenza isifungo esiquka intengiso yonqulo, esifana ne-U. UT.S. Ubhexeko ngalunye, isifungo singukuzinikela kwasesidlangalathisi sobungangamkelo somGatho-siseko kwaye siqhutywa emva kwenkqubo yonyulo-demo-demo-melo (njengonyulo lwaseFransi, okanye ngonyulo-onyulo okanye ngonyulo-onyulo, njenge-erali-Indiya ne-Jamani).

Umahluko ongundoqo ukho kwiSifungo se-U.S. i’ ukubekwa komGaqo-siseko ngokwako kunommiselo, nesibakala sokuba isifungo sisesona senzo sokugqibela esithi singumongameli iofisi yobumongameli. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, isiphumo sonyulo sivele ngokuzenzekelayo sikhupha iofisi; isifungo siyimfuneko nje yokuthatha imisebenzi. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba iCandelo II, icandelo 1 lithi umongameli uya kuthabatha isifungo i-#820; ngaphambi kokuba angene ekuphathweni kwe-Ofice, i-” akukho mntu uba ngumongameli de isifungo sithathiwe ngo-2009 xa uBackma &517; umlawuli wezomthetho umhla obethiye waphinda ayenze umhla olandelayo (umhla omfutshane) nomnye wobuphi nangoko wobu mongameli (umthetho-G.

[[UMTL:0] ugcino lwezibonelelo:[ UMbutho womGaqo-siseko unothelekiso oluluncedo lwe [ izifungo ezingundoqo ehlabathini lonke[.

Isiphelo

Isifungo somongameli kunye nenkqubo yokunyulwa kwamalungu amabini engqekembe yengqekembe yengqekembe yomgaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yonyulo ikhuthaza uluvo lobudemokhrasi, kodwa sisithembiso sokuba amagunya afanelekileyo okuguqula abantu abe ligunya lomgaqo-siseko. Ngamnye uxhomekeke kwenye: unyulo olungekho sifungo olusemthethweni luya kushiya umongameli engenamandla; isifungo esingenalo unyulo esisemthethweni siya kuba sisithethe esingenanjongo. Bobabini, baqinisekisa ukuba amandla amakhulu omgangatho ophezulu woMgaqo-siseko waseMelika athenjiswa kuphela emva kokuba kuboniswe ngokufanelekileyo ukhetho lukawonke wonke kunye nesiqinisekiso sikawonke somGaqo-siseko. Kwinkqubo eyakhiwe kumagunya ahlukeneyo nakwii-e-mvisingqi nemali, isifungo sonyuso singulo esingunobumba-nex singunxulumano sokugqibela sokuba umlawuli anxibelele kubo bonke abantu nomthetho.

Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda urhulumente waseMerika, ogquma imicimbi yezobupolitika, okanye othatha inxaxheba kunyulo. Isifungo asiyondawo nje yekhasikhazi; sithuba lomGaqo-siseko xa unyulo ̱ ukhetho lugunyaziswa ngokusemthethweni. Njengoko unyulo lusanda ukuphikisana nokuthembana kwimibutho yedemokhrasi, isifungo sihlala sisesona sikhuselwe ngokusemthethweni. Sikhumbuza wonke umongameli ozayo ukuba igunya lakhe lixhomekeke, lokwexeshana, kwaye liphathiswe bona kuphela ixesha elide xa bekhonza ngokuthembeka umGaqo-siseko abafunga ukuwulondoloza, ukukhusela nokuwukhusela.