I-Evolution yobuxhakaxhaka be-Electoral Technology: Ukusuka kwi-Pebbles ukuya kwi-Blockchain

Uomatshini bedemokhrasi bakudala njengedemokhrasi ngokwayo. Kangangeenkulungwane, abemi noorhulumente baye bafuna iindlela ezinokuthenjwa, ezikhuselekileyo nezinokufikeleleka zokuguqulela umntu ngamnye kwisenzo esimanyeneyo. Imbali yobugcisa bokuvota libali lolwandiso lolwandiso, impumelelo yamathutyana, kunye neengxaki ezizingisileyo eziqhubeka zibumba ingqibelelo yonyulo ehlabathini lonke. Ukuqonda le ndaleko akuyomfuneko kubabhali-mbali kuphela kodwa nakuwo onke amagosasi asebenza ekukhuseleni iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ngexesha lotshintsho olukhawulezileyo.

Ukusuka ekufunyanisweni kwabantu bonke kweendibano zamandulo ukuya kwimidibaniso yokusebenza yabucala yanamhlanje, ukuhambela phambili kobugcisa bokuvota kuzame ukucombulula iingxaki ezisisiseko: indlela yokubhala ukhetho ngokuchanekileyo, indlela yokugcina imfihlelo, indlela yokubala izigidi ze-colots short ngokuphumelelayo, nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba isiphumo sokugqibela sibonisa injongo yokwenene yokukhetha. Eli nqaku libonisa olo hambo, lihlola iindlela, oomatshini, kunye nentsebenziswano eziye zachaza ubugcisa bokuvota, kwaye lijonga phambili kwizinto ezintsha, kwaye libeka engozini elundisweni.

Iindlela zokwandula: Imvelaphi Yokwenziwa Kwesigqibo Soqokelelo

Iindlela zokuqala zokuvota ezibhaliweyo zazingekho ngqiqweni, zisekelwe kwiphepha esilaziyo namhlanje. Kwimpucuko yamandulo, ukuvota kwakusoloko kuyinto esenziwa ngabantu bonke yaye ngamanye amaxesha kwakudla ngokuba nengxolo, kucetyelwe ukukhuthaza ukuma kwentlalo kunokuba kukhuselwe ukufihla imbilini yabantu ngabanye.

IGrisi Yamandulo: Iinkonyane Neembiza

Kwidemokhrasi yase Atene, abemi bahlanganiselwe kwiAgora ukuya kuvota kwimicimbi yombuso. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo ebandakanya ukuwisa ibreadne ([[FLT: 0] piphos) kwi-urn/a ingqayi emhlophe ukuze bafumane imvume, intsuba emnyama yokulahliwa. Le nkqubo yavelisa igama i-ostracism [, apho abemi babeza kukrwela igama le-apolitiki abanqwenela ukugxotha kwiqhekeza yebringi (i-[FLT:]). [ii-i-i-con]. Ngelixesha eli cebo lokulungisa, ezi ndlela zivenelo zikhomba zilula, ukuqokodwa komzimba okunokuqinisekiswa ekuqondweni.

IRoma Yamandulo: Iindibano Zezizwe Ezintsonkothileyo

Uvota lwamaRoma lwamiswa ngokuhambelana noluntu ngokubanzi. Abahlali babeyimibutho yokuvota ebizwa centuriae okanye tribus, ngamnye efaka ivoti enye emva kokuqwalasela ngaphakathi. Ekuqaleni, amavoti ayebhalwe ngomlomo, kodwa kamva iinguqu zaveliswa iibhola zoluvote ([[FLT: 4,] tabellace ) ukunciphisa ukunyanzela. U Voter wayezakubeka ukhetho lwawo kwicwecwe eligqumanyeneyo leplanga elibekwe ngaphakathi kwaye alilahle kwibhanti. Olu tshintsho lwamva lwasekubhalweni luyinyathelo elikhulu ekufihleni ibhayisi, nangona ukuswe kokungangonwa kwembukunga.

EYurophu Yamaxesha Aphakathi: Ukuvela Kweebhola Ezifihlakeleyo

Ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi, ukuvota kwayekwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuqhelisela njengoko iinkqubo zolawulo zazijolise amandla kwimikhosi yookumkani kunye nee-adier. Noko ke, unyulo lwecawa ngokuqhelekileyo oluya kupapa noobhishopu (_iindlela eziphuhlisiweyo). IConclave of 1241 yasebenzisa i scrity inkqubo apho ookhadinali babhala ukhetho lwabo kwibholoti nakwivoti yabelwa emfihlekweni. Ngenkulungwane ye-13, umgaqo we-[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]] wasetyenziswa [[FT:3] ukuthintela ukunyoba kunye nenkqulo. Le sithethe kamva sasizakubalwa kwienguqulelo yezonqulo.

I - Australian Ballot: Iinguqulelo Zendaleko

Ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-19, ukuvota kwimimandla yolawulo-moya emininzi kwakuye kwashicilelwa ngoluntu okanye kwaqhutywa ngemibhobho eshicilelweyo enokwenziwa lula. Impumelelo yafika ngo1856 xa uMzantsi Australian i-collet Australian blatte. Le nkqubo yayineempawu ezingundoqo ezintathu: yayishicilelwe kwindleko kawonke-wonke, yadwelisa bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye yavumela uvota ukuba baphawule ukhetho lwabo kwizindlu zabucala. Utshintsho lwanweba lwanwela ngokukhawuleza eUnited States, eBritani, kunye nezinye idemocracracki, ekubeni yisiseko sokuvota yale mihla. Namhlanje, i-Australiaotalot ihlala imigangatho yegolide yokuqinisekisa ubumfiliba bobabini nokudibana.

Ukwanda Koomatshini Abasebenzisa Umatshini

Njengoko abemi bezixeko babesanda yaye besanda ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye - 19 nasekuqaleni kweye - 20, ucelomngeni lokubala izigidi zeekopi zamaphepha ngezandla lwaba lukhulu.

Oomatshini Abancinane: Isicombululo Sokuqala Somatshini

Ngo1892, uJacob Perkins noWilliam H. Myers bagunyazisa umatshini wokuqala wokuvota, owakhutshwa kwiphondo laseNew York. Voters wangena kwidolophana, watsala isibambi sokuvala ilengalenga (ukuqinisekisa ubumfiliba), kwaye watyhala izixhobo ezisecaleni kwamagama abhadlileyo. Xa umvoti washiya isakhiwo, isikhombisi sabuya, kwaye umatshini warekhoda ivoti kwizinto ezibhalisa ngaphakathi. [[FLT: 0] Oomatshini abakhupha iphepha elipheleleyo , belenza ukuba lingakwazi ukubhalisa okanye ukuthatha izingcangca ezingalunganga. Ngeminyaka yoo1930, babeyimicimbini yobugcisa bokuvota e-onkani.

Noko ke, oomatshini bokuxhathisa babeneengxaki. Babenzima, bebiza imali eninzi, kwaye bengenalo naluphi uhlobo lwengxelo yephepha elikhutshwayo. Emva kwempikiswano yonyulo lomongameli wama 2000, amagunya amaninzi athathe indawo yabo ngenkqubo ezintsha. Kodwa amanye amazwe aqhubeka esebenzisa oomatshini bokunyusa i-ankile de kwasekuqaleni koo-2010, akhankanya ukuthembeka nokulula kwawo.

Iinkqubo zePunch kard: Ixesha levotomatic

Ngo-1964, injineli ye-IBM uJoseph P. Harris waphuhlisa inkqubo ye-Votomatic , esebenzisa ikhadi lebhola kunye nentsimbi. I-Voters yafaka ikhadi kwincwadana yaza yakhupha ipeni kumngxuma osecaleni kwegama le-injini yabo, isenza i-cad encanyathiselwe kancinane (ngoku i-infamous "ijingchad"). Amakhadi ngoko ayefundwa yi-tabulator ye-elektroniki. Ikhadi le-Punch laye linciphile kakhulu ukuvelisa i-tabula, liyenza ibala elithandwayo ukutyhubela yonke i1970 kunye no1980.

Ubuthathaka bamakhadi okubethana kwabonakala kakhulu ebudeni bengxelo yowama- 2000 eFlorida, apho ii-did ezididayo kunye nezingenamandla zabangela unyulo lomongameli lwaba yisiphithiphithi. Oko kukhuphisana kwemali yesizwe ngeMelika Vote Act (Hava) ka 2002, eyanyanzela amagunya amaninzi ukuya kunyuselwa kwinkqubo ye-elektroniki.

Iinkqubo zokusebenza ngombane

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwaveliswa oomatshini bokuvota nge-elektroniki ababethembisa amanani akhawulezileyo, ukufumaneka okuphezulu, kunye neendleko eziphantsi zexesha elide. Kwavela iintlobo ezimbini ezingundoqo: oomatshini abaNgqongqoshela Umbane (DRE) kunye nesixokelelwano seScan se-Optical.

Oomatshini bombane abashicilela ngqo

Oomatshini be-DRE banika ibhola yokubhala kwisixhobo sokulinganisa intsika okanye i-flash-button. Abasebenzi bahlola ukhetho lwabo baze baqinisekise, emva koko ivoti igcinwe ngqo kwinkumbulo yomatshini. Abanye oo DRES bavelisa iphepha elilayishiweyo okanye ivoti yephepha lophicotho-zincwadi (VPAT), kodwa iimodeli ezininzi zakudala zazingenayo ibhanki. Oku kukungabikho kwenza ukuba kubonakale nzima kwaye kunyuswe inkxalabo nge-software, ukuciktha, kunye nokusebenzisa. Iimeko eziphezulu ezifana nonyulo lwangowama 2006 eSarasota County, Florida, apho u-DRE wabangela khona uphindo olukhulu phantsi komjaho wombutho, ugxininiso lwemiqatha.

Abaxhasi bathi i-DRE yale mihla neVVPAT inika umlinganiselo olungileyo wesantya nokhuseleko. Noko ke, abahlalutyi baphawula ukuba kwaneVVPAT inemida ``ivoter' ezinqabileyo ukukhangela umshicileli wamaphepha, kwaye umatshini usengatshintshwa phambi kokushicilela. Ngenxa yoko, iingcali ezininzi zonyulo zicebisa ukuba zishenxise ngokupheleleyo kwi-DREEs.

Iinkqubo zovavanyo lokubona

Isixokelelwano sovavanyo lobunqingo sidibanisa uqhelano lwephepha nesantya sobalo lwe-electronic. I-voters ziphawula i-oval okanye izalathi kwisixhobo sokubhala (efana novavanyo olusemgangathweni), efakwa kwisixhobo sokuvavanya esifunda izalathiso ze inike iziphumo. I-colot yephepha igcinwa njenge rekhodi eqinileyo, yenza uphicotho-zincwadi kwaye ichaze ngokuthe ngqo.

Uvavanyo lobhaqo luye lwaba yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu yovota eUnited States. Ngokwe [FLT]] Lunyukisiwe Luvolotity, njengango 2024, phantse 70% yabavoti ababhalisiweyo bahlala kwimithetho esebenzisa iphepha lovavanyo lwemibala. Le nkqubo iyanconywa ngenxa yendlela elilula, ixabiso elithe kratya, kwaye ukuphicotha okunamandla. Noko ke, ayigonyelwanga: iskeni zingalahleka iimpawu ezingalunganga, kwaye iibhola ezingalunganga zingadidanisa uvoteko (umz., "iinjini yebholata" kwiCal Beach, Florida 2000).

Iinkqubo ze-hybrid kunye nezikhuseli zale mihla

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje ibone uphuhliso lwemixokelelwano ye-DRE edityanisiweyo nenkxaso ye-optic scan. Umzekelo, umvoti angasebenzisa isikrini sokuchukumisa ukwenza ukhetho, esithi sishicilele iphepha elincanyathiselwe ukubala. Oku kunika unikezelo lwemidibaniso yesixhobo sombane (kuquka iilwimi, inkxaso yesandi, kunye neefonti ezinkulu) ngexesha egcina ingxelo yephepha.

Iingxaki Neenkcubeko Kubugcisa Bale Mihla

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela esele ingamashumi eminyaka, inkqubo yokuvota isengunobangela wempikiswano eshushu.

Ukhuseleko: Isisongelo Sokuhlasela Ngokuphanga

Oomatshini bovoto be-electronic baye babonakala bechanabeke kuhlaselo olwahlukahlukeneyo. Ngo-2017, abaphandi bokhuseleko kwi-DEF CON babonisa ukuba bangaqhekeza oomatshini abaninzi bokuvota ngemizuzu nje embalwa, besebenzisa izixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokuchola. Abadlali be-State-pompora bajolise unyulo oluneengozi kakhulu kukhetho: amaziko eRashiya aphanda ugcino-lwazi lobhaliso lwe-soluvotayo ngo-2016, kwaye iU.S. i-omatshini bokhuseleko lwangaphandle baqinisekisa ukuba abachanileyo bazama ukuthoba intembelo kwiinkqubo zokuvota. [FTLT:0] I-DRIE engenakubonwa njengezona zinto ziyingozi ezichaphazelekayo ngenxa yokuba iprojective engabonakaliyo okanye isiphene sobugciso okanye ukhuseleko lungaguqula iziphumo ngaphandle kokushiya iziphumo ze-oceccustom. Uvotiote i-oc.

Ufikelelo: Ukuhambisa zonke iijelo-mali

Ubugcisa bokuvota kufuneka buncede abavoti abakhubazekileyo, abathintelweyo, abangakwaziyo ukufunda ulwimi, nokubhala okulinganiselweyo. Uncedo lwaseMelika Vote Act (HAVA) ka 2002 kufuneka ukuba ubuncinane umatshini omnye ofikelelekayo wokuvota ufumaneke kwindawo nganye yokuvota. Namhlanje, imimandla emininzi inika iibhola zomculo zesandi, izixhobo zokuphawula ngeblock erblele, kunye nokunkcenkcenkceshela kunye nenkqubo ye-afti yemixokelelwano yemoto. Noko ke, iingxaki ziyaqhubeka: oomatshini abafikelelekayo abanokufumaneka abathembeka, okanye abasebenzi bokuvota abaqeqeshelwa ukuzibeka phezulu. Ucelomngeni lwexesha elizayo lukuyila iinkqubo ezikhuselekileyo nezingalala ngaphandle kokulala.

Uphicotho-zincwadi oluchanekileyo

Kwanenkqubo zokuvota ezicwangciswe kakuhle zingavelisa iimpazamo. Umvavanyi ophononongiweyo, umshicileli oxineneyo, okanye umxhasi onemiyalelo engacacanga angakhokelela ngaphantsi kwevote okanye kwimiqathango. Umgangatho wegolide wocoselelo luqinile unyulo lophicotho--luvo [ inkqubo apho isampuli yephepha elithelekelelwayo ibala ngesandla kwaye ithelekiswa nobude beelektronikiniki. I-odoladoladoladom ne-costarda icess ezifaka umngcipheko wobuvulindlela kwiikhalo (RL), eziqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo eziphezulu zonyulo zilungile. Ngoko ke kunyulo lunexabiso [FL: FL:][FFF].[FFFF][5]

Amaxabiso Nezixhobo Zobomi Zoomatshini Abathutha Izandla

Umatshini wokutsala umatshini uxabisa kakhulu ukuthenga nokugcina. Iyunithi ye-DRE ingabiza imali ephakathi kwe-$3,000 ne-$6,000; iinkqubo zokuhlola iliso zibiza imali encinci kodwa zisafuna ugcino oluthe rhoqo nohlaziyo lwezinto ezifunyanisiweyo. Inkoliso yoomatshini inemijikelo ehlala ikhona yeminyaka eli-10 ukuya kweli-15, emva kwayo apho iinxenye ziba zinqabile kwaye ziphelelwa. Iziko ezininzi zijongene nemfuno yokubuyisela izixhobo ezithengiweyo ezithengwe nge-HVAS, ezifikelela kwisiphelo sobomi. Ngelishwa, ukubhataxa likhokele abanye baye babangela ukulibazisa unyuso, ukhuseleko olukhulayo. [FLT] Iziko lokhuseleko lweJajini [FL:2][FLT][FF2]][FLT]][3]]

Ikamva Lobugcisa Bokongeza Imveliso

Xa ujonga phambili, ubugcisa obuninzi obuvelayo buthembisa ukuphinda bufunyaniswe indlela esivota ngayo qha kodwa ngamnye uthwele ubungozi kunye neemfuno zakhe zokuvavanya ngokungqongqo nokuthemba uluntu.

Ubugcisa bokuvala nokuthumela nokuhambisa

Iblockchain, ubuchule obufanelekileyo bokuqhuba inqwelo-moya obusemva konyuso lwe-crypocurencrenity, bucetyiswe njengendlela yokwenza uphando olucacileyo, iirekhodi zokuvota ezibonisayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukunqanda ukuvota kungenza ivoti, ukuphindwa, nokuqinisekiswa ngumntu ngamnye. Imisebenzi emininzi yesikhokelo, kuquka unyulo oluphambili lwama 2018 West Virginia (evumele abasebenzi basemkhosini bamazwe aphesheya ukuba bavote ngokugqitha i-a), ivavanye ingqiqo. Noko ke, abagxeki babonisa ukuba ukuvingcakaza ukhuseleko kuxhomekeke ekuthembekeni kwencam yenqaku (isixhobo sovoti) kunye nenkqubo engundoqo yokuphatha. Ukuba i-votarvota ixoke, i-blotte inokuba ikhona ngaphambi kokufikelela kwebloko kuvinicha. Ngaphezu koko, iindlela ezichukubhinqini zinokunyusa ukubonakala kukukhanya kwendlela yokukhanya.[5][1][5] I-Stectivetist syst syst systting, i-F

Ukuphuma okwenye indawo kunye nokuphuma kwe-Intanethi

Isifo sovota se-COVID-19 esikhawulezileyo sinika ulwazelelo olukhawulezileyo kukhetho lovota, kuquka iiposi ezingaphakathi kunye nee-intanethi zovota. Ngelixesha uvotelo lunengxelo ende nephumele kakhulu (Uvoteko luye lwaqhuba lonke unyulo ngeposi ukususela ngowama- 2000), uvotelo lwe-Intanethi lunika umzekelo ongcono ongaziwayo: ukususela ngo 2005, abemi base Estonia bangavota kwi-intanethi besebenzisa ikhadi le-ID yesizwe. Abaphandi bokhuseleko bafumanise be-vnevneribitagement, kwaye abanye oogqirha baphikisa ukuba akukho nkqubo yokuvota yovota ekhoyo enokuthi inikeze imfihlelo kunye nokungena kwi-intanethi efunekayo ekuboneleni okuza kukhetho. [[FLT]

Ubuntlola Bokwenziwa Nengqibelelo Yokhetho

Ubukrelekrele obuyenzekayo (AI) bunika izixhobo ezithembisayo zolawulo lonyulo. Ii-algorithm zokufunda ngomatshini zingafumana iipateni ezi-anomawulue kubhaliso lwabavoti, iflegi enokuba zingeniso, kwaye zibone amaqondo okubuya okungaqhelekanga okungawuphawula okanye ukucinezelwa. I-Al inganceda ekufakeni imida enika i-redifice ngokubeka imida ehlonela imigaqo esemthethweni ngelixa ukunciphisa ukuchaphazeleka okunga-jinga. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwe-AIIP konyuko kukwanyusa inkxaso ye-algoricty, ukuswela kukukhanya, kunye nokunokwenzeka kokungalungisi kophawuli oluzenzekelayo. Nakuphi ukusetyenziswa kwe-Al ukuvota kuya kufuna uphando olunamandla lomntu novavanyo olungqongqo.

Uqinisekiso lwejelo lombane wendalo

Isixokelelwano se-biometric `ibrage print', iliso, okanye uluvo lobuso .Izixhobo zokutsala i-engile kwinkqubo yokuhlola ngaphakathi kwiindawo zokuvota kwaye inciphise ubungozi bokuzenza. Amazwe afana neIndiya asebenzisa uqinisekiso lwe-biometric (Adhaar) kwii-database zawo zokuvota. Kodwa i-biometric ayikhuselekanga ngokungenabungozi: inokuba nenkathalo yangasese, kwaye inyusa inkxalabo ngenxa yokuba ulwazi lwebhayoloji ayinakutshintshwa ukuba ibiwe. Abaphathi bokhetho kufuneka bavavanye ingeniso eluncedo ngokuchasene nobuchule bobuntlola nocelomngeni bomgaqo-siseko.

Indlela yokusebenza yokukhupha

Enye yezona ndlela zophando zithembisayo kukuqukumbela ukuvota, okwaziwa ngokuba 'EV'. Kwezi nkqubo, abavoti bafumana irisithi qho ikhowudi ye-creaphytography . evumela ukuqinisekisa ukuba ivoti yabo ibhalwe kakuhle ngaphandle kokutyhila indlela abavota ngayo. Ngaphezu koko, nabani na angavavanya itsheyina lonke ukusuka kwisiphelo ukuya kutsho kwisiphelo. Iinkqubo ezifana ubuchule bokwenza uvavanyo oluphambili kunye kunye [FLT] neqondo lokuthembeka okungagqibekanga okungagqibekanga. [FLT] [FLT:] [5] [iiiiiiiiiinyaniswe] ivavanyiwe kunyuso oluncinci.E-EV]

Isiphelo

Imbali yobugcisa bokuvota ingqinelana nomgudu ohlala ukho womntu wokwakha ukuthembana ekwenzeni izigqibo ezimanyeneyo. Ukusuka kwizangqa zamandulo zaseGrisi ukuya kwirisithi ezicrypotofic zezixhobo zale mihla, isixhobo ngasinye sibonise amaxabiso kunye nobuchule bexesha laso. Iizixhobo zobugcisa zenkulungwane ye19 zokukhetha zicombulule ingxaki yokubala kodwa zadala iingxaki ezintsha zogcino noqinisekiso. Iinkqubo ze-elektroniki zale nkulungwane yama-20 zandisa isantya kunye nokufumaneka kodwa zabhenca imiqobo ehlazayo. Kwaye yavela kwenkulungwane yama-21 (12) iblockchain, i-AIM) isithembiso kunye nengozi.

Into ehlala ingaguquki yimfuneko yendlela elungeleleneyo: ukusungula ukuphucula ufikelelo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kodwa ungaze unikezele kwimigaqo engundoqo yokufihla ivoti, ukungqinelana, nokuphicothwa koluntu. Amagosa okhetho, abaphandi bokhuseleko, abaxhasi bamalungelo okuvota, kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo kufuneka basebenze kunye ukubumba ikamva lobugcisa bokuvota. Ingqibelelo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke kuyo.