Ukubaluleka Kokhetho Olulungileyo

Unyulo olufanelekileyo luyindawo ephambili yolawulo-demokhrasi. Alukho nje ulawulo oluqhelekileyo kodwa luyindlela esisiseko abemi abasebenzisa ngayo ulawulo, bagcine iinkokeli benoxanduva, kwaye balungise ulwalathiso lwebutho labo. Xa unyulo luqhutywa ngengqibelelo / olungenagunya, uloyiko, okanye ubuqhetseba, bavelisa oorhulumente ababonakalisa ukuthanda kwabantu okunyanisekileyo. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuze abantu bazinze, bathembeke ngokwentlalo, nokudluliselwa koxolo kwegunya. Ngaphandle konyulo olusesikweni, unyulo olusisigxina, ulawulo-democrafiki lungangeni kwimpatho yempatho, apho abalawuli basebenzela izilangazelelo zabo kunokuba bakhonze izilangazelelo zabo ezintle ebantwini.

Ngaphandle kweziphumo ezicacileyo zezobupolitika, unyulo olufanelekileyo luneziphumo ezinzulu zentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Uhlolisiso lwezizwe ngezizwe lubonisa ukuba amazwe anengqibelelo ephakamileyo yonyulo anokunandipha ukukhula okunamandla kwezoqoqosho, umgangatho worhwaphilizo olusezantsi, kunye notyalo-mali oluthe chatha kuluntu kwimfundo nakwezonyango. IBhanki yehlabathi iphawule ukuba ukuthelekelela, imijikelo ecacileyo itsala utyalo oluthe ngqo lwamanye amazwe ngokubonakalisa ukuzinza nomthetho. Ngokuphikisana noko, unyulo ludla ngokukhokelela kwimibhiyo, ugonyamelo, kunye nomonakalo owexesha elide kwintlalo yesizwe.

Imigaqo Esisiseko Yengqibelelo Engaphucukanga

Ugcino lwemeko olukwimigaqo emininzi: ukuqokelela imigaqo engundoqo jikelele, ubunzima obulinganayo bevoti, ukufihla i-colot, inkululeko ekunyanzelweni, nasekubaleni ngokuchanekileyo. Umgaqo ngamnye kufuneka ukhuselwe kumjikelo womjikelo wovoti-zi. Ukusuka kubhaliso lwevoti kwaye kukhutshelwe ekuthatheni inxaxheba kunye nokuphengululweni kwemithetho yemali yasemva kokhetho. Xa nayiphi na kwezi ntsika idiponti idityanisiwe, inkqubo yonke ilahlekelwa yintembelo. Umzekelo, ukuba ivota irulo aluchananga okanye umgaqo we-demon, umgaqo we-densiba yehlabathi lonke uyaphulwa. Ukuba imithetho yemali ithotyekelwe, umgaqo wempembelelo efanayo uyathotywa. Njengoko kuchazwa yiprojective projecter [FFFoct:0], ukulinganisa lemilinganiso lwemiqatha elungele ukuthelela amazwe ngaphesheya koomatilo.

Izisongelo Ezikhulu Zokukhetha Okufanelekileyo

Nangona kuxhaphakile ukuxhomekeka kwiinjongo zedemokhrasi, unyulo ehlabathini lonke lujamelana nezisongelo ezizingisileyo. Ezi ngxaki azipheleli kumazwe asakhasayo; kwanolawulo-siseko olumiselweyo luzama ukumelana neengozi ezintsha nezicothayo. Ukuqonda ezi zisongelo linyathelo lokuqala ekuveliseni amanyathelo asebenzayo okuzilwa.

Ucinezelo Nenkcitho

Ukucinezelwa kwe-Voter kubandakanya uludwe lwezicwangciso ze-D. ukusuka kwimithetho engqongqo ye-ID kunye nokukhutshwa kweerola ukucutha iindawo zokuvota nokulinganisela uvoti kwangethuba. Oku kuchaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa ukuqhatha, ukufumana ingeniso ephantsi, kunye nokuvota okuselula. Ngokwengxelo ye- Brennan Center yeSiko leJaji [, phakathi kowama-2020], amatyala amisela imithetho yokuvota engqongqo. La manyathelo asoloko esithi akhusela ubuqhophololo, kodwa uphambanoyidi bunqabile kakhulu. Isiphumo sokwenyaniso sikukurhoxanduva phakathi kwamaqela abonakala e-'active. Gerryman, ukusetyenziswa kwemidabi yephondo lokufumana intlalo, ngokukhuthaza okuzinziswa kweminye iziphumo ezikhoyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kulungile.

Ukhuphiswano lolwazi kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi

Isizukulwana samanani siye sakhupha isantya esikhulu sokusasaza ulwazi lobuxoki. I-Malign short short yezangaphakathi neyamanye amazwe, i-website yezentlalo-ntle, kunye nee-website zenkohliso zoophando eziququzelelweyo zoomatshini boomatshini bokusasaza ulwazi malunga nabathathi-nxaxheba, imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhetha, kunye nenkqubo yokhetho ngokwayo ngokwayo. Oku kungadidanisa abavoti, ukucinezelwa, ukupheliswa kwe-asejini, okanye ukuphembelela ugonyamelo. Uphando lwangonyaka 2018 luye lwe-Oxford’S Computational Projective Projective Project iproject ifunyani, kunye nemithetho ecacileyo yokubhengeza.

Ukunganyaniseki Nobuchule Bokuthenga

Kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi, unyulo lungcoliswe kukunganyaniseki okuthe ngqo: ukuvota, ukunyoba kwamagosa onyulo, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemiba yevoti. Kwanakwiinkqubo ezinamasebe anamandla, inkxaso yemali yezehlo ingawufipha umahluko phakathi kwenkxaso esemthethweni kunye nokonakala. Iminikelo engalawulwayo evela kubantu abazizityebi okanye iinkampani ingenza ibala elingalinganiyo lokudlala, apho izilangazelelo zabambalwa zingaphezulu lee iimfuno zabaninzi. [i-TRANS International International[ Umbutho wezobupolitika ugxininisa ukuba ingqibelelo yezopolitiki ifuna ukuba ingeniso yemirhumo, imiqathango kwimiqathango yemirhumo, nakungamela ukuphatha intlawulo lwephulo.

Uloyiko Nogonyamelo

Unyulo lungakhuphisana ngogonyamelo. Izisongelo nxamnye nabavoti, abatshati, okanye abasebenzi bonyulo zingacinezela iziphumo zokuthabatha inxaxheba kunye nokuguqula iziphumo. Kwezinye iindawo, amaqela axhobileyo okanye ukhuseleko lorhulumente lusoyikisa abaxhasi bezonyango. I-International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) ihamba ngogonyamelo lonyulo mhlaba wonke kwaye iingxelo zokuba kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo, amazwe angaphezu kwama-85 aye afumana uhlobo oluthile logonyamelo olunxulumene nonyulo. Ukukhusela inkqubo yonyulo lufuna imfuneko yokhuseleko kodwa kwaneenkqubo zokulumkisa kwasekuqaleni, ubuchule bokwenza iziphumo, kunye neemfunokuzinikela ekungangeni nxaxheba ekungangeni unyulweni.

Ukomeleza Intembelo Ecace Gqitha Neyoluntu

Ukubonakala gca licebo lokuphelisa ukungathembani. Xa iinkqubo zokhetho zivulekile ukuhlolisiswa, amathuba okuqhatha ancipha, kwaye uluntu lunokuthenjwa. Ukubonakala gca kwelinye icala makuqiniswe kwinqanaba ngalinye: phambi, ngexesha lokuvota, nasemva kokuvota.

IziBonelelo zoLawulo loNnyuso ezizimeleyo

Isiseko sonyulo olucace gca luzimela, lungoogxa, lungoobhanki, yaye lunenkxaso epheleleyo. Iziqu ezinjalo kufuneka zikhuselwe ekungeneleni kwezobupolitika, zikhuselwe ziingcali ezingongoorhulumente, zinikwe amandla okunyanzelisa imithetho ngokungakhethi. Amazwe anjengeKhanada, iIndiya, kunye noMzantsi Afrika anemizekelo yolawulo oluhlonelwa ngokubanzi. [ii- i-Special Rapporteur esekunene ukuze ithathe inxaxheba kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke [ incopho yonyulo incomelo luncomela ukuba iinkomfa zonyulo zikhuselwe ngokusekomgqele kwaye zinikwe izigqibo ezipheleleyo zezigqibo zokusebenza, kuquka noqingqo lwabiwo-mthetho.

Imfundo yeVoter nolwazi oluFikelelekayo

Abavoti abanolwazi banikwe amandla okuvota. Amaphulo okuvota agunyazisa ukuvota. Ikhompathiswa yemfundo efihlakeleyo , iindlela zokubhalisa, iindlela zokuvota, amaqonga, nendlela yokuxela ukungahambelani kwemisebenzi ekhoyo nento ethembekileyo. Kuninzi lweedemokhrasi, imfundo yezentlalo-ntle idityaniselwa kwizifundo zesikolo kwaye yongezelelwa zizaziso zenkonzo kawonke-wonke. Iizixhobo ze-intanethi, ezifana nee-computer balots kunye neendawo zokuvota, zikwanceda. Ukubona ngaphaya kwamacala okunika imvume yokuvota ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-bolotte i-bolotte ibala ngokufanelekileyo, ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yemibutho efana ne-voti yemiv-pa ye-pati ye-elektroli (VPAT) kwiinkqubo zovoti zikawonke-cociota.

Ulawulo loKhetho kunye noPhicotho-zincwadi

Abahlalutyi basekhaya nabezizwe ngezizwe benza indima ebalulekileyo. Ubukho babo buthintela ubuqhophololo kwaye bunika uhlolo lwenjongo lwenkqubo. Abaqwalaseli bezizwe ngezizwe abasuka kwiintlangano ezifana ne-] OSCE OF yeDidemoctic Institutions kunye namalungelo abantu (ODIHR) bavavanya unyulo nxamnye nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe. Noko ke, uhlolo lwasekhaya lubaluleke ngokulinganayo, njengoko amaqela asekuhlaleni ngokufuthi enolwazi olunzulu nobukho obude. Uphicococotho lwemistial-at `Prophietings''s systeocties systemssssss projectalss projectals projectalsss commental projectivess.

Ukufumaneka kwemali yeCandelo elicace gca kunye noMadagasi

Imali kwizobupolitika kufuneka ibe yeyona icace. Abavumisi-mali bafanele bazi ukuba ngubani oxhasa imali kunye namaphulo. Iimfuno zenkxaso-mali, ukuchithwa kwemida, kunye nokuvalwa komqathango kwiminikelo engachazwanga zingumgangatho kwimigangatho emininzi yedemo-mokhrasi. Ngokufanayo, imithetho elungileyo yokufikelela kolwazi-lwazi-lwazi iqinisekisa ukuba akukho qela elinokuminxwa ngaphandle kobutyebi obupheleleyo. Ababhexeshi boluntu kufuneka banikezele ngokulungelele, kwaye amaqonga eencwadi oluntu kufuneka anike izibhengezo zezopolitiki zemali kwaye atyhile abaxhasi beemali babo. I-International EDCPLICLEA Diemodies DIOND [

Indima Yobugcisa: Idinga Nemali

Ubugcisa bunika izixhobo ezinamandla zokuphucula ukuthembeka kwevoti kodwa bukwazisa izinto ezintsha ezinokusetyenziswa. Kubalulekile ukuba ulungelelane.

Ubhaliso lwamanani kunye noncedo lombane

Ubhaliso lwekhompyutha lwenze kwaba lula kwizigidi ukuba zibhalise kwaye zihlaziye ulwazi lwazo, zisanda inxaxheba phakathi kwabaselula kunye nabahamba-hambayo. Oomatshini bokuvota ngombane (eVM) banokukhawulezisa baze banciphise impazamo yomntu. Noko ke, kufuneka baphinde bangqinelane. Uvumelwano phakathi kweengcali zekhompyutha lukuba nayiphi na inkqubo yokuvota yekhompyutha kufuneka ivelise ingxelo yephepha enokuthi ibhaliswe. Estonia, uvulindlela kwi-Internet yovota, usebenzisa inkqubo evumela uvota zabo ukuqinisekisa i-vota yabo ngokusebenzisa isixhobo seselula, kodwa kwanalapho, iingcali zokhuseleko zikhuthaza ulumko. [[FLT:] U. U. IKhomishini yokhetho ye-Emplete inikeza izikhokelo zenkqubo zokuvota kunye nokwenza uvavanyo lokhuseleko lokhuseleko.

Iblokhchain kunye nobugcisa obudityanisiweyo

Iblockchain icetyiwe njengesisombululo sokukhusela, sokuvota okucace gca ngenxa yokungaguquki kwayo. Iiprojekthi eziliqela zomqhubi wenqwelo-moya, kuquka eNtshona Virginia naseSwitzerland, ziye zavavanya ukuvota okusekelwe kwibloko ezisuka kwelinye ilizwe kunye novoti abangekhoyo. Kodwa abagxeki babonisa ukuba ubugcisa abunakucombulula ingxaki esisiseko yokuvota okanye ukhuseleko lwesixhobo ngokwaso. Ngaphezu koko, ukunqongophala kwephepha kwiminye yemijelo yebloko kwenza kube nzima ukuphicotha. Ngoxa ukuvota kwe-injinichain kusenokuba nezicelo ze-ofisi ye-pan esebenzayo, akukabi yinkqubela yengqibelelo yonyuso. Okuninzi kuthembisa inkqubela kugcino-data ekhuselekileyo, ukukhowudwa, nokubhaqwa kokuviswa kokusetyenziswa koomatshini bonke.

Izisongelo Zokhuseleko

Izibonelelo zokhetho zijoliswe kwisiseko esiphambili sohlaselo lwekhompyutha. Ukusuka ekucholeni ii-database zokhetho ukuzama ukuhambisa ingxelo yonyulo ebusuku, abadlali abanobutshaba bafuna ukuphelisa ukuthembana. Unyulo lwase-2016 U.S. luye lwafumana imigudu ebalulekileyo yokwaphula iinkqubo zokubhalisa, kwaye izisongelo ezifanayo zishicilelwe eNetherlands, eUkraine, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Ukhuselo luquka ukuvavanya rhoqo, ukuqinisekisa okuninzi, uvavanyo lwezibonelelo olunento emoyeni olugqunyiweyo ukwenzela ukuvala, kunye neenzamendulo eziqinileyo. Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, njengakusetyenziswa kwisakhiwo sonyulo , inceda ukwabelana imikhwa elungileyo nezilumkiso zangaphambili.

Imigangatho yehlabathi kunye nophawu

Izithethe ezisehlabathini lonke zinika isalathisi sokokuba kutheni kunyulwa kakuhle. Le milinganiselo ayimiselwanga kodwa ibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulayo phakathi kwamazwe olawulo-lwazi.

Izixhobo ezingundoqo zehlabathi

  • Isibhengezo esingangqinelaniyo samaLungelo Oluntu (Antticle 21): “Ukuthanda kwabantu kuya kuba sisiseko segunya likarhulumente; oku kuya kuboniswa ngonyulo lwexeshana nolokwenene oluya kuboniswa ngonyulo lwehlabathi lonke nolulinganayo kwaye luza kubanjwa ngevoti yasese okanye iinkqubo zokuvota ezilinganayo zesisa.”
  • Umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe ongowamalungelo oluntu nawopolitiko (Azikho 25): Wonke ummi unelungelo lokuvota nokunyulwa kunyulo lwenene lwexesha elithile ngaphandle kwemiqathango engaqikeleliyo.
  • Uxwebhu lweCopenhagen (1990) lunika izibophelelo ezineenkcukacha kunyulo lwedemokhrasi, kuquka ilungelo lokuseka amaqela ezobupolitika, iimeko zephulo elilungileyo, kunye nezigqibo ezizimeleyo.
  • Isicatshulwa se-Afrika kwidemokhrasi, unyulo kunye noLawulo: sigxininisa indima yonyulo ekuthinteleni iinguqu ezingamiselwanga zikarhulumente.

Ezi zixhobo zisisiseko sohlolo lonyulo kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lobugcisa. Zikwasebenza njengemiqondiso yokuba abemi bafune ukuphendula oorhulumente babo.

Ukulinganisa Ingqibelelo Epheleleyo

Iprojekthi ye-Electoral Pertive Project (EIP) iziphumo zesalathisi sobunyani be-Electoral Ingqikelelo-mbonakaliso yonyulo emhlabeni wonke kwiizalathisi ezingamashumi asixhenxe anesine kwimigangatho eyi-11. I-data yakutshanje ibonisa ukuba nangona amazwe amaninzi efumana iziphumo kumgangatho wonyulo lwangaphambili (njengokuvota okubhaliweyo), amanqanaba oluhlu lweposi (njengokubala kunye neziphumo) afumana izala ezisezantsi. Lo msantsa ubala-mdla apho imigudu yotshintsho kufuneka igxininise khona. Ngokufanayo, ii-Varieo of democracy (V-DEM) inikeza iprojecto elungileyo ekhululekileyo kukhetho olukhululekileyo nolulungileyo, ivumela uthelekiso lwexesha elidlulileyo.

Impembelelo Entle Yokhetho

Imiphumo yokuthembeka konyulo idlulela ngaphaya kosuku lonyulo. Unyulo olufanelekileyo lwakha ikomkhulu lentlalo, lunciphisa ukwanda kwemimandla engaphandle, luze lubangele iimeko zokuphuhliswa okuzinzileyo.

Ukuqinisa Iinkokeli Zedemokhrasi

Xa unyulo lulungile, iipalamente kunye noomongameli balawula ngegunya elivunyiweyo. Oku kwenza kube lula ukudlulisa umthetho onzima, ukuthobela uwonke wonke imithetho, kunye nemozulu enzima. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa unyulo luthathwa njengoluxhotyisiweyo, amaqela aphikisayo asenokungakholwa yimithetho yowiso-mthetho, kwaye abemi bangaphelelwa lukholo kuwo onke amaziko. Ukurhoxa kokholo kusenokukhokelela ekuphambukisweni kwedemokhrasi, njengoko kubonwa kumazwe anjenge-Hungary neVenezuela.

Ukunciphisa Ungquzulwano Nogonyamelo

Unyulo olufanelekileyo lunika enye indlela yokulwa izixhobo. Imbali ibonisa ukuba amazwe aneenkqubo zonyulo ezithembekileyo afumana iimfazwe zamakhaya ezimbalwa kunye nemigudu yokubhukuqa. United States Institute of Peace iphawula ukuba unyulo olulawulayo lungacombulula izikhalazo, luquka amaqela asezantsi, kwaye lumisele imithetho yokulawula amandla. Noko ke, ukuba unyulo lungaphoxeka, lungaba ziindawo ezidityaniswe ngqo kugonyamelo. Ngoko ke, uhlobo lwenkqubo lunxulumene ngqo nozinzo lwesiphumo.

Ukukhuthaza Ulawulo Olupheleleyo

Unyulo olufanelekileyo luqinisekisa ukuba amabhinqa ahlukeneyo, kuquka amabhinqa, amaqela amancinane esizwe, nabantu abaneziphene, bamelwe. Ukucatshulwa, izitishi ezifikelelekayo, kunye namanyathelo okulwa nokukhathazwa ngokwe-intanethi kwamabhinqa athe anegalelo kwiziphumo ezithe chatha. Uphando lwamabhinqa eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lubonisa ukuba xa amabhinqa enyulwa, imigaqo enxulumene nemfundo, impilo-ntle, kunye nokuphucula impilo-ntle. Ngokufanayo, ukumelelwa komthonya-mntwino kunye nabantu abambalwa kukhokelela kwintlawulo olufanelekileyo. Ingqibelelo ye-Electororday iyisixhobo sobulungisa bentlalo.

Ukukhula Kwezoqoqosho Nokuveliswa Kwemali

Amaxabiso abanikeli-mali athenjiweyo. Umjikelo wonyulo othembekileyo unciphisa ukungaqiniseki malunga nomgaqo wenkqubo kunye namalungelo empahla. INgxowa-mali yeInternational Monetary iphawule ukuba amazwe anengqibelelo ephezulu athambekela ekuthobeni kwemali ebekelwe ityala lenkosi kwaye atsale utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwamanye amazwe. Ngokuchasene noko, ukungaguquguquki okunxulumene nonyulo kungakhokelela kwinqwelo-moya yekomkhulu kunye nokuthatyathwa kwezoqoqosho. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba unyulo lubonakalisa ukuthanda kokwenene kwabantu, uluntu ludala imekobume ezinzileyo ukwenzela impumelelo ende.

Isiphelo

Unyulo olufanelekileyo alupheli ngokwalo kodwa luyindlela yokufumana ulawulo olufanelekileyo, olunolwamkeleko, noloxolo. Indlela yokufumana ingqibelelo yonyulo ifuna ukuhlala iphaphamile nxamnye nezisongelo ezindala nezitsha . Ukusuka ekucinezelweni kwevoti kunye nokurhoxiswa kwenkqubo yokuhlasela kunye nokunganyaniseki. Amanyathelo okuzimela, kuquka ulawulo oluzimeleyo, ubuchule bokubhalisa, nolwazi olufikelelekayo, zezona zikhuselwa zisebenzayo. Imilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe inikela isiseko, kodwa ekugqibeleni imbopheleleko ixhomekeke kubemi, iinkokeli zezobupolitika, kunye nemibutho yabantu ukuba bafune baze bakhusele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Njengoko idemocracracs ehlabathi lijongeneengxaki ezingathethekiyo, ukuzinikela ekugqibeleni kwengqibelelo okunamandla ekuqinisekiseni ukuba urhulumente wabantu, ngabantu, kuba abantu abayi kutshabala emhlabeni.