Indlela Amalungelo asisiseko kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke akhuselwa ngayo ngokukhetha

EUnited States, umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa amalungelo asisiseko kubo bonke abemi, kodwa la malungelo awasebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kuquka izikolo zikarhulumente. Imfundiso esemthethweni ye [FLT: 0] ekhetha ukuqulunqwa [ iqinisekisa ukuba la malungelo amaninzi akhuselwe kumgangatho karhulumente ngeBhili yamaLungelo esetyenziswa kumaphondo adlula kuMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine. Le nkqubo, iphuhlise ngaphezu kwenkulungwane yezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ilo ilolonga elisemthethweni labafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo.

Ukuqonda Ukuhambelana Okubalulekileyo

Ukukhetha kungumcimbi womthetho apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ngokuthe ngcembe iye yasebenzisa ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kumazwe. Kunokuba ifake iBhili yamaLungelo yonke kanye (eyalahliweyo kwityala le-1833 ] Barron v. Baltimore), iNkundla ithathe indlela yokuzikhusela, igqiba ukuba ikwisiseko esisekunene-sekunene nokuba ngaba ukhuseleko oluthile lungolucwangciso lwe-Merika lwezobulungisa.

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko sokubandakanya ngokukhetha sikwi- uHlaziyo lweMimiselo yeMiqathango ye-Foleteth [, eyagunyaziswa ngo-1868, ethi ngokwenxenye: "Akukho Rhulumente iya kwenza okanye inyanzelisa nawuphi na umthetho oya kukhuselwa okanye ukhuselwe kwabemi base-United States; okanye naliphi na iLizwe aliyi kuhlutha na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo itolike i-'i-"Umthetho-"Aunictive Processs Proces Clacessss' njengesithuthi sokusebenzisa uBhili lokhuseleko lwamalungelo kumazwe. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba isithi akanakuphazamisa amalungelo angundoqo anjalo njengentetho ekhululekile, inkululeko yonqulo, nenkululeko yokungawodwa.

Ukuphuhliswa Kwembali Yokukhetha

Le mfundiso yaqalisa ukumila ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. [FLT] . Gitlow v. New York (1925), iNkundla yabambelela ekubeni inkululeko yokuGcinqisa uGqiniseko lokuqala esetyenziswa kumazwe ngenkqubo ye-Octal Claus. IJaji Edward Sanford yabhalela uninzi lwenjongo ezikhoyo sinokuthi sicinge leyo nkululeko yokuthetha kunye nomatshini wokushicilela okhuselwa yiSindululo sokuqala soHlulo loMmiselo luphakathi kwamalungelo ongundoqo obuqu kunye 'o-'aglibreas' ikhuselwe kwinkqubo engundoqo ye-Gradiation ukusuka kwi-DSDrimediation e-Drectionation.

Amatyala alandelayo anwenwelelwe kwamanye amalungelo: [FLT][FLT] "Nearbbb udityaniso lwenkululeko yokucofa; [[FLT]][FLT]][FLTLN v.[[FLT]] Connet [[FLT:][6] [19] [19] [194] [4] IKonterventi [4] [4] [4] [4] [3] [4] [Iiiiiiindawo esezantsi] [[FLT] [4] [4] [iiiiindlela] [4] [4] [iindlela] yokhuseleko] [4] [indlela] kwinani elininzi lokungalungiyokunga, [inani elisetyenziswayonke, elisetyenziswayokunye i-ethe ukukhusela okungalukunye, ukusetyenziswa kokunga, [inyani kwe-19]

Impembelelo kwizikolo

Izikolo zikawonke-wonke zichatshazelwa ngqo yile mfundiso kuba kufuneka zixhase amalungelo abafundi esiseko somGaqo-siseko. Iinkundla ziye zagqiba kwelokuba abafundi bangalahlekelwa ngamalungelo abo xa bengena esikolweni, kodwa la malungelo anokulinganiswa ngokuchasene nemfuneko yesikolo yokugcina ucwangco nesoqeqesho. Njengokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibhengezwe ngokudumileyo kwi [FLT][FLT]] [[FLT]]] . Dess Moconsole Community School District [12] [12]: "Kunzima ukuphikisa ukuba abafundi okanye abafundisi-mthetho-mthetho baphumele amalungelo abo enkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lesikolo."

“ Kunzima ukuphikisa ukuba abafundi okanye abafundisi-mathematika bawakhupha amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kwinkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuchaza kwisango lesikolo." — IJaji Abe Fortas, . Des Moines [1969]

Lo mgaqo uye wasetyenziswa kwimimandla emininzi yomgaqo-siseko, uqinisekisa ukuba ukukhuselwa okuqukiweyo phakathi koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine kudlulela kwiiklasi, kwiipaseji, nakwimisebenzi yesikolo. Noko ke, ucwangciso lwesikolo lunika abalawuli nootitshala inkululeko yokwahlula amalungelo xa kuyimfuneko ukuhambisela phambili umsebenzi wemfundo.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha

Elinye lamalungelo abalulekileyo akhuselweyo ngokukhetha iqumrhu li inkululeko yokuthetha. Abafundi banelungelo lokuchaza iimbono zabo, logama nje ingaphazamisani nemeko-bume yemfundo. Iimeko zophawu olufana [FLT]] . [FLT] .[FULT] . COM [[FLT]] imisela ideektis ezikolweni ukuba abafundi bathethele ngenkululeko.

., iNkundla yaxhasa ilungelo labafundi lokunxiba iintambo ezimnyama ukuqhayisa imfazwe yaseVietnam, ifumanise ukuba isikolo asibonisanga nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka kwezinto eziphathekayo. IJaji Abe Fortas yachaza ukuba "uloyiko olungafaniyo okanye uloyiko lokuphazamiseka alwanele ukusoyisa ilungelo lokuthetha. Eli tyala laquka ukhuseleko lokuthetha kwenkululeko yokuqala yeSimemezelo senkululeko kwimeko yesikolo sikawonke wonke, isenza izikolo ziphendulelwe kwimilinganiselo yemithetho yesiseko.

Noko ke, imithetho elandelayo iqobe iintambo ezibalulekileyo. [FLT] [FOL:1] iBethel District No. 403 v. Fraser (1986), iNkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba izikolo zinokusohlwaya amanyala, okanye intetho engcolileyo ethobayo ephosa umsebenzi wesikolo. [FLT][FLT]][5]] [[86]] [[FLT] [[FLT] [1998] [19] [10] [iiiiiphepha lolwimi olungekho mthethweyodwa], iNkugqiba ukuba isikolo siphantsi komsebenzi othengwa namaphephandaba anokuthi alungelene "iinyaniswe ku-"[FT] [5]

Namhlanje, intetho yabafundi ikwayamkelwa nakwiindawo zonxibelelwano zezentlalo-ntle. Iinkundla ezisezantsi ziye zaxhathisa ukuba izikolo zingaqeqesha abafundi ngentetho ye-intanethi ebangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-intanethi. Ezinye iziphaluka ziye zasebenzisa i- umgangatho we-Tinker[, ngoxa ezinye zikhethe intetho-compasus. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha oku [FLT]] [[FLT]] [iMahanoy Iphondo leSithili, B.[FLT:] [20]] [12] , ilawula ukuba isikolo asinako ukusohlwaya abafundi ngenxa yentetho engcolileyo kwiSnadisna, ngenxa yokuba umdla wesikolo sithetha phandle.[FLT]

Ukufumana Inkululeko Yonqulo

Izikolo zikawonke-wonke kufuneka zihlonele inkululeko yabafundi yonqulo. Iinkundla zibambelele kwelokuba abafundi bangathandaza okanye baxubushe ngeenkolelo zabo, ukuba aziphazamisani nothumo lwemfundo yesikolo. Olu khuselo luvela ekuququlunqeni koMgqibo Wokuqala woLawulo Uqheliselo Lwenkululeko kunye no-Celassicas [

Ukumiselwa kuka-Claus kwafakwa ku-. v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1947), eyasetyenziswa kurhulumente nakuorhulumente basekuhlaleni umthetho wokuba "akukho rhafu nangaliphi na inani, enkulu okanye encinane, ingahlawulelwa ukuxhasa nayiphi na imisebenzi okanye amaziko onqulo. Oku kukhokelela kuthothotho lwezigqibo zesigqibo sombuso-mpomposo nomyalelo wonqulo kwizikolo zikawonke wonke: [[FLT:][12][12][12] [FLT] [FFL]].[11] Intekozo ezithiweyo.[FLT][12] [evolv][12] [evolsession]

Kwangaxeshanye, iFree Exening Claus(ifakelwe ku Cantwell v. Connecticut[[FL:2] [[FLT]] [[3]]] [[FLT]]] [iiinqanda amalungelo abafundi obuqu, incoko yonqulo, kunye nokusasazwa koncwadi lonqulo, njjjswnjjsw'uthelo olungaphangalelekiyo, olungakhange luphazamisekiyo kubafundi okanye olunyanzelela abanye abafundi iimfuno zonqulo, olufana nokungahlawulwa kweholide yonqulo okanye ukukhulula ukutya. [FFF][7], umlinganiselo ongaphezulu wembali yembali, umlinganiselo wendlela yonyaka othe rhoqo uhlolweyo, olukhuselwe phantsi kwentetho yoluntu. [FF]]]

Ukufumana Ithuba Lobuqu Nokhuseleko Kuphendlo Olungenangqiqo

UHlaliso lwesine, oluququzelelwe ngokuchasene namaphondo [[FLT]] . Ohio [1961], ikhusela abafundi ekuphengululeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzukeni ezikolweni zikawonke-wonke. Noko ke, imekobume yesikolo ifanele imgangatho ophantsi kunobangela opheleleyo. [FLT]][FLT]] New Jersey v.T.[FLT. [1985]) [FLT:], iNkunye ephakamileyo ifuna ukuba amagosa esikolo akrotiwe kuphela." kunobangela ukuphendla.[FLTY]

Oku kulinganisela kuthetha ukuba ngoxa abafundi benamalungelo obuqu, abalawuli besikolo banendlela ebanzi yokuqhuba ugcino uqeqesho nokhuseleko. Uvavanyo lweziyobisi lwabafundi babadlali lwaxhaswa [FLT]]Vernonia School District 47J. Acton[ [19595] [195]] [[FLT]] [iindlela] yokulinganisa iziyobisi [i-FLT]] kwaye yanwetyelelwa kubafundi kwimisebenzi engaphaya komthetho oqhelekileyo. Kodwa ukukrokreqa kwezelelwa kwezelo. [[FLT:]] [FLT] [ig]

Kwixesha lamanani, ukuphengululwa kweminxeba yabafundi kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha. Inkundla Ephakamileyo kwi [FLT]] Riley v. California (2014 isebenzisa imfuneko yemvume yokufumana i-data yeselfowuni ukwenzela ukuba abantu abadala babanjwa, kodwa iinkundla ezisezantsi zisebenzise umlinganiselo obekekileyo wokukrokra ofanelekileyo wamagosa esikolo. Amanye amazwe aye amisela imithetho ekwahlulele ukukwazi ukukhangela iifowuni zabafundi ngaphandle kwemvume okanye imvume yabazali, ebonisa ukuxakeka okuqhubekayo phakathi kokhuseleko lwesikolo nasese sabafundi.

Imodeli

Uququzelo lukwayabelana kukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo ekhoyo phantsi koHlaliso lweshumi elinesine. [FLT]] Gos v. Lopez [[FLT] [19975], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba abafundi abajongene nokususwa kweentsuku ezilishumi okanye abambalwa bafaneleke ngokuncinane inkqubo efanelekileyo: umlomo okanye isaziso esibhaliweyo sobungqina, nethuba lokunikela icala labo. Ukususwa okanye ukugxothwa kwazo okude, iindlela ezininzi eziqhelekileyo ziyafuneka ngokuqhelekileyo.

Eli tyala laquka i-Currection Processol Claus kwisikolo, ithintela izenzo ezingekho ngqiqweni okanye ezingekho ngqiqweni. INkundla yaqonda ukuba imfundo kawonke-wonke ngumdla wempahla okhuselwe yiSihlaziyo seshumi elinesine, nokuba igama lomfundi kunye namathuba exesha elizayo athetha ngokukhululekileyo. Ngoxa izikolo zikwazi ukwenza izinto ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko zongxamiseko, kufuneka zilandele imilinganiselo esisiseko yokusesikweni.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inkxalabo ngemigaqo-nkqubo ye-zero-tolence kunye nengqeqesho egqithisileyo yabafundi abambalwa ikhokelele kucelomngeni lomthetho oluphikisayo ukuba le nkqubo yaphula inkqubo efanelekileyo okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Ngelixesha i-opensethi ayikugunyazi ngqo ukulingana kohlanga, umgaqo olinganayo woMphengululo we-145th (obekiwe ngokwahlukileyo [FLT]][FLT]]bn v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo [1954])] inqanda ucalucalulo oluzenzekelayo, kwaye izikolo kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba ingasebenzi ngendlela yocaluvo lobuhlanga.

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezisikelwe U umda

Ngelixesha iqumrhu likhusela amalungelo amaninzi, kukho imiqathango. Izikolo zingabeka imiqathango esengqiqweni ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nocwangco. Umzekelo, intetho ekhuthaza ugonyamelo okanye intiyo isenokuthintelwa nokuba ikhululekile ukuba ikhuselwe ngokuqhelekileyo. INkundla kwi [FLT][[FLT]] Wissin v. Mitchell [1993] ixhasa izigwebo ezikhuthayo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo, kwaye iinkundla ezisezantsi zivumele izikolo ukuba zisohlwaye ubuhlanga okanye ukukhathazwa kwemfundo eyingozi.

Ukongeza, asiyiyo yonke iBhili yoKhuselo lwamaLungelo edityanisiwe. UHlaziyo lwesibini lunelungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo, nangona luqukiwe ku [FLT]] [[FLT]]McDonald v. Chicago[ (2010])[FLT], luvumela ulawulo lokulawula imipu kwiindawo ezichubekileyo njengezikolo. ISihlaziyiti seSihlalo kwicala elichasene namajoni alizange lisetyenziswe kumazwe. Imfuneko enkulu ye-ava-Gawulayo ayizange isetyenziswe, izindululo ezingundoqo zingasebenzisa iimvo zolwazi eziphambili endaweni yezigqibo eziphezulu. Kwaye isindululo seSigqi somthetho sokulungisa aziso somthetho asifakwangaquququlo kwinkundla yenkundla yenkundla yesizwe.

Kwimeko yesikolo, iinkundla zidla ngokusebenzisa uvavanyo olulungelelanisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko omfundi ngokuchasene nomdla wesikolo wokulondoloza imekobume ekhuselekileyo, elungeleleneyo, neyokufundisa. Oku kulinganisela kucacile kwaye kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo eziguquguqukayo ngaphaya kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ezinye iziphaluka ziye zaxhasa imithetho yokunxiba yesikolo ethintela imiyalezo yezopolitiko, ngoxa ezinye ziye zayibetha ngokugqithisileyo. Imfuneko yokuba izikolo zikwazi ukusingatha intetho yonqulo ngamanye amaxesha zingqubana nemigaqo echasene nemithetho echasene nohlangano, njengoko ibonwa kwingxoxo yabafundi kunye namaqela onqulo.

Iingxaki Ezimandundu: Ezobugcisa Nezobugcisa

Indaleko ekhawulezileyo yezobugcisa iyaqhubeka ivavanya imida yokudibanisa okukhethiweyo. Izikolo ngoku ziyaxhathisa ngokusetyenziswa kwekhompyutha, izisongelo ze-intanethi, kunye nomfundi ophuma kwi-campus intetho ehambayo enentsholongwane. INkundla Ephakamileyo iMahanoy isigqibo ku-2021 [iii-FLT] sinika ukhokelo kodwa sishiye imibuzo emininzi ivulekile. Iinkundla ezisezantsi kufuneka zigqibe xa isikolo singaqeqesha umfundi kwizithuba zezentlalo ezibhekisa isikolo okanye abafundi bakhe. Ezinye inkundla ziye zasebenzisa [[FLT:]] umgangatho]

Enye imbambano ephumayo kukusetyenziswa kobuchule bokufakelwa kunye nokujongwa kwezikolo. Ukuqwalaselwa kobuso, ukujongwa kwamacebo akhutshwayo ezikolweni, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kunyusa inkxalabo yeSine soLawulo oluhlaziyiweyo. Ngoxa izikolo zisenokuba nengqiqo ebanzi phantsi T.L.O.[[FLL:1], ezinye iinkundla zifumanise ukuba ukuhlola okuqhubekayo, ngaphandle kokukrokrelezwa kusenokungavisisani noko kulindelekile ngabafundi. Amazwe aqalisa ukumisela imithetho efuna ukukhanyisa nemilinganiselo yobugcisa bokuhlola isikolo.

Ukuvalwa Kwencwadi Nolawulo Lwezomthetho

Amalungelo oMgqibo wokuqala Wokwenziwa kweSigqibo akwadlulela kulwazi. [FLT]] iBoard yemfundo, isiqithi iMithini yeSithili yeSithili Free School v. Pico (1982]], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela ekubeni iibhodi zesikolo azinako ukuzisusa iincwadi ezisethala encwadini lesikolo ngenxa nje yokuba azithandi iingcamango eziqulethwe kuzo. Uluvo lwathi "ibhodi zesikolo zasekhaya zinendlela ebanzi ekuphatheni imicimbi yesikolo, kodwa kufuneka zisebenzise elo cebiso ngokwemiqathango yeyo yesiHlamkelo sokuqala". Nangona oku kungumzekelo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba abafundi bafumane ulwazi olulungileyo, kwaye basuse imbono ekhuselwe phantsi kwethala lokuqala leencwadi.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwavela ukwanda kwemingeni yeencwadi, ngokufuthi zijolise iincwadi ezithetha ngohlanga, ubufanasini, kunye nesini. Iinkundla ziphikisana nokuba iibhodi zesikolo zingazisusa na iincwadi ezisekelwe ku "ukungathethi ngokukhululekileyo" (njengoko ku Pico) okanye ukuba ukususwa okunjalo kucalucalulo olungenakuthenjwa. Ukuququzelelwa kweebhodi zeFirst Amend Amendment kwanokukhupha izigwebo ezikhululekileyo kunye neengxelo ezikhululekileyo zokushicilela kuthetha ukuba imo kunye neebhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni kufuneka zihlonele le mida yomgaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo

Ukukhetha kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni amalungelo asisiseko abafundi kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. Iqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko aluphelelanga kumaqumrhu karhulumente kodwa lunwebela kwindawo yemfundo, lukhuthaza indawo apho amalungelo ahlonelwayo kwaye axhaswa khona. Ukusuka kwinkululeko yokuthetha nenkululeko yonqulo ukuya kwinkqubo yokuzimela, iBhili yamaLungelo, esetyenziswa kuMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko, inikela umgangatho wokukhusela okumele ukuba zonke izikolo zikawonke wonke ziwuhlonele.

Kanti ukusetyenziswa kwala malungelo akuphelelanga. Izikolo kufuneka zilungelelanise inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye neemfuno zokhuseleko, ucwangco, kunye nothumo lwemfundo. Njengoko kuvela ubugcisa obutsha kunye neenguqu zentlalo, iinkundla ziza kuqhubeka zicombulula imida yokusebenzisana ngokukhethayo kwimfundo yesikolo. Ukuqonda le mfundiso kubalulekile kubafundisi, kubalawuli, kubafundi, nakubazali abafuna ukuqhuba umgaqo-siseko kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke.

Ukufunda okubhekele phaya, jonga i [[FLT: 0] iprojekthi ye projekthi yokukhetha i-, uhlolo lweziko lolwazi lwe-Gaqo-siseko [[FLT:] Iqumrhu loluvolo-mthetho], uhlolo lwezicwangciso ze-Phondo. Inkcazo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo [[[FLT:][FLT][12]][FLT][12][12][12][FLT]][12] i-enomes Moctive.[FLT][FLT:]