Amalungelo okuncoma amela enye yezona mpawu zisisiseko zolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ebangela abemi babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo ekuxonxeni urhulumente nebutho labo. Iinkqubo zomthetho ehlabathini lonke ziye zavelisa iinkqubo ezibanzi zokukhusela la malungelo, ziqinisekisa ukuba wonke ummi ofanelekileyo unokusebenzisa ilizwi lakhe ngaphandle kocalucalulo, ukoyikisa, okanye imiqobo engekho ngqiqweni. Ukuqonda indlela oku kukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni okuyimfuneko ngayo ukuze kuqwalaselwe inkqubo entsonkothileyo ekhusela idemokhrasi nokukhuthaza inxaxheba elinganayo kwinkqubo yonyulo.

Isiseko Sokunikela Ilungelo Lokwabelana Ngempahla Emthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Ilungelo lokuvota likhuselwe ngumthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe onjengeGatya 21 loMgaqo-nkqubo weSindululo soMhlaba Wamalungelo Abantu kunye namalungiselelo esivumelwano alandelayo, ngokukodwa iGatya 25 loMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe malunga namalungelo amakhaya nawezobupolitika. La maxwebhu asisiseko amisela ukuvota njengelungelo loluntu jikelele elidlula imida yezizwe nenkcubeko.

Izivumelwano ezibalulekileyo zezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka iSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe saMalungelo aMasipala NawamaPhondo kunye nezivumelwano zephondo ezinjengeSivumelwano saseMerika samaLungelo Oluntu, iSivumelwano sabemi esizibanga sikwindawo-wonke-wonke kwaye sibanga ityala elilinganayo.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziye zavelisa izithethe nemilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe enxulumene nonyulo kunye nokuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika, zisebenzisa iindlela ezizimeleyo nezingobuchule ezifana neesivumelwano kunye neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo zeBhunga lamaLungelo oluntu zidlala indima ephambili ekuchazeni le migaqo nemilinganiselo. Ezi migaqo-nkqubo zichazayo inceda ekucaciseni amalungelo okuvota ngendlela efanele akhuselwe ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo nakwiimeko.

Inkqubo yamalungelo abantu yephondo

Ngapha koko kucwangciswe ihlabathi lonke, iinkqubo zengingqi zinikezela ngogcino lokhuseleko olongezelelekileyo. Iinkqubo zamalungelo abantu ezisemgangathweni, kuquka i-Afrika, i-Inter-American, kunye neenkqubo zaseYurophu, zikwamkele eli lungelo njengeEU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Ezi zixhobo zengingqi zisoloko zinika ukhuseleko oluthe ngqo olulungeleleneyo neengxaki ezikhethekileyo kunye nomongo wemimandla eyahlukeneyo.

Indima efezwa lunyulo ngamaxesha athile, ngesisa ekuqinisekiseni ukuhlonelwa kwamalungelo ezobupolitika ikhutshwa kuMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe wonke wamalungelo asekuhlaleni nawepolitiki, iNdibano yaseYurophu yoKhuselo lwamalungelo abantu, iSicatshulwa se-Ofisi yoMbutho waseMerika, iSicatshulwa soMthendeleko (umNtsebenziswano) waseAfrika (owenziwe ngeSizwe Loluntu) kuMalungelo abantu namanye amaxwebhu amaninzi amalungelo abantu. Oku kuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi kubonisa ukuzinikela kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Ukukhusela okusemthethweni kwamalungelo okubonelela

Inkoliso yamazwe olawulo-bume ifaka amalungelo okuvota kwimiqathango yawo esemthethweni. Ezi siqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko sisebenza njengowona mgangatho uphakamileyo wokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni, simisela ukuvota njengelungelo elisisiseko elingenakuthintelwa okanye lipheliswe ngokulula ngumthetho oqhelekileyo.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uchaza iinkalo ezininzi eziphambili zamalungelo okuvota, kuquka lowo ufanele ukuvota, iimeko apho kusenokusetyenziswa amalungelo okuvota, nemiqathango esenokubekwa kula malungelo. La malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko adala isiseko esisemthethweni apho yonke eminye imithetho nemimiselo enxulumene nokuvota yakhiwe khona.

Ukungaqiniseki Kwamalungelo Abantu

Amalungelo okuthabatha inxaxheba asenokungalawulwa kuphela zizithintelo ezimiselwe ngumthetho, azingachazi mthetho kwaye zisekelwe kwinjongo kunye nemigaqo esengqiqweni, nelungelo lokuvota phantsi kwemiqathango esengqiqweni kuphela, njengokumisela umda omncinci wobudala. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na imiqathango kumalungelo okuvota mayihlangabezane nemilinganiselo engqongqo yokufaneleka nokulungelelana.

Imiqathango yokungakhethe iquka kodwa ayipheleli kwiimfuno zezoqoqosho, ezifana nezisekelwe kwimfuno yempahla; iimfuno zokuhlala ezigqithisileyo; imiqathango enelungelo lokuvota abemi bendalo (ngokuchasene nabemi bemvelo); iimfuno zokufunda nokubhala okanye imfundo; kunye nemiqathango egqithisileyo kumalungelo okuvota amabanjwa abanjiweyo. Le miqathango ithintelweyo ibonisa indlela engokwembali yokungavumelani nemigaqo yedemokhrasi ngoku ekwamkeleka njengengavisisaniyo nemigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Amalungelo okuthabatha inxaxheba awamele alinganiselwe ngokungeyomfuneko ngenxa yesizwe, ibala, isini, ulwimi, unqulo, ezopolitiko okanye ezinye iimbono, imvelaphi yobuzwe okanye yentlalo, impahla, ukuzalwa, ukukhubazeka okanye esinye isimo. Lo mgaqo ubanzi ochasene nocalucalulo-calulo uqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo okuvota akhuselwe kuzo zonke iinkalo zebutho, ingakumbi amaqela aphantsi kwembali.

Iinkqubo zobhaliso olunemiqathango kunye neemfuno zokwamkeleka

Ubhaliso lwevoter lusebenza njengesango lokuthabatha inxaxheba kulawulo-mpumlo kuninzi lweenkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ezi nkqubo zobhaliso kufuneka zilungelelanise izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo ezimbini: ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka konyulo ngokuqinisekisa ukuphumelela kovoti, kwaye ukwenza ubhaliso olufikelelekayo ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba abemi abafanelekileyo abadimazeki okanye bathintelwe ukuba babe nenxaxheba.

Ulawulo lwezicwangciso ezisemthethweni ezilawula ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lovoti lumisela iinkqubo ezicacileyo zendlela abemi abanokubhalisa ngayo, oko kufunwayo, nendlela iingxelo zobhaliso ezigcinwa ngayo nezihlaziywa ngayo. Ezi nkqubo zahluka kakhulu ngaphaya kolawulo lwamazwe, namanye amazwe asebenzisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lo gama amanye efuna ukuba abemi bathathe amanyathelo asebenzayo ukuze babhalise.

Iindlela zobhaliso kunye nokufikeleleka

Inkqubo yobhaliso lwamavoti yangoku inika abemi indlela ezininzi ukubhalisa. Amazwe amaninzi avumela abemi ukuba babhalise ukuvota nokuhlaziya ubhaliso lwamavoti kwi-intanethi, kunye namazwe afunekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiwebhsayithi zonyulo zilula ukusebenzisela abantu abanobuchule bonke. Oku kufumaneka kwamanani kumela indaleko ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni ubhaliso lube luncedo ngakumbi kwaye lungaqukwanga.

UMthetho weSizwe weVoter Bribatood wangowe-1993 (NVRA) uneemfuno zenkqubo yobhaliso, kunye namazwana afunekayo ukuqinisekisa iiofisi ezinika uncedo lukawonke-wonke okanye iinkqubo ezilungiselelwe ngurhulumente ezinika ngokuyintloko abantu abaneziphene ezinika ubhaliso lomvoti. Le "Ntsumi" ichaza iinkonzo zobhaliso kubemi apho sele besebenzisana nabameli bakarhulumente.

Ixesha lokubhalisa lahluka kakhulu ngaphaya kwemithetho. Akukho mithetho yesizwe efuna ukuba ubhaliso lubhaliswe iintsuku ezingama-30 ngaphambi koSuku loNkqolo, ngoxa amanye amazwe evumela ukubhaliswa ngoMhla woNhlolo. Ezi ndlela zokwahluka-hlukeneyo zibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungelelanisa ubuchule bolawulo nokufikelela kovoti.

Ukukhusela ubuqhophololo Ngexesha Lokulungela Ukufumaneka

Iinkqubo zokubhalisa kufuneka ziphumeze ukhuseleko ekuqhatheni ngaphandle kokwenza imiqobo engafanelekanga kubavoti abasemthethweni. Olu lungelelwaniso lufuna ukwenziwa kakuhle kweenkqubo zoqinisekiso, ugcino lwemisongo echanekileyo yabavoti, kunye neenkqubo zokucombulula iimpikiswano zokubhalisa okanye iimpazamo.

Izicwangciso zomthetho zimisela iinkqubo zokususa abavoti abangamkelekanga kwiiroli zokubhalisa, ezifana nabo baye bafuduka, bafa, okanye baphulukana nokufezeka. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zokuhlambulula kufuneka ziquke ukhuseleko ukuze abanyulwa abafanelekileyo bangashenxiswa ngokuphosakeleyo, kuquka iimfuno zesaziso kunye namathuba okuvavanya ukususwa.

Iimfuno Zokufikeleleka Kwezibonelelo Ezinesiphene

Uqikelelo lokuba abemi abaneziphene banokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yokukhetha lumela inxalenye ephambili yokhuseleko lwamalungelo okuvota. Iinkqubo zomthetho ziye zaphuhlisa imigaqo yokufikelela ebanzi ethetha ngeqonga ngalinye lenkqubo yokuvota, ukusukela ekubhaliseni ngokufaka okanye ngokubala izicelo.

Imithetho Yokwamkela YamaQela eUnited States

Ilungelo labantu abakhubazekileyo ukuvota ngasese nangokuzimeleyo, kunye nokufikelela okulinganayo kubhaliso lovoti kunye nenkqubo yovoti ikhuselwe ngoMthetho woncedo iMelika Vote ka 2002 (WAVA), iSihlomelo II samaMelika enoMthetho weNqabuliso (ADA), iNational Voter Revoligiedition Act (NVRA), kunye noMgaqo-mvume wokuFikeleka kwabalupheleyo kunye noMgaqo-siseko oPhakathiweyo, ukwenza utho lwamalungelo asebenza ukuqinisekisa uvoti ngolwelo olunesiphene angafikelela onke amalungu enkqubo yokhetho ngendlela efikeleleka kubo.

UHARA unika ilungelo lokuba abavoti abaneziphene bakwazi ukuphawula, ukuphosa nokuqinisekisa ivoti yabo ngasese nangokuzimeleyo, ngelixa iSihlomelo II se-ADA sifuna urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaneziphene banokufikelela kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente kunye nolwazi olulinganayo, kuquka inkqubo yokuvota. Ezi zicwangciso zomthetho zidibanisayo zidala ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kubavoti abayimilwe.

IADA ifuna urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni namagosa abo onyulo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaneziphene banethuba elipheleleyo nelilinganayo lokuvota kubo bonke oonyulo, kuquka urhulumente, urhulumente, nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni, ukugquma zonke iinkalo zokuvota, njengokuvota, ukukhetha indawo yokunyulwa, nokuvota, enoba ngosuku lonyulo okanye ngaphambi okanye xa ungekho uvotelo.

Izindlu ezizizo ezifikelelekayo

Iimfuno ezisemthethweni ziguqulela kwiindawo ezithile zokuvota nakuyo yonke inkqubo yokuvota. Zonke iindawo zokuvota zifuneka ukuze zifikeleleke kubavoti abaneziphene kwaye ziya kuba noomatshini bokuvota abafikelelekayo. Oku kuquka iimpawu zokufumaneka ngokoqobo ezifana nee-ampps, ukupaka okufikelelekayo, kunye nesayina esifanelekileyo.

Kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuvota, amagosa onyulo kufuneka aqiniseke ukuba unxibelelwano nabantu abaneziphene luyasebenza njengonxibelelwano nabanye, olusenokufuna ukuba amagosa onyulo anikele uncedo oluncedisayo okanye iinkonzo ezifana nabatolikisi bolwimi lwezandla, nomntu okhubazekileyo okhetha ukuvota ngeposi afuna amagosa onyulo afuna ezinye iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zokuxhasa okanye iinkonzo, ezifana nezicelo zokuvota ngeposi kwezinye iifomati eziquka ushicilelo olukhulu, i- brolle, okanye enye indlela efikelelekayo.

Izisombululo zobugcisa zidlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi ekufumaneni. Ukusebenzisa intloko kunye ne-kepg, abavoti abaziimfama kunye nabavoti abanombono osezantsi bayakwazi ukuvota ngokuphulaphula abakhethi bokhetho kunye nokusebenzisa i-papy, nabo abavoti bakwazi ukukhetha ukusebenzisa umahluko ophezulu kunye nemisebenzi emikhulu yoshicilelo lweqela lokuvota. Ezi misebenzi yobugcisa encedisayo yenza abantu bakwazi ukuzivota ngokwabo abanokufuna uncedo.

Uqeqesho nolawulo

Amagosa okhetho, abasebenzi bonyulo, namatsha - ntliziyo onyulo kufuneka afumane uqeqesho ngendlela elungileyo yokukhuthaza ukufikelela nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwabantu abaneziphene kwisikhundla sikarhulumente, kunye nolu qeqesho lufunekayo ukuquka ulwazi olunxulumene namalungelo abo bavoti ngokuphathelele ukubhaliswa kwamalungelo abo bafaka iposi kwi-operation. Uqeqesho olufanelekileyo luqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zokufikelela zisetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo kumgangatho osemhlabeni.

Ukufikeleleka kolwimi nokuBophelela kwamalungelo

Imiqobo yeelwimi inokuba yingxaki entle kubemi abangakwaziyo ukufikelela kwigunya labo. Ukukhuselwa okusemthethweni kweelwimi ezincinane kuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi olungafaniyo aluyi kuba ngumqobo ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

ISiko soLawulo lweMayile yeSizwe sifumaneka ngeelwimi ezingama-21 kwaye singasetyenziswa kumaphondo amaninzi ukubhalisa nokuhlaziya ulwazi lombhali. Le ndlela yolwimi ngeelwimi iyaziqonda iinguqu zolawulo-melo lwale mihla kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi aluyomqobo ekubhaliseni.

Umthetho womanyano ukwavumela nabani na ongakwaziyo ukufunda okanye ukubhala ukuba azise umntu kolu khetho ukuze ancede. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zokufunda nokubhala azithinteli abemi abafanelekileyo ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo okuvota, ngoxa kukwanika abavoti abafuna uncedo lolwimi.

EUnited States, uMthetho waMalungelo uquka amalungiselelo akhethekileyo afuna amagunya athile okubonelela ngezinto zonyulo noncedo ngeelwimi ezingezo isiNgesi xa kukho abemi abambalwa abathetha iilwimi.

Ulawulo Nezixhobo Zokunyanzelisa

Iinkundla zisebenza njengabameli ababalulekileyo bamalungelo okuvota, zinikela amatyala apho abemi balapho benokucel

Indima Yeenkundla Ekukhuseleni Amalungelo Abantu

Iinkundla kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziva amatyala abandakanya ukuphikisana ngamalungelo okuvota, ukususela kucelomngeni lomntu ngamnye ukuya kubhaliso lomGaqo-siseko kwiinkqubo zokhetho. Ezi zindululo zinokuphumela kwimiyalelo efuna oorhulumente batshintshe imisebenzi yabo, imimiselo ekuthinteleni ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho yokuvota etyholwa ukuba i-odolophiniwe, okanye izindululo zokuba imiqathango ethile yokuvota ayivumelani nemithetho esemthethweni.

Iinkundla ezisemagunyeni amathathu kuquka iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseMzantsi Afrika, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada, neNkundla yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu, zitolike ilungelo lokuvota. Le mizekelo yezizwe ngezizwe ibonisa indlela iinkundla ehlabathini lonke ezimelana ngayo nemibuzo efanayo ngokuphathelele umgangatho kunye nemiqathango yokuvota yamalungelo.

Ukuchazwa kwamalungelo okuvota kuvela ngokutsha ekuhambeni kwexesha njengoko iinkundla zithetha ngeengxaki ezintsha kunye neemeko eziguqukayo. Iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo, njengokuthintela ukuqhatha ngoxa ziqinisekisa ukufikelela, okanye ukugcina ulawulo lonyulo olunocwangco ngoxa zikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Iindlela Zokwaphula Amalungelo

Umthetho wehlabathi ufuna unyango olusebenzayo ``a isisombululo okanye "isisombululo"" ngenxa yokuphulwa kwamalungelo omntu, kuquka ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo ovoti, kunye nabavoti abanikela ingxelo yokuba amalungelo abo akhatyiwe okanye aphulwe ngokufanelekileyo, akhawulezileyo, aviwe kakuhle nasisibheno, kwaye anelungelo lokufumana isisombululo esikhawulezayo nesinempumelelo. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo okuvota anentsingiselo esebenzayo ngonyango olunyanzelekileyo.

Ukuvunywa kokuphulwa kwamalungelo okuvota kungenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka imiyalelo yokubala iivoti ezilungiselelweyo, iimfuno zokwandisa iiyure zokuvota, imimiselo echasene noqheliselo lolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye kwanemiyalelo yokuba kubekho unyulo olutsha kwiimeko zokungalungisi okunzulu. Ukufumaneka kwemichiza esebenzayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni amalungelo okuvola abaluleke kunokuba afumaneke.

Iinkqubo zomthetho zinikela iindlela ezininzi zokunyanzelisa amalungelo okuvota, kuquka izikhalazo zolawulo kumagosa onyulo, ukumangalelwa kwetyala kwamakhaya kufuna uncedo okanye umonakalo, yaye kwezinye iimeko ukutshutshiswa kwamatyala okugqithisela okunzulu njengokoyikisa okanye ukuqhatha.

Ulawulo lokhetho kunye namaBhunga oLawulo

Amaqumrhu azimeleyo nabaphathi bonyulo abangookrwelelo adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqulunqeni amalungelo okuvota nokuqinisekisa iinkqubo zonyulo ezifanelekileyo. La maqumrhu asebenza kumgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente kwaye athwele iimbopheleleko ezibalulekileyo ekuguquleleni iimfuno zomthetho kulawulo lonyulo olusebenzisekayo.

Amaqumrhu abaphathi bokhetho aphatha ukubhaliswa kovoti, agcine iiroli, amise, afake iindawo zokuvota, afumane kwaye avavanye izixhobo zokuvota, abale iibhola, iziphumo eziqinisekisiweyo, acombulule iimpikiswano ezinxulumene nonyulo. Inkululeko kunye nobuchule bezi mibutho buchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo enoba amalungelo okuvota akhuselwe ekusetyenzisweni.

Imigangatho yolawulo lokhetho

Umiselo lwemithetho lumisela imilinganiselo amaqumrhu alawula unyulo amele ayilandele, kuquka iimfuno zokuba mhlophe, ukungacaluli, nokufikelela. Le milinganiselo inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lonyulo luphumeza usukelo lokunceda bonke abemi abafanelekileyo ukuba bavote kunokuba baveze imiqobo engafanelekanga.

Unyulo kufuneka lwenzeke kulwakhelo olumiselwe ngokomthetho oluncedayo ekunyulweni ngokukhululekileyo nakubulungisa. Lo mgaqo ufuna ukuba imithetho yonyulo icace, ifumaneke ekuhleni, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokuqhubekayo, incede abavoti nabathathi-nxaxheba baqonde amalungelo abo nezibopho zabo.

Amaqumrhu abaphathi bokhetho kufuneka aphumeze amanyathelo okhuseleko ukukhusela ukuthembeka kwinkqubo yokuvota ngeli lixa kuqinisekiswa ukuba la manyathelo okhuseleko awabangeli umthwalo ongafanelekanga kubavoti. Oku kuquka ukukhusela ubhaliso lobhaliso, ukukhusela izixhobo zokuvota ekuphakamisini, nokuseka iinkqubo zetsheyina lokuvota.

Ukuthunga nokukhuselwa kwemisebenzi

Umthetho wale mihla uyaqonda ukuba ukubonelela ngeendlela ezininzi kunye neendawo ezininzi zokuvota kukhulisa ukufumaneka nokuba nenxaxheba. Ukuvota nokurhoxa kovota kuvumela abemi ukuba bafake izibhedlele ngaphambi koSuku lokhetho, ucwangciso lomsebenzi, uhambo, ukugula, ukukhubazeka, okanye ezinye iimeko ezinokuthintela ukuvota kumntu ngosuku olunye.

Uninzi lwamazwe luvumela abantu abakhubazekileyo baphoswe yiposi. Le ndawo iqonda ukuba abanye abavoti basenokujamelana nocelomngeni oluthile ekufikeleleni iindawo zokuvota kunye neengenelo ezifumaneka kwezinye iindlela zokuvota.

Ukukhusela okusemthethweni kokungabikho nokuvota iposi kufuneka kucombulule inkxalabo eninzi, kuquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba uvoti ungubani, ukuthintela ukunyanzeliswa okanye ukuthengwa kwevoti, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ityala liyimfihlo, nokugcina itsheyina elikhuselekileyo lokugcina intolongo kubachongi abaposi. Amazwe ahlukeneyo avelise iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa le ngxaki ngenjongo yokufumana ukuvota.

Unikezelo Olungekhoyo Lokuthethelela

Amanye amagunya aye ajongiswa kuvoti "engekhoyo", evumela nawuphi na umntu obhalisiweyo ukuba acele ivoti engekhoyo ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu esikhethekileyo. Le ndlela inyusa ukunceda umvoti nokufumaneka, nangona ifuna iinkqubo ezomeleleyo zokulungelelanisa nokuqinisekisa iibhola zeposi.

Ezinye imigaqo zimisela ukuba abavoti abangayi kuvota abahlangabezana nemigaqo ethile, enjengokungabikho kwigunya labo ngoSuku loNnyulo, ukuba neziphene, okanye ukungaphezulu kweminyaka ethile. Ezi ndlela zigqithiseleyo zibonisa imiqathango eyahlukeneyo engokulungelelanisa ufikelelo nokhuseleko nengqibelelo ngonyulo.

Iimfuno zokwahlula

Imithetho yokwahlula imela enye yezona ndawo ziphikisanayo zomthetho wokuvota, nabaxhasi bempikiswano bathintela ubuqhetseba kunye nabachasi abaxambulisanayo ngokungenakulinganiswa bathwalisa umthwalo ngokungenalusini amaqela athile abavoti. Iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka zijonge la maxa wambi akhuphisanayo ngeli lixa ziqinisekisa ukuba unyulo lunengqibelelo kunye nokungena kovoti.

Umbuso ngamnye kunye nomhlaba umisela eyawo imithetho ye-ID yomvoti, namazwe amaninzi afuna abavoti ukuzisa ulwahlulelo ukuze bavote umntu kwaye banikeze ulwazi lwe-ID xa bevota ngeposi. Olu tshintsho lubonakalisa umlinganiselo wolwahlulo olwahlukileyo lwemeko malunga nolungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kokuthintela ukuqhatha nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela.

Iindidi zokwamkelwa komkhomba-mkhethe nazo zahluka ngokuphawulekayo, ngeminye imiqathango eyamkeleyo iindidi ezibanzi zamaphepha ngeli xesha eminye ifuna iintlobo ezithile zokwalatha kwemifanekiso karhulumente. Iingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni kwimithetho ye-ID esoloko igxininisa ekubeni iimfuno zibeka imithwalo engafanelekanga kumaqela athile abavoti, njengabemi abakhulileyo, abantu abafumana imali ephantsi, okanye iincutshe zeentlanga.

Abavoti bangafumana ikhadi le-ID kwi-ofisi yemoto yabo yengingqi, nokuba abaqhubi, nangona kuza kufuneka bahlawule ukuze bafumane ikhadi le-ID, nangona kukho imibutho enokukwazi ukunceda ngerhafu ye-ID. Iindleko kunye nocelomngeni olusebenzayo lokufumana uchazo olufunekayo lungadala imiqobo yokuvota, ingakumbi kubemi abanemiqathango elinganiselweyo okanye abahamba-hambayo.

Ukhuseleko nxamnye nokuqhatha kombane nocinezelo

Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokusebenzisa amalungelo abo okuvota ngaphandle kokusongelwa, ukunyanzelwa okanye ukuqhathwa kwezenzo zokuqhatha, ukuthotywa kwemiqathango, ukukhuselwa kwemiqathango, ukukhuselwa kwemiqathango, okanye ukuqhatha, kusetyenziswa kwemiqathango elungiselelwe ukuthintela okanye ukudimaza ukuvota.

Ihambo echaphazelekayo iquka ukusongela abavoti, ukunikela inkcazelo yobuxoki ngeenkqubo zokuvota okanye ukuqhayisa, ukunikela izicengo okanye ezinye izinto ezibangela ukuba kuvotelwe ngendlela ethile, nokuphazamisa amandla abo bavoti okufikelela kwiindawo zokuvota okanye ukuphosa amavoti. Amagosa omthetho agunyazisa ukunyanzeleka kwamagosa onyulo anesabelo sokuthintela nokusabela kokwaphula umthetho okunjalo.

Uhlolo kunye nonyanzelo

Amandla abalulekileyo okulwa nokungavisisani kukwanda kwemibutho ejongene nonyulo. Le mibutho, yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe, ithobela iinkqubo zokukhetha kwaye inikela ingxelo ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yomthetho nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe.

Abaqwalaseli bokhetho basebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi, kuquka ukuthintela ukungahambi kakuhle ngenxa yobukho babo, ukubhala iingxaki ezenzekayo, nokunika uhlolo oluzimeleyo lokuba ngaba unyulo luyiphumeza kusini na imigangatho yedemokhrasi. Iinkqubo zomthetho kumazwe amaninzi zinikela ngokucacileyo ukuqwalaselwa konyulo yimibutho egunyazisiweyo nabantu ngabanye.

Ukunyanzelisa inkqubo yokuboyikisa nokucinezela iquka ukutshutshiswa kwezaphuli-mthetho, ukumangalelwa kwetyala kwamakhaya kufuna isiqabu okanye umonakalo, kunye nezenzo zolawulo zamagosa onyulo. Ukusebenza kwezi nkqubo zonyanzelo kuxhomekeke kwimithombo eyaneleyo, ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, nemilinganiselo ecacileyo echaza ihambo evaliweyo.

Ukuhlaziywa nokukhuselwa

Ukuzoba imida yesithili esikhethiweyo ngokuphawulekayo kuchaphazela ixabiso leevoti nganye nokulunga kweziphumo zonyulo. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni oluchasene negarrymanning(ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili ukwenzela iinjongo zokukhetha okanye zokukhupha intetho-mvume) kuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo okuvota aguqulelwa kumelo olunentsingiselo.

Imigangatho esemthethweni yokulungisa imimandla ifuna ukuba izithili zibe nabemi abalinganayo, bathobele imithetho elwa nocalucalulo, kwaye kwezinye iindawo bafikelele imilinganiselo eyongezelelekileyo enjengeyokudibana, ukuhlonela abantu abahlala kunye, okanye ubugqwetha bezobupolitika. Iinkundla zihlola iinjongo ezizinzileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela ezi mfuneko zomthetho.

Ucelomngeni lokulungisa iiplani zokwaphula imilinganiselo ehlukeneyo, kuquka ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, ukukhuthuza, okanye ukusilela ukulungiselela umelo olulinganayo. Imilinganiselo esemthethweni yokuvavanya ezi ngxaki iyaqhubeka iguquka njengoko iinkundla zixabana nendima efanelekileyo yokuqwalasela ii-propati ekudibaniseni iinguqu kunye nemigangatho yokuchaza ukungalingani kwe-gerryman.

Imali yeCandelo nokuHlanganisa

Nangona ingekuko ngokungqalileyo ngokuvota ngokwako, imithetho yezemali yephulo ichaphazela ukungakhethi bubulungisa nokuthembeka kweenkqubo zokuchonga.

Le mithetho kufuneka ilungelelanise intsebenziswano, kuquka amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukukhusela urhwaphilizo okanye inkangeleko yokunganyaniseki, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ubutyebi abuzichazi iziphumo zokukhetha. Amazwe awahlukeneyo aye asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwimida engqongqo kwiminikelo nenkcitho ukuya kwiinkqubo ezikhuthaza ukutyhilwa kunokuba ibekelwe imida.

Ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yezemali yephulo kubandakanya imfuneko yokutyhilwa, imiqathango yeminikelo, imiqathango yeentlobo ezithile zemali, kunye nezohlwayo zokwaphula umthetho. Amaqumrhu azimeleyo asoloko ejonge ukuthotyelwa kwemali nokuphanda ngokokwaphulwa.

Uhlolo lonyulo lwehlabathi kunye nemigangatho

Uhlolo lonyulo lwehlabathi lonke luye lwaba likhondo elibalulekileyo lokukhuthaza unyulo lwedemokhrasi nokukhusela amalungelo okuvota emhlabeni wonke. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe kunye neequmrhu ezijolise kwingingqi ezijolise ekujoliseni unyulo nokuvavanya ukuhambelana nemilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe.

IOfisi yoMphathiswa Ophakamileyo Wamalungelo Abantu weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo inendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni nasekukhuseleni ilungelo lokuvota, izabalazela ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyulo lufikelela imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe nokuba lukwimeko apho wonke umntu anokusebenzisa amalungelo akhe asisiseko, ebandakanyeke kumsebenzi opheleleyo wamalungelo abantu ukutyhubela iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zomjikelo wokukhetha.

Iintlanganiso zohlolo lwehlabathi jikelele zihlola iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo zovoteli, kuquka ukwenziwa komthetho, ukuvota, iphulo lokuvota, iinkqubo zokuvota, ukubala ibhola, kunye nesigqibo sokuphikisana. Iingxelo zabo zinikela uhlolisiso oluzimeleyo lokuba unyulo luyiphumeze kusini na imigaqo yehlabathi lonke yaye zisoloko ziquka iingcebiso zokuphuculwa.

Imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe yokhetho lwedemokhrasi

Kuyinto eyaziwa ngokubanzi ukuba ayikho indlela enye yokukhetha elungele zonke iintlanga nabantu; iinkqubo zonyulo zintsonkothile kwaye zifuna ukuxilongwa ngokusondeleyo ukuqinisekisa inkululeko nokusesikweni. Oku kuqwalaselwa kolwahluka-hlukeneyo kuyavuma ukuba iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zonyulo zinokuhambelana nemigaqo yedemokhrasi ngelixa zibonakalisa ukwahluka kwembali, inkcubeko, kunye nemeko yezobupolitika.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi mpawu zahluka, imigaqo engundoqo yezizwe ngezizwe ichaza imigaqo engundoqo ekufuneka ibalaselise unyulo lwedemokhrasi, kuquka ukuvalwa kwemithetho yedemokhrasi jikelele kunye nokulingana, ukubonakaliswa ngokukhululekileyo kokuthanda konyulo, unyulo lwasesemfihlekweni, unyulo-mdla, kunye neengcaciso ezisebenzayo zokwaphula. Le migaqo inika inkqubo yokuhlola enoba iinkqubo zokuvota zifanelekile kusini na.

Ucelomngeni Lokukhusela Amalungelo Abantu

Ngoxa ilungelo lokuvota ligqalwa ngokubanzi njengelungelo elisisiseko lomntu, eli lungelo alinyanzeliswa ngokupheleleyo kwizigidi zabantu ehlabathini jikelele, ngokusoloko linganeliseki kuquka abantu abangengobantu, abantu abaselula, amancinane, abo benza ulwaphulo-mthetho, abangenamakhaya, abantu abakhubazekileyo, nabanye abaninzi abangafumani mvume yokuvota ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo kuquka ubuhlwempu, ukungafundi, ukothusa, okanye iinkqubo zonyulo ezingafanelekanga.

Ukulungisa le ngxaki kufuneka kwenziwe imigudu eqhubekayo yokubona nokususa imiqobo yokuvota, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lonyulo lwanele, ukulwa nocalucalulo kunye nokoyikisa, nokukhuthaza imfundo yoluntu ngamalungelo okuvota.

Iingxaki Ezimanyeneyo

Ubugcisa obutsha kunye nokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo kudala imingeni yokuphelisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo okuvota. Ukusongela izibonelelo zonyulo, amaphulo okurhoxa amaphulo olwazi acetyelwe ukuphelisa ukuvota okanye ukuphelisa ukukholosa ngonyulo, kunye neengxoxo zokuvota ngekhompyutha zonke iingxoxo ezikhoyo ezifuna ukucombululeka.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu neentlekele zemvelo kungayiphazamisa iminyulo kwaye kubangele imingeni yokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abavoti abafanelekileyo bangafaka amavoti. Iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka zinikeze ulungelelwano ukusingatha ezi ngxaki ngoxa zigcina ingqibelelo yonyulo nokuqinisekisa ukuba amanyathelo ongxamiseko awawathinteli ngokungeyomfuneko amalungelo okuvota.

Ikamva Lokukhusela Amalungelo Abantu

Ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota kusengucelomngeni oluqhubekayo olufuna ukuhlala uphaphile kwaye uqhelane notshintsho oluvelayo kunye neengxaki ezintsha, izakhiwo ezisemthethweni kufuneka zitshintshe ukuze zicombulule ezi nguqulelo ngoxa zigcina ukhuseleko olusemzimbeni ukuze zikwazi ukuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Ubugcisa obutsha bunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lwamalungelo okuvota. Ukubhaliswa kwevoti ngomnxeba, iincwadi zovotelwa ze-elektroniki, kunye nobugcisa bokufumana imvume ngobuchule obuphucukileyo bunokwenza ukuvota kube luncedo kwaye kube nokufumaneka. Kodwa ke, obu bugcisa bukwanyusa inkxalabo ngokhuseleko, ukuzimela, nokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi banokufikelela ngokulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba bayakwazi ukufunda nokubhala okanye bazibonelela.

Ukutshintsha kobomi babantu, kuquka ukwaluphala kwabemi, ukukhula kweenguqu, nokutshintsha-guquka kwendlela yokuhamba, kufuna imigaqo esemthethweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba bonke abemi banokusebenzisa amalungelo abo okuvota. Oku kunokuquka ukwandisa iindawo zokuhlala ezinokufumaneka, ukulungiselela izixhobo zolwazi lweelwimi ezininzi kunye nokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokubhalisa ezihlalisa abantu abahambayo.

Ukomeleza Ukhuseleko Olusemthethweni

Ukuqinisa amalungelo okuvota kufuna iindlela ezininzi, kuquka ulawulo oluqinileyo lomthetho, oovimba abafanelekileyo bolawulo, iindlela zokunyanzelisa, imfundo yezentlalo, nokuhlola nokuhlola iinkqubo zokukhetha. Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nokwabelana ngezona zenzo zilungileyo kunceda ukufundiswa kumava omnye nokuphucula iinkqubo zakhe.

Imibutho yamakhaya yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni amalungelo okuvota, ekufundiseni abavoti ngamalungelo abo, ekuhloleni unyulo, nasekucel ’ umngeni ukuchaswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo engokwasemthethweni neyopolitiko. Ukuxhasa le mibutho kukomeleza ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo okuvota.

Isiphelo

Ukukhusela amalungelo kumela umgangatho entsonkothileyo wezithethe zezizwe ngezizwe, imimiselo yemithetho, imigaqo yolawulo, kunye neenkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ezi zicwangciso zomthetho zijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, bengenalucalucalulo, bengenayo imiqobo, okanye bengenazo izithintelo ezisesikweni.

Ukukhuselwa okunempumelelo kwamalungelo okuvota kufuna okungaphezulu kunemithetho nje ebhaliweyo efuna ukuphunyezwa ngamandla, ubuncwane obaneleyo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho othe ngxi, nokuqhubeka kuhambelana neengxaki ezintsha. Iinkundla, abachongi, imibutho yoluntu kunye nabemi ababandakanyeke iindima ezibalulekileyo ekuguquleni ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kwizinto zokwenene.

Njengoko ulawulo-melo lucombulula iingxaki, ukususela ekuphazamisekeni kwezobugcisa ukuya ekutshintsheni kwenani labantu ukuya ekungeneni kwemiqathango yokungangeneleli kwenkcazelo nakwamanye amazwe, ukubaluleka kokukhuselwa ngamandla kwamalungelo okuvota kukhula kuphela. Ukulondoloza nokuqinisa olu khuselo kudinga ukubambelela ngokuqhubekayo kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi nokuqonda ukuba amalungelo okuvota asisiseko sorhulumente osemthethweni, ongummeli.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngamalungelo ovota kunye nolawulo lonyulo, U.S. iKhomishini yoNkqulo yoNcedo inikezela ngoovimba abaninzi ekufikeleleni nasebugqweni bomsebenzini obungcono. [ i-Oficite yoMphathi-mikhosi oPhezulu wamalungelo abantu [[[[FLT:]]] inikela ulwazi ngemigangatho yezizwe ngemiqathango kunye namalungelo abantu. Intlangano efana [[FLT:] inikela [FLT] iNkquluvoote[[5] uphatho] lophando [ok'okt.VT.: [5] umbatho lokwenza uphando olusebenzayo] [Fo.FT.Prome.]

Ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo zomthetho ezikhusela ngayo amalungelo okuvota okunika abemi amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokunempumelelo, ukuqaphela xa loo malungelo esongelwa, nokuxhasa ukukhuselwa okunamandla. Kwixesha apho amaziko edemokhrasi ejamelana neengxaki ezininzi, athe axelelwa yaye athenjiswa, ahlala engooonongendi abaphezulu bamalungelo okuvota nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.