UMgaqo-siseko we-United States asiloxwebhu olunothuli olugcinwe kwiNational Archives; luxwebhu oluphilayo olubuguqula ngokukhutheleyo ubomi bemihla ngemihla bommi ngamnye. Ukususela kwixesha esithetha ngalo iingqondo zethu kwintlanganiso yasesidlangalaleni siphathwa ngayo ngomthetho okanye sikhuselwe emakhayeni ethu, amalungelo omGaqo-siseko anika abafundi isiseko senkululeko, isigwebo, nokulingana. Ezi zikhuseli ziphothiweyo ziphothiselwe kwilaphu lempumlo yengi yengingiselwano yaseMelika, iphembelela imfundo, umsebenzi, ukuzifihla, kwanobuntu bethu, kwanohlobo lwethu lokunxibelelana norhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela la malungelo omgaqo-siseko aguqulela amava okwenene kwilizwe kuthi, afundisa abafundi, abafundisi, nabo bonke abemi abanqwenela ukuqhelisa nokuxabisa inkululeko eqinisekisiweyo kubo.

Ukuqonda amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Amalungelo oMgaqo-siseko lukhuseleko olusisiseko kunye namalungelo anikwe abantu ngabanye ngoMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ngokuyintloko, ngeBhili yamaLungelo (ukulungiswa kweZinga) kunye nokulungiswa okulandelayo okufana neSindululo soLawulo lweMgaqo-siseko se-144th noMgaqo-nkqubo ka-Mlinganiselo ka-Xwenu. La malungelo acetyelwe ukumisela ukumisela amandla karhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukuba abemi baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo, ngokusesikweni, nangesidima. Abacebisi nje ngemigaqo esemthethweni; abanyanzeli migaqo esemthethweni exhaswe ziinkundla xa kucetyiswa umthetho. Umgaqo-siseko umisela inkqubo yokuhlola nokukhusela isebe elinye likarhulumente ekuthinteleni ukuphazamisa inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Umzekelo, uMmiselo wokuqala ukhusela kungekuphela kwentetho yezopolitiko kodwa kwanezobugcisa, ukunqula, nokuhlanganisa ulawulo loxolo loxolo lomthetho othe tyala ngokubhekisele ekungeneni kwemithetho esemthethweni, ngokusetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho engongokwasemthethweni, ukusetyenziswa kweminye ukuqinisekisa iimeko, ukuqinisekisa iimeko zoluntu ezikhoyo, ezi

Amalungelo angundoqo omgaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko ubala amalungelo amaninzi angundoqo achaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Nangona kubalulekile iBhili yamaLungelo, ezi zilungiso zilandelayo zinxulumene ngokukhethekileyo namava aqhelekileyo:

  • IsiHlanzi soMgqibo sokuqala - Iqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yendibano, nelungelo lokucela urhulumente. Oku kukhusela yonke into ekuvakaliseni iimbono zezobupolitika, ekubonakaliseni ukholo lobuqu, ekugxekeni amagosa, nasekuhlanganiseni ekuvumeni.
  • IsiHlanzi soMphetho-Mphetho-owesine – Ikhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Oku kuthetha ukuba amapolisa asoloko efuna isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula ikhaya lakho, inqwelo-mafutha okanye izixhobo ze-elektroniki, kwaye nabuphina ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni bungakhutshwa ekuvavanyweni.
  • [Umphetho-wesi-fanisi-FFT – unika amalungelo anxulumene nenkqubo yomthetho efunekayo, ukhuseleko kukwahlukana (ilungelo lokuthula), umngcipheko ophindwe kabini, kunye nembuyekezo xa impahla yabucala ithatyathwe ukuze isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke.
  • IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi-mda se- – iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nakuwonke wonke, umchopheli-mkhethe, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, nelungelo lokucebisana ngokusemthethweni. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko – Ibheyile egqithisileyo, intlawulo egqithisileyo, nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. Oku kuphembelela ukugwetywa kwemigaqo, iimeko zentolongo, nengxoxo yesigwebo sentambo.
  • [[NTL:0] UHlaliso lweMimiselo yeMisebenzi ye-Folete - idlulisela ukhuseleko lwaMalungelo amaninzi kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngemfundiso yokuququzelela. Ukukhusela okulinganayo kuka-Claus kuyayithintela imithetho yokukhetha, kwaye i-SScemission Claus ikhusela amalungelo asisiseko afana nomtshato, ubuzali, kunye nobumfiliba.

La malungelo akaphelelanga; anokuba phantsi kwemimiselo karhulumente esengqiqweni enika ingcelele, enjengokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Noko ke, nawuphi na umqathango karhulumente kufuneka ulungiswe ngokumxinwa kwaye ugwetyelwe ngengqiqo ebalulekileyo, njengeenkundla zihlolisisa ngokusondeleyo imithetho ethwele umthwalo wenkululeko esisiseko.

Impembelelo Kwimfundo

Indlu yesikolo yenye yezona ndawo ziphambili apho amalungelo e-Gaqo-siseko esebenza khona. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isoloko iqonda ukuba abafundi aba "bewachithi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko enkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lendlu yesikolo" ( iTinker v. Des Moindement Community Dis [[FL]], 1969]). Eli tyala libalulekileyo elibandakanya abafundi abanxibe iingalo olumnyama ukulwa nemikhosi yemfazwe yaseVietnam, kwaye iNkukholelwa ukuba izikolo zinokucinezela kuphela intetho yabafundi ukuba ingabangela ukuphazamisa okugqithisileyo kwinkqubo yemfundo. Namhlanje, lo mgaqo ukwenziwa kwabafundi, ii-medipozi zoluntu kwenziwa ngaphandle kokusingqongileyo okuchaphazela imekobume yesikolo, kunye nentetho efana nentetho efana nempahla okanye iimpahla zezobupolitika, ngokokuvini, ngokokuvinjwa, iintkolo ezithenjiwe, okanye kukhuselwa, imisebenzi engekho mthethweni,[FFod.][3][3], u-

Amalungelo emfihlo nawo adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizikolo. UMthetho-Mpanzi wesine ukhusela abafundi ekufuneni okungekho ngqiqweni ngamagosa ezikolo. [[FL:0] New Jersey v.T.L.[[FL.1] , iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba amagosa esikolo afuna ukukrokraza okusengqiqweni kuphela. / ngokunokwenzeka kubangela ukuba ````''''' uphando lomfundi, kodwa kufuneka agwebe umgangatho wakhe ofanelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umqhubi okanye i-ehlolo-mali engekho mthethweni wabafundi. Kutshanje, iinkundla zinokuphikisana nokuphengulula iifowuni zabafundi, ngokufuthi zifuna isiqinisekiso okanye ukuboniswa ngamandla kwe-data egcinwe kwezi zixhobo. Oku kunceda ukukhusela i-gqweqwesi phakathi kwemfundo kunye nokukhusela i-transkistiki phakathi kwabafundi, apho abafundi banokufumana khona amalungelo abo abathengi abaselula.

Inkululeko Eboniswa Ezikolweni

Intetho yabafundi ithatha iindlela ezininzi, ukusuka ekunxibeni ii-t-shirts zezobupolitika ukuya ekuqaliseni ii-admin okanye ekupapasheni amanqaku kumaphephandaba esikolo. INkundla Ephakamileyo iqinisekisa ukuba izikolo azinakukwazi ukugxeka iimbono zabafundi ngenxa nje yokuba ziphikisana okanye azithandwa. Umzekelo, Bong] Hits 4 Jesus [[ [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [2]] [amarvessss. Frederick[, 2007]), iNku. iNkundla ivumela isikolo ukuba sivumele isikolo ukuba sibonise ingqeqesho yokubonisa ibhanile enokuthi isetyenziswe ngokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, kodwa yagxininisa ukuba intetho ayibanga yindlela yesithethe yezopolitiki yezopolitiki. Ngokukhawuleza, inkundla ezisezantsi zithetha ngengozi ezisezikolo, zibambe iipane zemfundo ezithe ukuphazamisa iziphumo zemfundo zezentlalo-coagente, ezithe ezithekileyo, ezitheklo

Amalungelo Ayimfihlo Abafundi

Ngaphezu kokuphengulula, abafundi banamalungelo obuqu kwiindawo zabo. Amagumbi okutshixa izikolo aqhele ukuba yimpahla yesikolo, kodwa abafundi balindele ukuba izinto zibe zezobuqu, ingakumbi xa benikela izitshixo zabo. Upelo Lwesine lufuna ukuba amagosa esikolo acinge sengqiqweni ngaphambi kokuqhuba uphendlo, okuthetha ukuba bamele babe nezibakala ezingqalileyo ezibonisa ukuba umfundi usenokuba uyawonakalisa umthetho okanye umthetho wesikolo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvavanywa okunyanzelekileyo kweziyobisi ezidityaniswe kwimisebenzi yamva kwesikolo kuxhaswe njengomgaqo-mgamfa ([[FLT:]0] [Board yemfundo., kodwa ngokungenanjongo kuxokwako, kodwa uvavanyo lweziyobisi oluthelekelelekileyo lwabo bonke abafundi luchasene noMphethombo we-Grade. Aba bafundisa ukuba i-Geneth-energyine, kodwa xa kuthenjiwe omnye umba ofanelekileyo, umgaqo ofanelekileyo, u-G.

Impembelelo Kumsebenzi

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akwadlulela nasemsebenzini, nangona iqondo lokukhusela lixhomekeke ekubeni umqeshi usisiko likarhulumente (icandelo loluntu) okanye inkampani yabucala. IsiHlaliso Sokuqala sikhusela abasebenzi boluntu ukuba bangaphindeli kwimisebenzi yabo esemthethweni, abakhuselekanga ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo okuthetha ngenkululeko kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke. [Garcetti v. Umzekelo, umfundisi-fundisi ogxeka imigaqo yesikolo unokuba ichaphazela abafundi, ngoxa i-gqhinga likarhulumente elibhala ityala lomsebenzi wabo wezentengingqi, abakhuselekanga njengabemi; ngoko ke, abathethiwammi ngokwemicimbi yangabomgaqo-mthetho.

ISindululo soHlahlo seNkqutyana ka-Sigqibo sika-Accolas sichaphazela umsebenzi, ingakumbi abaqeshwa bakawonke-wonke abanomdla wemfuno yempahla kwimisebenzi yabo (umz., ngesivumelwano okanye ngentsebenziswano). Phambi kokuba bagxothwe okanye bohlwaywe, banelungelo lokuqaphela izityholo kunye nethuba elinentsingiselo lokuphendula, njengoko kumiselwe kwi- iBhunga lemfundo yezemfundo-Dislation . Loudermill[[[FLT]] [1985]]. Oku kuthintela ukuphelisa okungenalusinibo kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba sesikweni emsebenzini. Ngaphezu koko, ukuLawulwa kwemiqathango-Ganti ye-Gedemo (iGream) inqanda esekelwe kucalu-luelwano, ubufana nobufana nomthetho boburhulumente obuqhelekileyo, kunye nokukhuselwa koonyulwa komsebenzi, iinkqubo ze-omatilathi, ii-odolathi ze-odolase-om, iinjongo zemisebenzi zezigidi zezo zomsebenzi,

Ukuthetha Ngokukhululeka Emsebenzini

Kwicandelo labucala, abaqeshi banenkululeko ephangaleleyo yokulawula indlela yokuthetha yabasebenzi, ingakumbi ukuba iphazamisa imisebenzi, iphazamisa igama lenkampani, okanye iyaphula iinkqubo. Noko ke, abaqeshwa bahlala benelungelo lokuthetha ngeemeko ezithile zemisebenzi. Ngokunjalo, njengemeko zezokhuseleko ngezantsi. Ngokunjalo, abaqeshwa bafumana inkxaso engakumbi ngenxa yokuba abaqeshi babo beyihlonela imida yomgaqo-siseko. Umthetho weSizwe ukhusela amalungelo abasebenzi ukuba baphumeze umsebenzi othile okanye bathethe kwintlanganiso yebhunga lokuncedisana okanye ukukhusela, okuquka ukuxubusha ngemivuzo, iinzuzo, kunye neemeko zokusebenza. Okwangoku, abasebenzi borhulumente bafumana inkxaso engakumbi ngenxa yokuba abaqeshi babo bafanele bawuhlonele. Umzekelo, umsebenzi akamele akhutshwe ngenxa yokubhalisa intlanganiso ethile okanye ukudibana kwebhungangentlalo-ngqungquthelane nentlalo-ntle yesixeko, njengoko iphazamisana nemisebenzi yabo.

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kumsebenzi

Kufuneka abaqeshi bakarhulumente banike isaziso kunye nokumphulaphula ngaphambi kokuba bamnqande umqeshwa womqeshwa womdla wempahla eqhubekekayo. Oku kudla ngokuthiwa ngumqeshwa kawonke-wonke onesivumelwano okanye kufuneka anikwe izizathu ezikhethekileyo zokugxothwa kunye nethuba lokunika ubungqina nokuphikisa ityala labo. Oku kufunekayo akulovavanyo olupheleleyo, kodwa kumele kube sesikweni. Abaqeshwa bomzingeli-mthetho-mzingo-siseko badla ngokungabinalo olu khuseleko, kodwa basenokuba banamalungelo afanayo phantsi kwesivumelwano okanye umthetho. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo efunekayo isebenza ekudibanisweni kwemvume yobugcisa, enokuthi ichaphazele ekusebenzeni komntu. Ezi zinto ziqinisekisa ukuba isenzo sikarhulumente esichaphazela umsebenzi asiko ngokusesikweni, kodwa bamele balondoloze umgaqo wokulunga okusembindingqingqi.

Impembelelo Kwinkululeko Yobuqu

Mhlawumbi eyona mpembelelo inzulu yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kubomi bemihla ngemihla ikwindawo yenkululeko yobuqu, ukukwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezinzulu eziphathelele intsapho, ulwalamano, kunye nezonyango ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukarhulumente okungafanelekanga. IsiHlayi seSine soMphetho-Mda sikhusela ngokuyintloko isiganeko seseli esinzima sokufumana, iinqwelo-mafutha, kwaye ngokukhulayo, izixhobo zamanani. [[FLT]] i-Ry [2014] [iNkunye iNkundla ephakamileyo yeNkumbuso ikholelwa ukuba amapolisa amele afumane isiqinisekiso sokukhangela isiganeko seseli sokubanjwa, ukuqaphela ukuba ezi zinto zinenani elikhulu le data yobuqu. Ngokufanayo, iNkuvoluvo yesine iyakwazi ukukhusela i-GPSDSDicer [[FF] [F] [F], uninzi loluntu loluntu loluntu loluntu loluntu loluntu, ingayiphakaliswa ngokuthe kkaliswa ngokuthe kka.[206]

ISigqibo soMgqibeko se-14th Signifement's Batts Claus sitolikiwe ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko obuqu kunye nenkululeko, kuquka ilungelo lokutshata ([[FLT: 0]bergefell v. Hodges[, 2015), ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukuthintela ukuthintela inzala ([[[[FLT:]]]]]]Grillold v.Connecticut[[[FLT:]]]]bs v. [FLT], 1965], kunye nelungelo lokukhetha ukuqhomfa ([[FLT:]]Roev.[[FLT] v.[FLT], umgaqo othe cwangci, ugwebo oluthelweyo, uGciso oluthelweyo, uGwano-onke, ulukelo lwemeko oluthe lulubonelelayolongo lwemeko, olunamandla, oluthe ukukhusela kulawulo oluthe lwabiwo lwemeko lwemeko oluthe ntle, olunamandla, oluthe , oluthe lwabiwo lwemeko

Ndinelungelo Lokuzifihla

Ilungelo lokuzifihla akuchazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakuqonda njengokuphuma kwi "penumbras" yeBhili yamaLungelo kunye nenkululeko ekhuselwe yiMpatho-Mdaniso we-145. Eli lungelo ligubungela iindawo ezahlukeneyo njengeemfihlelo zekhaya, ukufihla iingxelo zezamayeza, nenkululeko yokubandakanyeka kulwalamano lobuhlobo bobuhlobo obusondeleyo. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0]] Llawnce v. Texas [2003], iNkuhla kwemithetho ephazamisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yobuqu, ibandakanya ukuziphatha okungacalula phakathi kwabantu abadala, iqinisekisa ukuba abantu banelungelo lokwenza izigqibo ezisondeleneyo ngaphandle kokuphazamisana norhulumente. Kwiminyaka yonyaka, kubandakanya nokulawula ulwazi lobuqu. I-FLT [2001] [intellingl] [igsmes, ukukhusela okusetyenziswa komthetho okungumthetho okungukukhusela urhulumente, ukukhusela okunganyani, ukukhusela abantu, ukukhusela abantu, ukukhusela abantu

Ukukhuselwa Kwisohlwayo Esinenkohlakalo

IsiHlaliso sesilela isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga, esichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwimigaqo egwetywayo ukuya kwiimeko zokuvalelwa. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yathi izigwebo ezingapheliyo zetyala elingenabugrogrisi zisenokuchaphazeleka kuMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo wesiXhosa, njengaku Sholem v. [[[FLT:][1]] [[FLT]] [1], apho ubomi obungenasombululo [19983], apho isigwebo sokubhala isigwebo esingalunganga sokuhlola okubi sabethwa.[5] ngokunjalo, iNkunye, iNkutshona, iNkuphetho yetyala lithintelwe yimeko eyingozi ([FLT], i-Foctive, i-Fogrank, kunye ne-ograins) exhotyiswe ngumthetho woncedo lwezonyango olugqithisonke oluqhelekileyo, uluntu, uluntu oluxhotyisongelo oluqhelekileyo, oluxhobileyo oluqhelekileyo, oluno oluthiweyo, oluthi

Isiphelo

[[5] [FF], umgaqo-siseko awululo uxwebhu oluthe ngqo lwembali; luyinkqubo elawula amalungelo neembopheleleko zabemi yonke imihla. Ukusukela kwigumbi lokufundela ukuya emsebenzini, ukususela kulwalamano lobuqu ukuya kunxibelelwano lwamapolisa, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko abumba imida yenkululeko kwaye aqinisekise ukuba amandla karhulumente ahlala elinganiselwe kwaye ebekelwe ityala. Ukuqonda la malungelo ``````Amalungelo eNkundla ePhakamileyo''',' okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo, nokuqhubekayo kokungavisisani okusemthethweni kwabantu abaqhelekileyo, kwaye amava okukhoyo kwabantu abaqhelekileyo, kuyafuneka kwimisebenzi yabo. Abafundi, abafundisi, nabo bonke abantu baseMelika bayangenelwa ekuqondeni indlela uMphethombo owenziwe ngayo, indlela yokukhusela imicimbi, nendlela elungele ngayo imicimbi ekhoyo yokhuseleko, nendlela elungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-demokhrasi, nokuxhasa ubomi bebutho elikhoyo.[5] [F3] [Fotective syl] [F] [F] [Fotences provitions : [F]],[3]