Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Nesiseko Sokuthetha

UHlaliso Lokuqala loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lumi njengendawo elula ekhokeleyo yenkululeko yabemi baseMerika, ichaza umgaqo osisiseko wokuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuphelisa ukubonakaliswa kweengcamango. Umyalelo wakhe ongundoqo ```"" "IConrerfor awuyi kwenza mthetho... olawula inkululeko yokuthetha". Ligunyaza elinamandla kwaye elinamandla kumandla ombuso. Ngoxa umbhalo ngokwawo ulula ngokukhohlisayo, ukusetyenziswa okusebenzisekayo kweli lungelo kuye kwabunjwa ziinkulungwane zemfazwe yezobupolitika, iinguqulelo yentlalo, kunye nokucaciswa okuntlukwano. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iingcambulo ezinzulu zembali, iindidi ezisisiseko, iinkcazelo ezingokomthetho, kunye nezimvo zangoku zokubekwa komGatho-siseko ekunene kwintetho ekhululekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi ziyimfuneko ekusebenziseni iimbopheleleko zokulawula ubuminyaka kunye nokugcinwa kwentetho ekulawulwa kwe-demodemokhrasi.

Ekuqaleni, uHlaziyo Lokuqala lwalusebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Noko ke, ngokuqukwa kwemfundiso yoKhuseleko lweshumi elinesine, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa ezi nqanaba kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, iqala ngokunyanisekileyo Gitrow v. New York [1925]. Le nkqubela-phambili enzima yandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufikelela kokhuseleko olukhululekileyo, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mgangatho karhulumente eUnited States unokuba kungabikho mqobo wokuwagxeka. Uhambo olusuka kuMda omxinwa ukuya kumgaqo wesizwe obanzi wenkululeko yokuthetha yanamhlanje.

Imvelaphi Yokukhuseleka Kwenkululeko Yokuthetha

Abaququzeleli beBhili yamaLungelo babephenjelelwe kakhulu yimibutho yobulumko yokukhanyiselwa kunye namava abo phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane. Bafuna ukwakha urhulumente oza kukhusela inkululeko yomntu ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwegunya elisembindini ababelibonele.

Impembelelo Yabaqiqeli Nemithetho YesiNgesi

Iincwadi zikaJohn Locke, owaphikisa amalungelo endalo kunye nemfuneko karhulumente ngokuvuma, wanikela isiseko sentanda-bulumko sokuchaza ngokukhululekileyo. I-Aspogagita, ipalmicious engu1644 ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa koshicilelo, yaphikisa ngamandla ukuba inyaniso inokuphuma kuphela kukhuphiswano lweengcamango ngokuphikisana okungathintelekiyo. Ezi ngcamango zawuphikisa ngqo umthetho wesiNgesi oqhelekileyo we-libherellet, owenziwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo, olugxekwayo lwesithsaba nesithsaba norhulumente. Abasebenzi bemi bomsebenzi we-frame balu buchule bokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nokupapasha njengelungelo elingundoqo, elibalulekileyo lokusukela inyaniso nokukhusela ubuzwibhabha.

Amava Okuthatyathwa Kwamathanga Neengxoxo Zokuqhatha

Izikhalazo ezikhawulezileyo zamathanga phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane zazisa imfuneko yokufumana isiqinisekiso sokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Ukuhlolisiswa kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zamathanga kunye nokutshutshiswa kwabashicileli abanjengoJohn Peter Zenger, owagxeka amagunya aseBritane, wagxininisa ulwalamano olusondeleyo phakathi kwenkululeko yezobupolitika namandla okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Ebudeni beengxoxo ezikrakrakra zokudiswa komGaqo-siseko, iAnti-Federalist yaphikisa ngamandla ukuba urhulumente omtsha ophakathi uza kuphelisa ukungavumelani okungenakuphephezelwa ukuba umthetho ongqalileyo wamalungelo wawungadityaniswa. Ushenxiswa ngqo koku kulula, umlomo ocacileyo ochasene nobundlobo bonke okanye nomphathi besazulu.

Uvavanyo Lokuqala: UMthetho WesiCwangciso wowe - 1798

Ngokufutshane emva kokubekwa kwayo, uMphengululo Wokuqala wajamelana novavanyo olunzima ngokudlula koMthetho weSedition ka-1798. Lo mthetho udidane kakhulu wakwenza kwaba lulwaphulo-mthetho ukupapasha "ubuxoki, ihlazo, kunye nokubhala okunolunya" ngokuchasene norhulumente. Wasetyenziselwa ngokuyintloko ukuchophela iintatheli kunye nabahleli abayalelwe ne-Sédrion Democratic-Republicans. Nangona uMthendeleko waphelelwa lixesha yaye abo bagwetywayo kamva baxolelwa nguMongameli Jefferson, ukuchasana kwezobupolitika ngokuchasene nawo kwaqinisekisa ukuqonda kwabantu ukuba injongo engundoqo yeSigqibo Sokuqala soMnyulo yayikukukhusela ukungavumelani kwezobupolitika. Ingxoxo engomthetho ihlala iyingxelo enamandla ethetha ngokuzinzisayo ngenkululeko yomlomo kwimicimbi yezobupolitika.

Iindidi Zentetho Ekhuselweyo

Imfundiso yesiHlamli sokuQala saMahla iyavuma ukuba "inkululeko yokuthetha" iquka okungaphezulu kakhulu kunelizwi elithethwayo. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yavelisa isiseko sokucalucalula nokukhusela iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza, iqonda ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentetho zikhonza imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yentlalo.

Intetho Yezobupolitika: ISiqonga SoMgaqo Wokuqala

Intetho yezobupolitika, kuquka ingxoxo ngabamele ukunikwa intetho, inkqubo karhulumente, imicimbi karhulumente, kunye nehambo yamagosa karhulumente, inikwe umgangatho ophezulu wokhuseleko. Olu didi lusoloko luchazwa njengeluphethe intloko-phambili yemigangatho yokuLandlwa koMgqino wokuqala. Imeko yengqikelelo yeziganeko zephondo iNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]) imisa imiqobo emandla ngokuchasene nesuti ezimfathu ze-etistiki zamagosa kawonke, eqonda ukuzinikela kwesizwe kumgaqo wokuba impikiswano yemicimbi kawonke kufuneka ivuthe, ivuthe, kwaye ivulekile. Isigqibo esifunekayo kumagosa kawonke ukungqina "izenzo zobuqhekezo" ukuphumelela imeko yokugculelwa, ukulungiselela indawo efunekayo yokugxeka urhulumente.

Intetho Yomfuziselo Nehambo Ebonakalisa Isidima

Izenzo ezilungiselelwe ukudlulisela umyalezo othile zidla ngokukhuselwa njengentetho yokomfuziselo. Inkundla yamkela lo mgaqo Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District [1998], ibamba ukuba abafundi abanxibe iintambo ezimnyama zokulwa eVietnam babenento esondeleyo kwintetho ecocekileyo. Ngokufanayo, Testas v. Johnson [[FLT:] [199], iNkundla eyayiphethe iflegi yaseMelika njengendlela yokuqhathamisa kwezobupolitika yenza ihambo ekhuselweyo intelekele i-hambo yoLuhlulo Lokuqala. Le misebenzi ingenza intelelo lukhulu njengokuthetha ngokuvakalayo njengoluhlu olubalulekileyo lomthetho wangoku.

Intetho Yentengiso kunye neNtlalo eBalulekileyo

Intetho yentengiso, enjengentengiso, ifumana umlinganiselo othile wokhuselo lweSigqibo Sokuqala, kodwa kumgangatho ophantsi kunenkcazelo yezopolitiko okanye yobugcisa. I-Central Hudson Gas & Gemark. v. Service Service [1980]) uvavanyo lwezorhwebo luvumela urhulumente ukuba alawule intetho elahlekisayo okanye inkxalabo engekho mthethweni. Ngaphezu koko, uLawulo oluLuhluzo lokuqala lukhusela ilungelo labantu lokunxulumana nabanye ngenjongo yokwazisa. NACP [ACP] v. Alaba [1988], iNkundla yavuma ukuba ukukhutshwa koluhlu lobulungu olupholileyo kwaye lungakhuthazwa, luqinisekisa ukunxibelelana kwenkululeko phakathi kokulungelena nokulungelena.

Imida Engagqibekanga Ngenkululeko Yokuthetha

INkundla iye yachaza iintetho eziliqela ezincinane ezingafikelelekiyo kuba zingeyondlela ebaluleke ngayo okanye zibangela umonakalo obangelwa ngurhulumente onomdla onyanzelekileyo wokuthintela.

  • Ingcebiso kwisenzo esingagunyaziswanga soMthetho: Uvavanyo lwangoku luvela ku [FLT]] Brandenburg v.O.[FLT]] [[FLT] [1] [1969]. Uvavanyo olukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla lukhuselwa ngaphandle kokuba lubhekiswe ekuvuseleleni okanye ekuphumeleni kwisenzo sobumeneli kwaye lubonakala luvuselela okanye luvelisa isenzo esinjalo. Olu vavanyo lukhusela kakhulu kuhlaziyo.
  • Uqhaqho kunye neeNjongo zobuxoki: iintetho zobuxoki zento yokuba ingozi yomntu ayikhuselekanga. Noko ke, amagosa kawonke-wonke kufuneka angqine "izenzo zobubi" (ukwazi ubuqhophololo okanye ukungakhathaleli inyaniso) phantsi [FLT]] New York Times Co. v. Sullivan [194].]
  • [[FLT: 0] Izinto ezicacileyo ngokwesini ezidibana novavanyo oluzinxenye ezintathu ezidityanisiweyo olusuka Miller v. California [77]) ayikhuselekanga. Oku kufuna ukuba umsebenzi, othathiweyo wonke, ocetyiswayo, onomdla ophezulu, obonisa ihambo yesondo ngendlela engalunganga, kwaye ungabi nalwazi olunzulu, ubugcisa, ubugcisa, okanye ixabiso lenzululwazi.
  • [[NTL:0] Amagama alwayo: [[FT:2] [[FT:2]] Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire [1922], iNkundla yachaza "amagama alwayo" njengawo abangela umonakalo okanye atyekele ekukhuthazeni ulwaphuko olukhawulezileyo loxolo. Olu didi luye lwasetyenziswa ngokufutshane kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo ukunqanda iimbono ezingathandwayo.
  • Izisongelo zenyaniso: Inkundla kwi Virginia v. Mnyama [2003] wachaza izisongelo zokwenyaniso njengezivakalisi apho isithethi sithetha ukunxibelelana nzulu nenkcazelo yenjongo yokwenza ugonyamelo olungekho mthethweni. Oku kususa ingcaciso yezobupolitika kunye nentlekisa nje.
  • Amanyala abantwana kunye neSolitiation: Urhulumente unomdla onyanzelekileyo ekukhuseleni abantwana, kwaye intetho ekhokelela ngqo ekuxhatshazweni kwabantwana ayinikwanga ukhuseleko loMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala.

Inkundla Ephakamileyo Njengomkhuseli Wokuthetha

INkundla Ephakamileyo isebenza njengomxhasi opheleleyo wentsingiselo yeFree Speech Claus. Ngokusetyenziswa kwengqwalasela yokugweba, iNkundla ilinganisela ilungelo lomntu lokuthetha ngokuchasene nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezikhuphisanayo, ukhuseleko nobulungisa. Indaleko yemfundiso yokuHlaziya koQala ibonakalisa ukungqubana kweNkundla nokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo.

Inkulungwane yasekuqaleni ye-1970 yalwa neNkundla izama ukuchaza imida yokuthetha ngamaxesha engxaki yesizwe. Scheck v. United States (1919), iJaji Holmes yachaza i "clock kunye nengozi ekhoyo" uvavanyo, iphawula ukuba uMphengululo wokuqala awuyi kukhusela umntu okhwaza ngobuxoki kumlilo. Noko ke, olu vavanyo lwasetyenziswa kuqala ekuxhaseni iinkolelo zoluntu nezobutshaba ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi I.

Ukutshintshwa kwe "clare kunye nengozi ekhoyo" uvavanyo oluqinileyo "uvavanyo olungenamthetho" kuvavanyo olukwi Brandenburg lubonisa ukuqonda okuthe kratya ukuba urhulumente wedemokhrasi kufuneka anyamezele ukungathandwa kakhulu nokukrala komcimbi wokukhusela iingcamango. New York Times Co. v. United States[FLT] [[FTLT:3]], ityala leNkundla, ikhaphela ulawulo lwangaphambili, ibamba ukuba urhulumente akanakuthintela ukupapashwa okunzima okukhoyo kokubonakala kokhuseleko olukhawulezileyo, nokwenza umonakalo ombi wesizwe. Ezi meko zibonisa indima ephakathi yeNkuchaza umgaqo-mthetho wezomthetho-siseko welizwe.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Kwixesha Lokusetyenziswa Kwamanani

Inkulungwane yama-21 iye yavelisa imiba engazange ibonwe kumthetho wokuHlaziya koQala, oqhutywa yi-intanethi ngokuyintloko nokulawula amaqonga azimeleyo. Uxanduva oluphambili luphakathi kokwalelwa komGaqo-siseko kokucocwa koorhulumente nokulawulwa okusebenzisekayo kwentetho yesidlangalala eqhutywa ngamaqumrhu obugcisa.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba i-Internet yeyona ibalulekileyo yentetho ekhuselweyo. Packingham v. Emntla Carolina (2017]), iNkundla yawisa umthetho othintela abaphuli-mthetho ababhaliswe ngokwesini ekufikeleleni kumanxuwa onxibelelwano lwezentlalo-mbini, ichaza ukuba amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle "isikwere sengingqi sendlela yoluntu" kwaye abalulekileyo ekutshintshisaniseni ngeengcamango. Noko ke, ucalucalulo olubalulekileyo lukho phakathi kolawulo lukarhulumente nolawulo lwabucala. Ulawulo lokuqala lukhusela abantu kwi- ulawulo lwezentlalo- [FLT]. [5] Izenzo zoluntu loluntu luyiprotolu.[5]

Oku kudala indawo entsonkothileyo apho intetho yowonke wonke iphenjelelwa kakhulu yimithetho-siseko yabucala kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yobungcathu. Imibandela yokudibanisa iquka ukhuseleko lokuqulathiweyo okungalinganiyo, ulawulo lwentengiso yezobupolitika, nendima yokuvulwa kwenkcazelo yesiphelo ukuya ekupheleni ekukhuseleni intetho yabucala. Iinkundla ziza kuqhubeka zicombulula imida yokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo njengoko ubugcisa buguqula.

Ixabiso Eliqhelekileyo Lesithethe Sokuthetha Ngokukhululekileyo

Ukukhuselwa okubanzi koMphetho-mda wokuqala kufeza imisebenzi emininzi enxulumeneyo efunekayo kwibutho ledemokhrasi.

Abemi abanako ukuzilawula ngaphandle kokuba bakhululekile ukwabelana ngolwazi, ngabom kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke, baze bagcine iinkokeli zabo zinobutyala. Intetho ekhululekileyo iyimfuneko kwirepublic esebenzayo. Ukukwazi ukugxeka urhulumente ngokuphandle kunguvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwihambo evaliweyo esemthethweni nasekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwamandla.

Ukukhuthaza intengiso yeIdeas: IJaji Holmes edumileyo engavumelaniyo uAbrams v. United States [1919] yaphikisa ukuba olona vavanyo lwenyaniso lungcono ngamandla okuzifumanela ukwamkela kukhuphiswano lwemake. ISinyusi sokuqala siqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akawucimi lo mthengisi ngokucinezela iimbono ezingawuthandi. Isiso sokuphela sentetho eyingozi asiluhlalutyi, kodwa unyango oluninzi oluchaseneyo nemfundo.

Ukukhusela iNtlanganiso engqubanayo neNgqungquthela: Ukukhusela intetho yabangaphikisiyo, iqela elincinane, kunye nabo baneembono ezingathandwayo kubalulekile kwibutho labantu abadibeneyo. Kunyanzela abaninzi ukuba bajamelane neembono eziphikisanayo kwaye kuyenze ibe nzima kakhulu ukudibanisa i-othoralic ebhaliweyo. Amaqela akwimbali echanekileyo axhomekeke kukhuseleko loLuhlu lokuqala lokuzinzisa izinto ezibangela ukuba, ukusuka kwiNdlela yamaLungelo yoMbini ukuya kwiNtlanganiso yamabhinqa. Inkululeko yokuchasa injini yenkqubela phambili yentlalo.

Isiphelo: Ukuzinikela Okunyamezelayo KomGaqo-siseko

Isiqinisekiso soMphengululo Wokuqala senkululeko yokuthetha asingomdla nje wenkululeko; sisiseko sokwakha apho idemokhrasi yaseMerika yakhiwe khona. Ibangela ukuba kubekho uphando lobugcisa nolwenzululwazi, ibonelele uphando loxolo lomahluko. Imbali yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo eUnited States yeyokhuseleko olwandileyo, oluzinzisa uhlanga ekulweni kwamaza oloyiko nokuseka isiseko esisemthethweni seenguqulelo zentlalo nezobupolitika.

Ukumisa ubunkimbinkimbi benkululeko yokuthetha kusengucelomngeni olusisiseko kunye noxanduva lommi ngamnye. Ngokuqonda iindidi zokhuseleko olunamandla ezichazwe apha, imida enciphileyo kukhuseleko, kunye nendima ebalulekileyo yokuhlola okusemthethweni. /i-grains zingawaqonda ngcono amandla amalizwi abo kunye nesakhiwo somgaqo-siseko esizikhuselayo. Umsebenzi wokukhusela ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo asingomthetho wenkundla kuphela kodwa ngummi ngamnye oqonda ukuba ibutho elithintelayo ekugqibeleni liyathintela ngokwalo. Ukufunda okungakumbi ngombhalo wesiseko walamalungelo, jonga kukhuphelo lweBhili yamaLungelo [[FLT:]]