Amalungelo omtshato kudala esebenza njengesiseko somthetho wentsapho, ephembelela yonke into ukusuka kwilifa nakwirhafu ukuya kwimbopheleleko yabazali. Impembelelo yawo ekukhuliseni nasekunyamekeleni abantwana ibaluleke kakhulu, njengoko ezi nkqubo zimisela ngokuthe ngqo ukuba ngawaphi amakhaya abantu kunye nezibini ezinokuwanika abantwana abasweleyo, anothando. Kumashumi amabini eminyaka adluleyo, njengoko ibutho labantu liye laqhubela phambili ekuqapheleni izakhiwo zentsapho ezahlukeneyo, imigaqo elawula ukwamkelwa kwabantwana nokunyanyekelwa kweentsapho kunye nokunyanyekelwa komntwana ivelwano iveliswe ngokubalulekileyo. Ukuqonda indlela ezi migaqo-mthetho engowongamalungelo omtshato ekufuneka izenzeke ngayo ibalulekile ekuqondeni impikiswano eqhubekayo kunye nokuguquguquka komthetho eUnited States nakumazwe onke.

Ulwalamano phakathi komtshato nentlalo-ntle yabantwana lusekelwe kwiimbono ezidala ezisekelwe ekuzinziseni, kwisibopho, nakukhuseleko lwemali. Ngokwembali, izibini ezitshatileyo zazicingelwa ukuba ngabazali abafanelekileyo okanye abakhulisayo, ngoxa abantu abangatshatanga, izibini ezifanayo, kunye nezinye iintsapho ezingezozasithethe zijongene nohlolo olungakumbi okanye oluthe ngqo. Njengoko ukulingana komtshato kuye kwakhula, noko ke, imigaqo emininzi iye yaphinda yazihlaziya ezi ngcamango nokuhlaziya imigaqo yazo yokukhuthaza ithuba elilinganayo, kwaye, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuphuhlisa iinjongo ezintle zabantwana.

Indima Yamalungelo Omtshato Kwimithetho Yokukhulisa Abantwana

Imithetho yokufumana umntwana wasekhaya kumazwe amaninzi idibene kakhulu namalungelo omtshato. Ngokomzekelo, kumaphondo amaninzi ase-U.S., izibini ezitshatileyo ziye zanikwa impatho ekhethekileyo kwinkqubo yokukhulisa abantwana ($_izifundo zamakhaya ezikhawulezileyo, imiqobo encinane ekungamkelekini, kwaye imbono yokuba imfuneko yokungatshati ifanelekile, ixhomekeke kwisithethe esisemthethweni esigqala umtshato njengomgangatho wegolide wokukhulisa abantwana, nangona uphando olukhulayo lubonisa ukuba umgangatho wentsapho wodwa asingophawu oluthembekileyo lobuzali.

Xa imithetho yomtshato yanda ukuba iquke izibini ezingoonozakuzaku, imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhulisa abantwana ngokufanelekileyo, ivumela ezi zibini ukuba zamkele abantwana ngokusemthethweni njengesibini. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ingunyaka wama-2015 wesigqibo se- obergefell v. Hodges[, egunyazisa umtshato ongokwasemthethweni olinganayo kwilizwe lonke, inempembelelo ekhawulezileyo nefikelelayo kumalungelo okutholwa. Phambi koko, uninzi lwamazwe awalelwa ngokucacileyo izibini ezidibeneyo ukuba zamkeleke ngokumanyeneyo, kwaye kwanabazali abayinzalelwana abayinzalelwana abatshatiswayo babengaqiniseki. Namhlanje, ukunikelwa kwezibini ezitshatileyo-exene kusemthethweni kuwo onke amazwe angama-50, nangona imiqobo ehlala ihleli kwamanye amazwe.

Ngokuchasene noko, kwimimandla apho amalungelo omtshato ethintelwe khona, “‘ nokuba kusisibini esingokwabelana ngesondo, amaqabane angatshatanga, okanye zombini ezi-(ukubekelwa) imithetho idla ngokungqongqo ngakumbi. Amanye amazwe asazimisela izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo ukuba zithathe ngokupheleleyo, ngoxa amanye evumela abantu kodwa zingabi zizibini ukuba zibamkele. Isiphumo esiluncedo kukuba abantwana basenokungavunyelwa ukuba banyanyekelwe abaguli abafanelekayo ngenxa nje yokuba ngabanyamekelayo okanye ngenxa yendlela engokwesini, ehamba ngokuchasene nomgaqo ongundoqo wenkqubo yokhuseleko lomntwana: ukufumana ikhaya elifanelekileyo lomntwana ngamnye.

Impembelelo yokubhaliswa komtshato ngokusemthethweni

Ukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni komtshato ongokwabelana ngesondo kuvule amathuba okufumana abantwana abatsha. Ngokwenkcazelo evela kwiSikolo soMthetho sase-Williams e-UCLA, ii-Fomati eziqikelelwa kwizigidi ezi-2 zeLGBTQ+ abantu abadala baye bacinga ukuba ukuthathwa komtshato ngokusemthethweni, kwaye izibini ezifanayo ezingokwabelana ngesondo zisenokuphinda-phindwe kane kunezibini ezingoonobudlelane ezahlukeneyo ezikhulisa abantwana abamkeliyo. Xa ukulingana komtshato kwaba ngumthetho welizwe, abameli besizwe kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntlalo ntle yabantwana kufuneka bahlaziye imithetho yabo ukugqala ukutshata kwabo njengabazali abafaneleyo abafumana abazali abahlawulwayo.

Amazwe aye akhokela ekulinganiseni umtshato, njengeKhanada, iNetherlands, kunye noMzantsi Afrika, ngokufanayo aye andisa ukusetyenziswa kombutho wokufumana abantwana. EKhanada, izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo ziyakwazi ukuthatha iqabane lazo kuwo onke amaphondo nemimandla ukususela ngo-2005, xa umtshato wamakhaya wanwetyelelwa kwizibini ezilinganayo ezingokwabelana ngesondo. Izinga lokukhulisana phakathi kwezibini ezingokwasentlalo kumazwe ahlukeneyo liye lanyuka ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye uphando lubonisa ukuba abantwana abakhuliswe ngabazali abanobuntu obufanayo baphumelela ngokufanayo, ulungiso lwezentlalo, kunye nempilo engokweemvakalelo njengabo bakhuliswe ngabazali abanokwahlukeneyo.

Noko ke, umfanekiso awufani. Kwanakumazwe alinganayo emtshatweni, amanye amaqumrhu okukhulisa abantwana ngokusemthethweni, ngokungakumbi abo banxulumene nonqulo olufanayo, baye bafuna ukukhululwa ukuze bangavumi ukusetyenziswa kwezibini ezingokwasemtshatweni. EUnited States, amazwe amaninzi anike imithetho evumela amaziko okukhulisa abantwana ngokusekelwe kukholo ukuba akhethe ngokusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye kwimeko yomtshato, kwanaxa kusetyenziswa imali yokuhlawula irhafu. La matyala adala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wokufikelela, apho ukukwazi kwesibini ukwamkelwa kwaso ukuxhomekeka kusenokuxhomekeka kumgangatho waso kwaye axhomekeke ngakumbi kwigunya okanye kwisebe esiya kulo.

Izibini Ezingatshatanga Nabazali Abangenamaqabane

Amalungelo omtshato akwayila imigaqo yokufumana abantwana abangatshatanga kunye nabantu abangatshatanga. Kumaphondo amaninzi, izibini ezingatshatanga (nokuba zingokwabelana ngesondo okanye ngokwahlukileyo) azikwazi ukuthatha iqabane elinye. Oku kuthetha ukuba liqabane elinye kuphela elinokuba ngumzali osemthethweni, elishiya elinye lingenawo amalungelo abazali. Ukuba isibini sohlukana kamva okanye ukuba umzali osemthethweni ufile, umntwana angajamelana nokungaqiniseki okusemthethweni kunye nesisongelo sokususwa ekhaya. Amanye amaphondo aye ashukumis ’ ukuvumela izibini ezingatshatanga ukuba zamkeleke kunye, kodwa oku kusoloko kunxulumene nokuvunywa okusemthethweni komanyano okanye ukumanyana, okuxhomekeke ngokwazo kwimithetho yomtshato.

Abantu abangatshatanga, kungakhathaliseki imbonakalo yabo yesini, ngokwembali baye bakwazi ukuthabatha kumaphondo amaninzi, kodwa basoloko bejamelene nocalucalulo olungacwangciswanga oluvela kumaqumrhu okukhulisa abantwana abakhetha izibini ezitshatileyo. Ingcamango yokuba abazali ababini basoloko belunge ngakumbi kunokuba omnye ikhokelela amaqumrhu amaninzi ukuba alumke okanye adembise izicelo ezingatshatanga, nangona uphando lubonisa ukuba abazali abangabodwa banokunikela inyameko entle. Amalungelo omtshato aphembelela le migaqo yomtshato ngokuqinisa isithethe yokuba umtshato yinkqubo ekhethelweyo yentsapho, umgaqo wokuba iinkqubo zokuhlala abantwana zifunde ukuvavanywa ngokucocel

Inkxalabo yasekuhlaleni

Inkqubo zokunyamekela abatshati ziphenjelelwa kakhulu yimithetho yomtshato. Izibini ezitshatileyo zisoloko zibekwa kwindawo yokuqala njengabagcini-zibonelelo bokunyamekela abantwana, ngokusekelwe kwiimbono zozinzo, ukhuseleko lwemali, kunye nokufumaneka kwabantu ababini. Nangona kubaluleke ngokwenene, ukuzinza kubaluleke, ukugxininiswa kwemeko yomtshato kunokungabalibali abanonopheli abafanelekileyo, kuquka abantu abangatshatanga, namaqabane angatshatanga, kunye nabantu aba-LGBTQ+.

Kumaphondo amaninzi, imfuneko yokunika abazali abakhulisa abantwana okanye ezixhasa ngokupheleleyo izibini ezitshatileyo. Amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba abazali abakhulisa abantwana batshate ixesha elincinane okanye banikele ubungqina bomtshato ozinzileyo. Abanye bamisela iingxelo ezidibeneyo ezithatha iintsapho ezimbini ezikhulisa abantwana, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ngakumbi ngabantu abangatshatanga okanye izibini ezingatshatanga ukuba zinikwe imvume. Le migaqo iguqulwa ngokuthe ngcembe, kodwa inkqubela ayihambelani.

Izicelo ezingokwasemthethweni nezentlalo

Ukuvunywa ngokusemthethweni komtshato kunokukhokelela kwinkxaso engakumbi kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa kwiintsapho ezikhulisayo. Abazali abatshatileyo basoloko befumana iingenelo ezilula, njenge-inshorensi yempilo okanye ikhefu labazali, ezinokuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amandla abo okunyamekela abantwana. Xa amalungelo omtshato ekhula ukuze aquke izibini ezinxulumene neentlobano zesini, amaziko okunyamekela abantwana kufuneka asuse neenkqubo zokufihla ityala labazali, ngokomzekelo, ezo zifuna iLGBTQ, ukukhulisa abazali ukuze bafihle ulwalamano lwabo okanye ukukhutshwa kobuso babo.

Kanti imiqathango yamalungelo omtshato ingawanciphisa kakhulu amathuba okunyamekela amaqela athile. Kumazwe angenawo umlinganiselo womtshato, izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zisenokungavunyelwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba zikhulise, okanye zisenokuvunyelwa kuphela njengabantu ngabanye, abangabavumeliyo ukuba bamanyane. EUnited States, nasemva kokulingana komtshato, amanye amazwe ayaqhubeka evumela amaziko ancedisa abalupheleyo akhethe nxamnye neLGBTQ, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni amakhaya anikwe imvume encinane kuluntu esifuna uninzi.

Intsingiselo yentlalo ibaluleke ngokufanayo. Xa amalungelo aphembelela ukukhuthazwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokunyamekela abatshati, bathumela umyalezo wokuba iintsapho zixatyisiwe kwaye zijongwa njengezifanelekileyo. Oku kunokuba nempembelelo ebuhlungu kubakhathaleli abasenokuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba kumazwe aphantsi, abasenokuziva bengamkelekanga okanye besoyika. Ngenxa yokunqongophala okungapheliyo kwamakhaya okuhlala kumazwe amaninzi, ukunqongophala okuchaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa okuchaphazela abantwana abadala, amaqela ozalwa nabo, nabantwana abaneemfuno ezikhethekileyo.

Ukuzinza, Ubuchule, kunye nowona Mdla

Umthetho wentlalo-ntle yabantwana wakhiwe kumgaqo “womdla olungileyo womntwana,” umgangatho ofanele ukubeka phambili imfuneko yokhuseleko, uzinzo, kunye nobuchule ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinto. Amalungelo omtshato adibana nale milinganiselo ngeendlela ezininzi. Kwesinye isandla, umtshato ozinzileyo ungazinika isiseko esomeleleyo sokukhuliswa okanye ukukhuliswa. Kwelinye icala, ukugxininiswa okungqongqo komtshato kungazibetha ngoyaba ezinye iintlobo zozinzo .

Uphando oluvela kwiChild Welfare Information Gateway nakwezinye iziphathi-mandla lucebisa ukuba ubunjani bolwalamano lomntwana onyamekela umntwana bubaluleke kakhulu kunobume bomtshato womnakekeli. Abantwana abakwizikhathalelo zokunyamekela abantwana ababekwa kunye nabanonopheli abanothando, abaxhaswe kakuhle,-__abangenamdla wokungatshati nabani na onyamekela umntwana, kunokufumana iziphumo ezingcono ngokwemfundo, kunye nempilo yengqondo.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Amalungelo Omtshato Ehlabathi Lonke

Kumazwe aseYurophu, amaLungu oMbutho, ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo omtshato kunye nokufumana iintsapho zomtshato kunye nokunyamekela abantwana kuyahluka-hluka. Kumazwe aseYurophu njenge-Sweden, iNorway, neSpeyin, ukulingana komtshato kuye kwaphelekwa kukulingana ngokulinganayo kwezibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwabelana ngesondo kunye nezingatshatanga. La mazwe atyekele ekubeni anamanani aphezulu okufumana abantwana abasekhaya, kwaye iinkqubo zawo zokuhlala abantwana ziquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsapho.

KuManyano woMbuso, izibini ezinesini esinye ezisemgangathweni ziye zakwazi ukuthabatha ukususela ngowama-2002, ngaphambi kokuba kubekho umanyano lwamakhaya. UMthetho wokuRhulumente noMntwana ka-UK wangowama-2002 wayisusa ngokucacileyo imiqobo kwizibini ezitshatileyo ezingekatshati nezinokwabelana ngesondo, ziqonda ukuba intlalo-ntle yomntwana ifanele ibe yeyona ibalulekileyo. Olu tshintsho lwaqhutywa kakhulu luphando lubonisa ukuba abanangxaki ngabantwana abakhuliswe ngabazali abafanayo, kunye nomthetho we-okanye nemibutho efana noStonellall kunye neBhunga leBritish Leyondregion and Fostering.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe amaninzi eMpuma Yurophu, eMbindi Mpuma, namazwe ase-Asia asawathintela amalungelo omtshato nokungeniswa kwabantu abatshatileyo kunye nabantu abangobafanayo. Umzekelo, iRashiya, iyawathintela amaqabane angokwabelana ngesondo ukuba amkele kwaye adlulise “ii-reantipaganda" imithetho eyenza kube nzima ngeLGBTQ, nabantu ngabanye ukuba bavule amathuba abo okufumana inzala yomtshato kunye ne-Hungary, ngoxa inxalenye ye-EU, iye yafuduka kwiminyaka yakutshanje ukumisela imitshato kunye namalungelo okukhulisa abantwana, ikhankanya“ amaxabiso entsapho aqhelekileyo.” Le mithetho idla ngokukhokelela kubantwana abachitha ixesha elide kwinkathalo okanye ukubekwa kunye neentsapho ezingenakufaneleka kakuhle. Ngenxa nje yenkqubo esemthethweni yenkqubo yentsapho engokwabantu ngabanye.

Intsingiselo yehlabathi lonke, nokokuba, ikho kwinqanaba eliphambili lokufakwa. Njengoko amazwe amaninzi eqaphela ukulingana komtshato , okanye ubuncinane enika uvumo olusemthethweni kulwalamano lwangaphakathi okanye kumanyano lwamakhaya ($acception kunye nemigaqo yokuxhasa iyaququzelela. IConvention yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yamalungelo abantwana, egunyaziswe phantse phantse phantse ngamazwe onke ehlabathini, iqinisekisa ukuba abantwana banelungelo lokunyamekela intsapho yaye izigqibo eziphathelele ukubekwa kwabo kufuneka zenziwe ngetyala-ngacalucalucalulo. Acticio kunye nabaphengululi abasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi lo mgaqo ufanele unyanzele ukuba abagcini-majoni bangakhuliswa okanye bamkeleke ngenxa yokunyamekela kwabo umtshato okanye ngenxa yesimilo.

Iingxoxo Zenkqubo Eziqhubekayo Neenkxalabo Zexesha Elizayo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ebalulekileyo, impikiswano ngamalungelo omtshato nentlalo-ntle yabantwana ayikapheliswa. EUnited States, imithetho yenkululeko yonqulo iye yaba yindawo ekhawulezileyo. Amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela umthetho ovumela ukukhuliswa komntwana ngokwamaqabane asekelwe kukholo kunye namaqumrhu okunyamekela abantwana ukuba angavumi ukuxhasa iinkonzo ezisekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo, kwanokuba loo maqumrhu afumana inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa ukuba ukukhulula okunjalo kukhuthaza ucalucalucalucalucalulo kwaye kunciphisa inani lamakhaya akhoyo abantwana. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba akhusela amandla eenkonzo asebenza ngokweenkolelo zawo. Olu xinezelelo lukho ekumangalweni kumazwe afana noMichigan, uMzantsi Carolina, no-Texas, kunye nemithetho ehlukene kakhulu.

Enye imbambano eqhubekayo kukuqwalaselwa kolwalamano olungelulo lomtshato kwi-intwalation. Amazwana amaninzi aye athatha amanyathelo okulungisa iinkqubo zawo ukuvumela izibini ezingatshatanga . "ukuze zinikwe imvume yokufumana imvume yokuba abazali abazonwabisayo kunye. Noko ke, inkqubela inokuba yethe thaa, kwaye kwezinye iindawo, izibini ezingatshatanga zisafuneka ukuba zenze izifundo zasekhaya zodwa kwaye zimele zinikwe imvume yokuba zibe ngabantu ngabanye, nto leyo ebangela ukuba izigqibo zokunika inzala kunye nokungazinzi okusemthethweni.

Ukukhangela phambili, umgudu uxhomekeke kwimigaqo eqinisekisa ukuba umgcini-khaya ufanelekile ngokusekelwe kubuchule bomntu ngamnye kunye nobobuhlobo kunokuba abe yimeko yomtshato. INational Association of Social Workers, iAmerican Academy of Pediatrics, kunye neChild Welfare League of America zonke iingxelo ezikhutshwe zixhasa imigaqo-nkqubo yokungaveli semthethweni ebeka phambili umdla ongcono kumntwana. Amanye amaphondo sele emkele “ukufumana umntwana okungahambelani nomntu wasekhaya ongomnye” kunye“ nemithetho yokukhulisa umntwana ngokusemthethweni evumela amaqabane angatshatanga nawo afanayo ukuba amkele ngaphandle kokufuna ukutshata, eqonda ukuba umtshato asingowo kuphela oyena mdlalo uphambili womntwana.

Inkqubela-phambili yezizwe ngezizwe ikwabonisa ukuqhubekeka kotshintsho. Ngo-2021, iChile yadibanisa uluhlu olukhulayo lwamazwe avumela izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo ezithi zilandele ukudlula kokulingana komtshato. IJapan, nangona ingakuqondi ukutshata okufana, iye yabona oomasipala abaninzi benikela iziqinisekiso zomanyano eziye zakhokelela amanye amaqumrhu okukhulisa abantwana abatshate kunye nabo ukuba baphathe izibini ezifanayo ngolwano. Isihlomelo sibonakala sicacile: njengokuba amalungelo omtshato esanda, ngoko namathuba eentlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsapho zokuthatha inxaxheba ekukhuliseni kunye nokuxhasa.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo omtshato anendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni imigaqo-nkqubo yokufumana abantwana nokubakhulisa, ukuphembelela yonke into ukususela ekusebenziseni abantwana ukuya ekusebenziseni ngokomthetho nasekumkeleni intlalo-ntle. Njengokuba iinkqubo zomthetho ziqhubeka ziqonda izakhiwo ezahlukahlukeneyo zentsapho . "Nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba zilingana, zimanyaniswa, okanye zisebenzisana namaqela omtshato] ezi migaqo-nkqubo zihambelana nokukhuthaza ukulingana, kwaye okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuzinza kwabantwana bonke. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba abantwana bayaqhubeka bephumelela xa bebekwe kunye nabagcini-entsapho, abazinikele, kungakhathaliseki ukuba abathathi betshatile, abatsha, okanye abathathi-mthene, okanye abangookanye.

Ukuhambela phambili kotshintsho olungokwasemthethweni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokuxhasa abantwana kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantwana abasweleyo banako ukufikelela kwimeko-bume yentsapho enothando nexhasayo. Iingcamango eziphucukileyo ezithi omnye weentsapho abe nelungelo lokwenza abanye abantwana babe yingozi ngokumilisela phantsi iqumrhu labasenokuba ngabaguli. Ngokudibanisa imigaqo yokukhulisa abantwana nokukhulisa iintsapho zabo kunye nomgaqo osisiseko wokungaguquguquki, abenzi bomthetho kunye neengcaphephe zentlalo-ntle yabantwana banokuyila inkqubo ebeka intlalo-ntle yabantwana kuqala.