Imigaqo-nkqubo yamalungelo abantu yenkulungwane yama-20 ngokusisiseko ilungelelaniswa ngokutsha, kungekuphela nje ngokuvavanya izithethe ezinzulu zentlalo kodwa kwakhona ngokunyanzela utshintsho olunzulu kulwakhiwo olusemthethweni olulawula imibutho. Umthetho we-corporation.() iqumrhu lemithetho emisela indlela ezibunjwa ngayo izinto, ukusebenza, kwaye ibekelwe ityala lokuphendula, kwaye ingenalo tyala. Le migudu yakhokelela ekuguquleni kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho, umbutho wamalungelo amabhinqa, kwaye kamva i-LGBTQ+ iintshukumo ezigunya ngalinye eligunyaziswe ngokomthetho ukuphelisa imicimbi yentlangano, ukunyanzelisa okungadibani, nokukhusela amalungelo alinganayo phantsi komthetho. Le migudu yakhokelela ekuguquleni ulawulo lwezikonganiso, kunye nokulungisa ukuququlungela umthetho phakathi komthetho wokwahlulwa komnye wezixhobo zoluntu

Imeko Engokwembali: UMthetho Wokuthethelela Ngaphambi Kwamalungelo Abantu

Ukuqonda ubukhulu bale nguqulelo, kuyimfuneko ukuhlolisisa ulawulo lokudibanisa umthetho phambi kwenkulungwane yama-20. Ngokwembali, ukuququzelelwa kwaba lilungelo elinikwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, kungekhona ilungelo elilungileyo. Umthetho wangaphambili waseMelika wawungasibeki ngqongqo kakhulu, ngokufuthi ufuna isenzo esikhethekileyo sendlu yowiso-mthetho ukwenzela ukuba isombululo sinikwe. Le nkqubo ivumela uqheliso lwedemokrasi ukuba luqhubekeke: amaqela amancinane, amabhinqa, kunye nabaphikisi bezobupolitika babesoloko bekhatywa okanye bejamelene nento enzima esemthethweni. Kwana emva kokuba imiyalelo jikelele iqaliswe yi-othethoba yaza enyanzelweni, ithetha ukuba ityala elibanzi inqabileyo inqabileyo ukubhalelwa imigaqo-mthetho egqalwa ngokungathandekiyo. Ngokomzekelo, iNxuluko yeSizwe lokuqhubelelana kwenkululeko yabantu (NACPN) ephinda-10).[5]

Ngokufanayo, imibutho yamabhinqa yayisoloko ifumana imiqobo esemthethweni yokubandakanya. Amabhinqa atshatileyo, phantsi kwemithetho egqunywe ngasese, akanakuba nempahla okanye angene kwizivumelwano egameni lawo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuba athelele ngaphandle kwamadoda athenjiweyo. Imibutho engakhuphi ngeniso ekhuthaza ukutshintsha kwentlalo yayidla ngokujongwa ngokukrokrelelwa, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha abalawuli bamazwe babengakufuni ukuhlawuliswa kwerhafu kumaqela ajongwa njengeyopolitiko. Ngoko imibutho yamalungelo abantu kufuneka ivavanye ukungavavani nje kuphela ucalucalucalulo kodwa kwane nezakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezilukhuthazayo.

Intlangano Yamalungelo Abemi Nomdla Wokwenza Utshintsho Olusemthethweni

Iqela lamalungelo abantu elikwinkulungwane yama-20 elikwindawo ephakathi, nejolisekile kulo kukwalingana kobuhlanga, uqheliselo lobuhlanga. Abasemagunyeni abangokwasemthethweni abanjengoThur Good Marshall noCharles Hamilton baqonda ukuba ukuququzelela iqumrhu eliquzelelweyo kwakubalulekile ekwakheni imigaqo-mthetho eqinileyo, ekhuselwe kakuhle yamaqumrhu azimeleyo. Impumelelo yenkqubela ekukhuseleni [[FOL:0] i-Orrect Amalungelo e-opulani yoluntu [[FLD]] uMthetho we-196] obenesiphumo esinzulu kwimithetho ebandakanya ukuqulungelana ingxube: ISihlo somthetho sakwalela nayiphi inkqubo yokwamkela uncedo lwemali, nto leyo ngokungachaphazelelwayo nako lorhulumente welizwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu aququze amashishini kunye namashishini angenayo, i-okluntluvo oluthe, iquka inkququza kwimisho ee, eediso ee, eethe yoluko, enya

Okuchasene noTshati lwe-Corporate Claus

Olunye utshintsho olubalulekileyo olungokwasemthethweni yayikukufakwa kwemithetho engokwasemthethweni echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho olunyanzelekileyo kwiquzelela ulawulo lwamaqumrhu. Ngaphambi kwexesha lamalungelo abantu, amashishini kunye nokungafumani ngeniso kungamisela ngokucacileyo ukuba amalungu okanye umsebenzi wezizwe ezithile okanye imvelaphi yobufanasini. Emva koMthetho wamaLungu wamaLungelo, la magunya aqalisa ukumisela imithetho eyalelayo imiqathango enjalo. Umzekelo, iKonqununu yaseCalifornia yalungiswa ukuze ifune zonke iinkampani ezingangeni ngeniso ziquke amazwi athi aziwacaluli ngokwesiseko sohlanga, unqulo, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Le mfuneko yaba yimodeli kwamanye amazwe. Ngoo1970, amazwe amaninzi ayenohlobo oluthile lokwahlula ulawulo lweziko lwezinkampani, ingakumbi lawo alungele ukulungiselela iinjongo zokubonelelo okanye iinjongo zemfundo. La malungiselelo awawafumana nje imvume yokuxhasa imigaqo-gqweqwene yemithetho enxamnye nemibutho enxamnye nemithetho enxamnye nemithetho yeenkundla.

Ukwamkelwa Nokuqalwa Kwamaqela angangeni Mpindu

IKhunga lamaLungelo langaphakathi lakhuthaza ukuhlaziywa komthetho wokungangeni mvuzo. Phambi koo-1960, amaqela amaninzi okukhuthaza asebenza ngokungacwangciswanga okanye njengemibutho engadityaniswanga, elinganisela amandla awo okukhokha, okanye afumane iminikelo ekhutshwayo yerhafu. I-Internal Convetion Code [[FL:1] [FL] yacaciswa ukuba ivumele imibutho emininzi ebandakanyeke kwinani elilinganiselweyo lemithetho yokutsala irhafunxa phantsi kwemiqathango enganikezelwanga kwicandelo 501(c), okanye ifumane iminikelo yerhafuthelo. [[Foctivel:] I-Internal Codential [[Fography] [[Foctive:1] ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwe-Implancelverances, kunye neNt perfulmental projectives Ink i-urageances yoluevential esemthethweni esemthethweni ingumele ingu, ingulo, inguMbutho

Iqela Lamalungelo Amabhinqa Nomgangatho Wesizwe EMthethweni Wentlangano

Umbutho wamalungelo amabhinqa woo-1960 nowe-1970 owakhiwa kwisiseko samalungelo oluntu eMbutho Wamalungelo Oluntu, ucinezela ukulingana kwamadoda ngokwesini ekuququzeleleni nasekulawuleni kwenkampani. Intlangano yesizwe yamabhinqa (NOW) yafakwa ngo19666 njengentlangano yamalungu angeyongeniso enikezelweyo ekwahluleleni ucalucalulo lwesondo. Ukudityaniswa kwayo okuphumelelayo kwasebenza njengesikhokelo esisemthethweni samaqela amabhinqa amaninzi angooomasithoba. Ngexesha, imithetho ithetha ukuba amabhinqa angenakukwazi ukuba nesikhundla segunya kwimibutho, kwaye imibutho emininzi yemibutho emiselwe ngokungqalileyo ibekelwe imiqathango emiselwe amadoda. USTERI, idityaniswe nemibutho engokwasemthethweni, ikhokelele ekufuneni ukuba amaqela amaqela ahlukeneyo ngokweziko-omthetho. Ngemibutho elihlukene elihlukeneyo, ithetha ukuba asebenzise imiqathango yemibalelo ephakathi yolawulo engekho gwenxa.

Enye inkqubela-phambili yayikukusebenzisa iTitle IX yeSinyuso semfundo sango1972, eyalela ucalucalulo ngokwesondo kumaqumrhu emfundo afumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente. Ngoxa iSihloko se-IX siphambili siphembelela izikolo, imigaqo yaso yaphembelela imithetho engeyo yokuququzelela ingeniso: imibutho eyaqhuba iinkqubo zokufundisa okanye eyafumana izivumelwano zikarhulumente yakufuneka ibonise ukungadibani namaqela emithetho-yo yomthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko soluntu. Iqela lamabhinqa lakhuthaza ukukhuthaza ukuqokelela iiprojektha zezo zoshishino-o-o-othe, nto leyo eyayifuna ukuqukwa kwemiselwa kweentlobo zezoshishino ezithenezo zoshishino ezizi.

Ukusuka Kwingeniso Elinganayo Ukuya Kulawulo Olulinganayo

Ngapha koko, umbutho wamalungelo wamabhinqa wanyanzelisa ukuba amabhinqa afumane imilinganiselo yobufanasini kumaqumrhu eenkampani kunye nokhokelo. Nangona ingelulo olungqalileyo lomthetho wokudibanisa, uninzi lwamazwe ekugqibeleni lwamkelwa imimiselo ekhuthaza okanye efuna iinguqu kulawulo lwamaqumrhu. Umzekelo, indaleko yale mihla yaseKhalifoniya iphumele kwiinguqu zangaphambili ezasusa imiqobo ecacileyo yobufanasini.

ILGBTQ+ Amalungelo nokwanda koKhuselo olungelulo

I LGBTQ+ imibutho yamalungelo yaqhubeka nokusebenzisa umthetho wokuququzelela amalungelo abantu. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 nasekuqaleni kweye-21, njengezibini ezingokwasemgangathweni kunye ne-LGBTQ+ imibutho efuna ukudibanisa, yajongana nemiqobo efana naleyo yaqalayo ihamba nentshukumo zangaphambili. Amazwe ngamanye amaxesha ayengakufuni ukuhlawuliswa kwerhafu kwimibutho enxulumene nobuhlobo bobufana-bufanayo okanye ifuna ukuba iquka iimbono ezichasene nocawa. Iimeko zenkundla ezifana [ivBY] [iiiiiiii-Melika.[52] [FLT2] [ift2] [000] imvume yomthetho ongaphicocimiyo] i-okn.[5] Imiqatha yenkululeko yomthetho engomthetho ochasene nomthetho womthetho.

Emva . [I-DATALT] [[FFLT:1], amaphondo amaninzi amisela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo oluye lwasetyenziswa ngokucacileyo kwizinto ezidityanisiweyo, olufuna ukuba amalungu kunye nezigqibo zokhokelo zingacalucalulwa ngokusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye ubufana neentlobo-bufana. Obergefell v. Hodges[ isigqibo esingu-2010] (2011) esigunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni, esiyamkelekelwe ngokudibanisa umtshato omnye zweni lonke, kwakhona sinomlinganiselo wokuqulungela: iingenelo, izicwangciso zemali, kwaye sishiya imigaqo-mbutho yeentsapho ukuze idityaniselwe ukuvumelana nomthetho womthetho-zwe. Ngokutshintshayo, ukuqulungelana kwemithetho-mthetho-onqanda-mthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko se-ogconvotive.

IMithetho-mthetho neNkxaso

Namhlanje, imibutho emininzi ngokuzithandela isebenzisa iinkqubo ezingadibaniyo ezigqitha iimfuno zomthetho, kwaye amanye amazwe aye enza imigaqo-nkqubo enjalo inyanzelekile kwiintlobo ezithile zokuququzelela (umz., ukungancediswa kwengeniso yombuso). ISizwe saseGay nesaseLesbian County County (NGLCC) abaxhasi abaququzelela ukukhuselwa kwesimilo sokuziphatha ngokwesini kunye nokukhuselwa kwelungu kwimiba yengingqi. Lo mbutho ubonisa indlela amalungelo abantu aqhubeka ngayo eqhuba iinguqu eziphezulu kodwa ezinentsingiselo kushicilelo oluhle lomthetho we-Complition.

Indaleko Yanamhlanje: Izakhelo Zentlalo, Iingenelo Zentlangano NeDEI

Ilifa lemibutho yamalungelo abantu ngoku liyabonakala ekunyukeni kwamashishini asekuhlaleni kunye neenkampani eziyingenelo. Ezi ndlela zomthetho ziquka ngokucacileyo imisebenzi yentlalo neyemekobume kwizakhiwo zayo, ziseka kwimodeli engancediyo yokulawula inzala yobuvulindlela ngexesha lamalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, umbutho ufunwa ngumthetho] ukuqwalasela impembelelo yesigqibo soluntu nesemiqathango yawo kwabagcini-mthi, kubandakanya abasebenzi, uluntu, kunye nemekobume--(ather kunokugxininisa kuphela kwinzuzo yabathathi-nxaxheba. Le projekthi yavela kwinkalo yokuba isithethe semibutho yengeniso sasingenayo imbopheleleko esemthethweni yokukhuthaza amalungelo abantu okanye ukwahluka. Umbuso wokuqala ukudlulisa ingeniso yemibutho yomgangatho wezeko kuMary ngowama - 2010, kwaye ilandela imbono yomthetho omthetho onyanzelwe yi-30.

Ukongezelela, urhulumente omninzi ngoku unika iinkampani ezifumana ingeniso ephantsi yetyala (L3Cs) kunye nezinye iinkalo ezixubeneyo ezicelelwe imibutho eneenjongo ezisisiseko zoncedo. Ezi ndlela zaphenjelelwa yimfuneko yokwenza amakomkhulu athambekileyo alungele imicimbi yezentlalo-ntle. Ukungalingani, nokufakwa kwemali (DEI) kufumene inyathelo elingumthetho obandakanyayo: amanye amazwe afuna imigaqo-siseko equlukileyo ukuxela ugcino-lwazi lwezentengiselwano kwiibhodi zawo, kunye nababeki boomatshini abafumana intsebenzi abafuna ukutyhalelana intelelo efuna ukunyanzelelwano ephambili yemithetho yezomthetho yezentengo.

Izindululo zomgangatho karhulumente

Thatha [[NTL:0] Imisebenzi yezentlalo. , eyona meko iqhelekileyo yokubandakanya amashishini amakhulu: uMthetho woMbutho jikelele walungiswa kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje ukuvumela iinkampani ukuba ziquke amalungiselelo eenjongo zentlalo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-jepardaria. Imisebenzi ye-Delaware i-Public Reference Corporation ummiselo [2013]) uvumela abaphathi ukuba balungelelanise izilangazelelo zokwabelana nezinye iinjongo zentlalo, ukhankatho kubulungisa bentlalo-ntle. Ngokunjalo, i-Calinian’s [[FLT] kunye neKhosity [FFFFF:]

Isiphelo

Imibutho yamalungelo abantu yenkulungwane yama-20 yenza okungaphezulu kunokuguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke; iphinda imisele esemthethweni apho imibutho izalwa khona ize isebenze khona. Ukusuka kwidabi leNAACP lokugcina isiseko sayo ngokuchasene nokungenelela kukarhulumente, ukunyanzelisa i-NOW inkampani engobufana nobuneno-mthetho, kwi-LGBT+ umbutho onyanzelisayo ukunyanzelisa ngokuchaneyo imimiselo echasene nomthetho olawulayo, igalelo ngalinye lezenzo zobugqhinga lishiye uphawu oluzinzileyo lomthetho olawulayo. Namhlanje, amashishini oluntu kunye nengenelo lwemibutho eenkampani engenisa i-grafiki, ukulingana nokungaguquguquka nokuhambela phambili kwe-DNA yesimo sezemali. I-enjongo yomthetho-mthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho icacile, kufuneka ilungele ukuguqula imigaqo-mthetho, i-ogcustom, kwaye ikhuthaza imiqatha yamaqela elungele ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni.