Ukwazisa: Isiseko Esiphilileyo Samalungelo AseMelika

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, owagunyaziswa ngo-1788, asilulo uxwebhu oluthe ngqo kodwa luyinkqubo ephilayo eye yaguquka ngokweenguqu ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno ezitshintshayo zebutho labantu. Ukuguqulwa komGaqo-siseko kuye kwawabumba ngokungqalileyo amalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye nenkululeko yamaMerika anayo namhlanje, ukusuka kwinkululeko yokuthetha ukuya kunelungelo lokutshata omthandayo. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukulwela ukulingana nokusesikweni okuqhubekayo. IBhili Lokulungisa, iDescrence, kunye nokwandisa kwemithetho ebhaliweyo, kwaye kamva i-franka nganye imela iziganeko eziphambili eziphambili kumgudu oqhubekayo wokuchaza nokukhusela inkululeko enxamnye namandla karhulumente kunye nekhethe.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela utshintsho olungundoqo lomgaqo-siseko oluye lwachazwa, lwandiswa ngayo, lwaza lwasetyenziswa ziinkundla, abaxhasi, kunye nabenzi bomthetho ukuyila ubume bamalungelo abantu ngenkulungwane yama-21. Lihlolisisa ukukhuselwa okusisiseko kweBhili yamaLungelo, iReformationon Reformation Amendmentation, ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota, indima yokucaciswa kwezomthetho, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho eqhubekayo okuqhubeka kuguqula indlela esiqonda ngayo amalungelo abantu.

IBhili yamaLungelo: Ukhuseleko Lweziseko

Izixhobo ezifakwe ngo1791, iziphumo zokuqala ezilishumi zokulungisa ulawulo, --iBhili yamaLungelo, zenzelwe ukukhusela inkululeko yabantu ekuphathweni ngurhulumente. Ezi zindululo zingunobangela wamalungelo abantu baseMerika, ziqinisekisa inkululeko ehlala ingundoqo kumadabi angokwasemthethweni anamhlanje.

UMthetho Wokuqala Wokulungiswa: Umgaqo - ngqangi

UHlaliso Lokuqala lukhusela inkululeko engundoqo emihlanu: ukuthetha, unqulo, ukucofa, indibano, kunye nesibongozo. Namhlanje, ezi migaqo zidlulela kwintetho yokomfuziselo (njengokutshisa iflegi [[FLT: 0]]] itexas v. Johnson, 1989), inkcaso yezopolitiko yezopolitiko (] i-FALP [FC v. FORT], 2010, kunye ne-intanethi ye-intanethi. Kodwa impikiswano iyaqhubeka nentetho yezothuso, i-mali, kunye nolawulo lolawulo lwezentlalo-ndaba-ndaba-ndaba. INkuNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ikholelwa ukuba inkcazazo ezizo ezizothe kratya okanye ezingathandwayo zikhusele, nangona isoloko ikho ngenxa yokuqhushukumiswa kogonyamelo, kunye nokuthotywa kobubhiyo. I-Gast Redmist Resition iqhubeka karhulumente, i-evoctic, i-jective, i-og

Uhlaziyo Lwesine: Ukuzimela Nokuzikhusela

Ulawulo lwesine LoMmiselo uthintelo ngokuchasene nokuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, okufuna unobangela olindelekileyo wemvume. Kwixesha lamanani, kugqabhukile imibuzo yezobucala. INkundla yalawula kwi Riley v. California [2014] [2009] ifuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla icell. Iimeko ezifana Cargenter v. United States[FLT] [FLT] [2017]]) iSikhuseli seSine sokuHlamvo-Sine sokuLandlisa kugcino-lwazi lweseli. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa indlela i- 18-asethi ye-droult i-condations ezihambela ngayo ubuxhakaxhakaxhaka bezi zisetyenziswa zezi zixhobo zamanani, ukulungisa amalungelo abantu kwimimandla yokhuseleko loluntu.

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu neseSithandathu: Inkqubo efunekayo nezilingo ezifanelekileyo

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu siqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo, ukukhusela ekuzichaseni, kwaye siyayithintela ingozi ephindwe kabini. UHlaziyo lweSithandathu luqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nokucinywa nguwonke-wonke, ijaji engenamkhethe, noncedo lwesiluleko. Iimeko zelizwe ezifana imanda v. Arizona[FLD:1] (1966]) zifuna amapolisa ukuba azise ukukrokraza kwamalungelo awo, ngelixa Gideon v. Wainright [[[[FLT:]] [1963]]) uqinisekisa isiluleko esisemthethweni kubamangalelwa abagwebi. Oku kuyimfuneko kubulungisa kwaye kuye kwafuneka ukuba kuvavanywe ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuncitshiswa kwe-caluvo olungoluvo olubi, nokunganyaniswayo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

UHlanganyelo Lonyuso lweNkqutyana lukwalela ukugqithisa kwebheyile, intengiso, kunye nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga. Kuye kwaba sisazulu sokuphikisana ngesohlwayo sentambo, iimeko zentolongo, kunye nezigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezincinane. Roper v. . Simmons (2005], iNkusilele isigwebo sokufa kwabancinane. ]Brown v. Plata[FLT][20], iphakamise umyalelo osezantsi wenkundla wokunciphisa amabanjwa aseKhalifoni ngenxa yokunciphisa inani labantu abahlayo abaphula umthetho owesibhozo. Le mimiselo ibonisa indlela okuqhubeka kokuguquka komgangatho olungeleneyo.

Uhlaziyo: Inkululeko Enciphisa Umgangatho

Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, iziHlaliso zeshumi elinesithathu, zeshumi elinesine nezeshumi elinesihlanu zavunywa ukuba zishenxise ubukhoboka zize zimisele amalungelo alinganayo. Zisezona zixhobo zinamandla zokuphelisa amalungelo abantu namhlanje.

Uhlaziyo Lwe - 13: Ukupheliswa Kobukhoboka

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu (1865) saphelisa ubukhoboka nobukhoboka obuzenzekelayo, ngaphandle kokuba kusisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mngxuma uye wasetyenziswa ukuthethelela ukunyanzelwa entolongweni, umbandela wempikiswano eqhubekayo. Noko ke, ukupheliswa kwale ngxaki kukwasebenza njengesiseko semithetho echasene nokurhwetywa kwabantu kunye nohlobo lobukhoboka lwangoku. Ulwimi lwawo olubanzi luvumela iBhunga ukuba litshayele i "ibhaji neziganeko zobukhoboka," njengoko kuxhaswe ku- Jones v. u-Alfred H. [May:1] [1968]

ISindululo seshumi elinesine: Ukhuseleko noXanduva

[[F3][10] ISiphendu se-14] singuMgaqo-nkqubo obaluleke kakhulu kumalungelo abantu. Yanika bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo e-U.S. yaze yaqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Ngemfundiso ye i-incurporation[[[[FLT:]] [195]], iNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise uKhuselo olulinganayo lokuKhuselwa kweSikolo. [FFUF] [3] [10] [3] [3] [4] [unyaka],[3], i-Flave] i-active i-ast Clastion. [freast][3][3][3][3][3]

UMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwamalungelo: Ukudlulisela Amalungelo

ISinyusi-Mpawu seshumi elinesihlanu (1870) salela ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kuhlanga. Phezu kwako oko, amatyala asebenzisa iirhafu zovotelo, iimvavanyo zobuzwilakhe, kunye noloyiso lobundlobongela lokususa umphetho we-Black America. Kwathatha iSivumelo samaLungelo sama-656 ukuze kunyanzeliswe ukupheliswa kwemithetho ye-ID yevoti, i-gerrymantining, kunye ne-fely enconcotions ukurhoxisa yonke i-Dementient Dementient Reconsole. Isigqibo seNkumbuso ePhakamileyo ka-2013 i-Shelby County v. Haker [[FLT.FF:1]] yabetha phantsi kwelungiselelo lemiqatha lemithetho yokuvota, ikhokelela kwimiqathango yokurhola imiqathazo yokuvosa nokurhoxala.

Ukuhambela Phambili Nezicombululo Zenkulungwane Yama - 20: Ukwandisa IElectorate

Njengoko eli lizwe laliqalisa ukuguquka, utshintsho olungakumbi lwandisa amalungelo okuvota kumabhinqa, lwaphelisa irhafu yokhupho, yaye lwanciphisa nexesha lokuvota.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwesi - 19: Umvuzo Wamabhinqa

Ngo-1920 emva kokulwa amashumi eminyaka, uMmiselo weSikhundla weshumi elinesithoba walela ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kwisondo. Olu loyiso lwamalungelo amabhinqa aluzange luqinisekise ukuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwezobupolitika kumabhinqa anemibala, kodwa lwabeka isiseko semithetho yamva efana ne-Title IX (1972) kunye ne-Ugonyamelo Oluchasene nabafazi (1994). Ukulungisa kuhlala kungumqondiso wokulwa ulingana kwesini kwaye kuye kwacatshulwa ngokweemeko ezibandakanya ucalucalulo lwesini.

Uhlaziyo lwama-24: Irhafu ebhengezwayo

Ngo-1964, uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine olwalelweyo lwerhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwamazwe. Iirhafu ezingquzulano zasetyenziswa kakhulu kumazwana aseMazantsi ukususa amarhafu angekho mgangathweni amnyama. Isivumelwano sokulungisa sasebenza kwi-tanimem kunye ne-Voting Rights Act ukususa imiqobo yezoqoqosho ekuvotelweni. Ngonyaka ka1966, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ku- Harper v. iBhodi ye-E Virginia of Evolutions sandisa uvalo kunyulo lwemithetho phantsi kolawulo lwe-Classic Claus.

Uhlaziyo lwama-20: Ukuthotywa kweNkcubeko

Ukuhlaziywa konyaka ka-1971 ebudeni bemfazwe yaseVietnam, uMphengululo wama-20-6 wehlisa iminyaka yokuvota ibe yi-18. Isikhalo sokuhlanganisa "omdala ngokwaneleyo ukuba alwe, akhule ngokwaneleyo ukuvota" esivakala kulo lonke ilizwe. Namhlanje, umvoti oselula uhlala engumbango ongundoqo, ngokuphikisana ngokwenza ukuvota kube lula ngakumbi kubantu abaselula nokuhlisa ixesha lokuvota kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukucaciswa Kwezigwebo: Indima YeNkundla Ephakamileyo

Ijaji, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, ichaza ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kwaye iwusebenzisa kwiimbambano zehlabathi lokwenene. Ezi zigqibo zingandisa okanye zithintele amalungelo abantu.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Esi sigqibo sangqinelanayo savakalisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke ngaphandle koburhulumente, sibhukuqa imfundiso "yahlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo" ye- Pnety v. Ferguson (1896). IJaji enkulu uEarl Warren wabhala ukuba iindawo ezahlukileyo zezo "ngalingani ngokungazenziyo". Isigqibo sanika amandla iPolitiki amalungelo Imondmentation kwaye saba yisikhokelo sokusebenzisa iGawula le 144th Demendments ekuceni ikhethelo.

Virginia (1967) enothando

Inkundla yawisa umthetho owelela ukutshata kwabantu abavela kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo, ikholelwa ukuba umtshato lilungelo elisisiseko yaye ukwahlulwa kohlanga kuxhomekeke ekuqwalaselweni ngokungqongqo. Eli tyala, elaziswa nguRichard noMildred Loving, lasebenzisa i-Ulinganiselo olulinganayo kunye ne-Celas yeSimiliselo se-Celas se-14. Lamisela umzekelo kumatyala alandelayo angoku e-astleant.

UGqr. 147 .W.

Roe v. wamkela ilungelo elisemthethweni lokuqhomfa phantsi koLawulo lwe 14-Olwenziweyo lomthetho-siseko. Kwiminyaka emalunga nama-50, yakhusela ukuzimela kokuzala. Ngo-2022, , [[2] I-Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization ilawula [[[FLT]]] i-Roe[[[FLT:]], ibuyisela inkqubo yokukhupha isisu kumazwe. Oku kubonakalisa indlela ephawulekayo ukuguquka komgaqo-siseko ngentanda-lwazi, okuchaphazela izigidi zabantu.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Inkundla yawugunyazisa ngokusemthethweni umtshato ongokwasemgangathweni kuzweni lonke, ikholelwa ukuba iSindululo soMgaqo-nkqubo seshumi elinesine soMgaqo-nkqubo noKhuselo oluManyeneyo luka-Celales siqinisekisa ilungelo lokutshata kwizibini ezifanayo. IJaji uAnthony Kennedy yabhala ukuba "umGaqo-siseko uthembisa inkululeko kubo bonke abanokufikelela kuso." Esi sigqibo saba yisiphelo samashumi eminyaka eLGBTQ+ advocacy kwaye sibe neempembelelo ezinzulu kwintlalo nakusemthethweni.

Ukubhanga noMthetho: Ukuqhuba uTshintsho loMgaqo-siseko

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokuhlaziywa kwemithetho nezomthetho ayenzeki kwimibutho yoluntu efuna utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu.

Iqela lamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Iinkokeli ezifana noMartin Luther King Jr., uRosa Parks, noJohn Lewis balungiselela umngcelele, ukuhlala phantsi, kunye nokuvota ziqhubela ekufuneni ukulingana kwesizwe. Imigudu yabo yakhokelela kuMthetho wamalungelo abantu wonyaka ka-1964, kuMthetho wamaLungu ka-1965, kunye noMthetho we-Fair Howard Hosley ka-1968, wonke abekwe kumgaqo-siseko wokulungisa. Ukusetyenziswa kombutho wokuqhankcatha nowa-ndaba kwaguqula uluvo lwasekuhlaleni nolunyanzelo lwasekuhlaleni.

Iqela Lamalungelo Lamabhinqa

Ukusuka kwintshukumo ye-suffngel ukuya kuququzelo lwenkululeko yabesifazane, abaxhasi baye bafuna amalungelo alinganayo phantsi komGaqo-siseko. Ulungiso lwamalungelo oLuntu (ERA), lokuqala ukucetyiswa ngowe-1923, lwadluliswa yiKhombutho kodwa lwasilela ekufumaneni intsebenziswano. Noko ke, umbutho waphumelela uloyiso olubalulekileyo olusemthethweni kwiligiodi, olunje Reed[FLT] v. (1971] kunye Craig v. Boren[12][7], eyamisela uhlolo oluphayo oluphezulu lwezigaba-zikolo.

LGBTQ+ Intshukumo yamalungelo

Abaxhasi bokuqala njengoHarvey Milky kunye nemibutho efana neKhampani yamaLungelo Yabantu balwela ukuthotywa kwemithetho echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho, ukulingana kolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokulingana komtshato. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Lawrence v. Texas [2003] [2003] [iiiii-sodom] yabulala imithetho ye-sombhin, kunye [[FLT]] i-Obergebbv. [[FLT:] [20] [20] Isigqibo esisemthethweni somtshato-we-expressix]. Namhlanje, impikiswano iyaqhubeka i-transgender, kuquka ukufikelela kwimpilo, izindlu zezindlu, kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba, kunye neemeko ezifana [FLD:]bsv. Coant [Ft]

Imigudu Yanamhlanje: Ubomi Obumnyama Bubalulekile Nangaphaya Kwayo

Umbutho weBlack Lives Matter, owafumana udumo emva kokubulawa kukaMichael Brown ngo-2014, uye wagxininisa ingqalelo kumsebenzi wamapolisa, ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi, kunye nobuhlanga. Abasebenzi baye bacela ukuba amapolisa ahlaziywe, apheliswe, namalungelo amatsha asekuhlaleni. Nangona ingawukhuphi ngqo umGaqo-siseko, le migudu inyanzelisa ukuchazwa kwakhona kokubuyiselwa kwezinto ezikhoyo, ingakumbi uHlaziyo lwesine nolwesibhozo.

Ikamva Lamalungelo Abemi kunye Nenkcazelo YomGaqo-siseko

Njengoko ibutho labantu litshintsha, kuvela iingxaki ezintsha ezivavanya imiqathango yokukhusela okukhoyo komGaqo-siseko.

Ukuzimela Kwamanani Nohlaziyo Lwesine

Inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuhlola urhulumente, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, kunye nokuqulunqwa kwemithetho-siseko. INkundla Ephakamileyo iqalile ukucombulula le miba, kodwa emininzi ayikapheliswa. UMthetho wokuHlaziya wesine usenokufuna ucaciso oluthe chatha ukukhusela ubumfihlo be-atmon ngexesha lokwazi ubuso, i-biometric system, kunye nobuchule obungeyoyamvelo. Abanye abaphengululi kunye nabaxhasi baye babiza "i-Digastial Foletent Rempletement" okanye ukhuseleko olutsha lomthetho.

Okusesikweni Kwemeko - bume Njengelungelo Lasekuhlaleni

Uluntu olungenayo ingeniso ephantsi kunye noluntu olunombala lusoloko luthwale ungcoliso kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Abaququzeleli baphikisa ngelithi ukonakaliswa kwemekobume kuphazamisa ukuKhuselwa kokhuseleko olulinganayo lukaClaus norhulumente onomsebenzi wokukhusela bonke abemi. Ityala elifana Juliana v. United States [ukungaphumelelanga] [ukuzama ukuseka umgaqo-siseko wesiseko] ekunene kwimozulu ezinzileyo. Uthetho lweSigwebo sobulungisa sikhokelela kwiinkcazelo ezintsha zoMgalelo we 145 okanye kwane-mentempyulo entsha yomgaqo-siseko.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Ukwahluka ngokweemfuno kuye kwakhula ngendlela ephawulekayo, nto leyo eye yachaphazela ukufikelela kwimfundo, impilo, izindlu, kunye nomelo olusemthethweni. UmGaqo-siseko awuqinisekisi ukulingana kwezoqoqosho, kodwa bambi baphikisa ngelithi ukungalingani okugqithisileyo kunciphisa ukuthatyathwa kwenxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kwaye kuphazamisana nomoya wokukhusela okulinganayo. Ukungalingani ngokwemali yesikolo, iinzuzo zikawonke wonke, kunye neendleko zolwaphulo-mthetho ezihlawulwayo zidla ngokukhuthaza ukuHlonyuselwa kweMphengululo yeshumi elinesine. Iingxaki zexesha elizayo zomgaqo-siseko zisenokufuna ukuseka amalungelo ezoqoqosho.

Ukuhlaziywa Okutsha Okuza Kubakho

Ngeli xesha kunzima ukudlula, ulungiso olucetyiweyo luquka uHlaliso lwaMalungelo alinganayo (ERA), utshintsho lokulawula inkxaso-mali yephulo (ukujika ICIIINQUM), kunye nokulungisa ukuseka ilungelo lokuvota. Isithili saseColumbia sikwabandakanya utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngezi zicelo igcina umGaqo-siseko uxwebhu oluphilayo.

Isiphelo: Uhambo Oluqhubekayo Lokuya Kokusesikweni

Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko asizizo nje izinto zembali; zizixhobo eziphilayo ezibumba amalungelo oluntu omntu ngamnye waseMerika namhlanje. Ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kuhlaziywa kohlaziyo nangaphaya, ulwandiso ngalunye kunye nokucaciswa okubonisa ukuqondwa okunentsingiselo kwesizwe yenkululeko nokulinganayo. Izigqibo zezeejaji, ubugqeba, kunye nentsebenziswano entlalo-ntle ziyaqhubeka zityhalela imida yoko umGaqo-siseko ukukhusela.

Ngokufunda ngotshintsho nezicelo zabo, abafundi nabafundisi - ntsapho banokuqonda ukubaluleka kokuthembisana, ukufunda ngokusemthethweni, nemigudu eqhubekayo yokukhusela okusesikweni kubo bonke.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko kuVimba woMgaqo-siseko weSizwe, jonga imiba yophawu ku Oyez, kwaye ufunde ngamalungelo angoku akhutshwa kwemibutho efana ne [[FLT:] ACLU kunye neNgxowa-mali yoMgangatho woMgaqo-mthetho .[FLT]NAAACUM Ukhuselo lwasemthethweni []