IRajeya Sabba, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeBhunga laseUnited States, yindlu ephezulu yePalamente yaseIndiya. Isebenza njengelungiselelo elibalulekileyo lokumela amaphondo kunye nemimandla ehlangeneyo kumgangatho wesizwe, iqinisekisa ukuba izilangazelelo zengingqi ziqwalaselwe kumthetho karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabbaha, enamalungu anyulwe ngqo ngabantu, uRaje Sabba unyulwa ngenkqubo engangqalanga esekelwe kuluntu nomgaqo-siseko womhlaba ngamnye. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukulungiselela ukuqhubekeka kwesakhiwo somthetho, njengoRajiya Sabha ingumzimba osisigxilo, kunye namalungu awo ahlala eqeshwe iminyaka emibini yonke. Ukuqonda i-Sygyyabha ikhethwa njani kumazwe ahlukeneyo, afuna ukutyibilika, umgangatho okhethekileyo womgaqo-mthetho-siseko wemithetho yomthetho, njengoko uRajiya Sabhaha edlala kwi-abhusayithi yephondo.

Isakhelo somGaqo-siseko sokuHlahlela u-Raje Sabha

Ukukhethwa kwamalungu eRajiya Sabba kusekelwe ku Article 80 womGaqo-siseko waseIndiya, ochaza ukwenziwa kweBhunga laseUnited States. Amandla onke eRajiya Sabhaha abekwe kumalungu angama-25, apho 238 angabameli bamazwe kunye namangingqi, kwaye u12 utyunjwa nguMongameli ngenxa yobuchule bawo kwimimandla efana noncwadi, ubugcisa, kunye nenkonzo yoluntu. Amandla asebenzayo ngoku ngamalungu angama-245 ngenxa yokuqeshwa kunye nolungiso.

Ulwabelo lwezihlalo phakathi kwamazwana lunqunyulwa yi- Shedyuli ye-Gaqo-siseko , enika izihlalo ezisekelwe kubemi bombuso ngamnye njengangokokubalwa kwabantu okutsha. Olu lwabiwo aluhlaziyiwe; luhlaziywa ngamaxesha athile ukubonakalisa utshintsho lwamanani. Umzekelo, ulawulo lwabemi abakhulu njengo-Uttar Pradesh babamba izihlalo eziyi 31, ngoxa amazwe amancinci afana neSikkim enesihlalo esinye kuphela. Inkqubo yonyulo ngokwayo iqhutywa phantsi komThetho Womthetho wabantu, 1951, kunye nomphathiswa yi-Ecom Comgate of India.

Izixhobo zombane: Inkqubo eyodwa edluliswayo

Raje Sabra unyulo lusebenzisa inkqubo edluliswayo enye (STV) yomelo lolwahlulo. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwe Rajiya Sabha kubonakalisa amandla anxulumeneyo amaqela ezobupolitika kwindibano yesizwe. Nantsi indlela esebenza ngayo:

Indlela Ezisetyenziswa Ngayo Izixhobo Zazo

Ilungu ngalinye lengqungquthela yowiso-mthetho (MLA) yesizwe linelungelo lokuvota kunyulo lweRajeya Sabha. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba le nkqubo ilungelelanisiweyo, MLA akakhangeli nje omnye umvoti. Endaweni yoko, babeka abathathi-nxaxheba ngokwendlela yokukhetha: 1, 2, 3, njalo njalo njalo. Ibhola iquka bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bakhuphisana, kwaye umvoti kufuneka abonise ukhetho lokuqala, ukhetho lwesibini, njalo njalo njalo. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufikelela kumlinganiselo ofunekayo kwizinto ezikhethwayo zokuqala, ivoti yeyona imbalwa iyasuswa, kwaye amavoti ayo athunyelwa kwizinto ezikhethwayo ezilandelayo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de zonke izihlalo ezizimeleyo zigcwaliswe.

Ukubala Ingoma

Umlinganiselo linani lamavoti kufuneka anyulwe. Ibalwa ngokusebenzisa indlela:

Quota = (Izivoti ezisebenzayo) / (Inani leetropu + 1) + 1

Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente une 403 MMAS kwaye unyulela 10 Rajiya Sabha amalungu, umlinganiselo uyakuba (403 / 11) + 1 = 37.6, uqokelelwe ukuba kuyimfuneko. nawuphi na umvo ogqitha umlinganiselo kwizinto ezikhethwayo zokuqala ukhutshelwe ngoko nangoko. Intsalela ekhoyo (iivoti ngaphaya komlinganiselo) ukusuka kwabo batshatiweyo ikhutshelwa kwinketho ezilandelayo kumaphepha ebhola. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe.

Ingxaki Yokufihla Imfihlo Nezisele

Ngeli xesha u-Rajiya Sabba eqhutywa ngonyulo olufihlakeleyo, umthetho ochasene nonyulo awusebenzi kolu nyulo ngendlela efanayo nangaphandle kokungaqiniseki ngentshukumo. Kodwa ke, amaqela ezobupolitika asoloko ekhupha iityathanga zangaphakathi ukuqinisekisa i-MLS Mosmos covtifications ezivunyiweyo zeqela. Ukunqamleza umnqamlezo-umnqamlezo-av. /a apho uvote ngokuchasene nomgca weqela, "/i-MLScan ikhokelela kwisenzo sogunyaziso, kuquka ukugxothwa kweqela, nangona ingayikhuthamisi i-MLA kwingqungquthela ye-Romati ephantsi komthetho we-Romatiko phantsi kolu hlobo oluthile lokuvota olukhethekileyo. Oku bekuyindawo yengxoxo esondeleyo, ngokukodwa kukhetho oluthe ngqo.

Ilizwe elihlala abantu ngaphaya kwamaphondo namaphondo omanyano

Inani lezihlalo ze Rajiya Sabba mbuso ngamnye ofumanayo lilungelelaniswa ngqo nabemi bawo, kodwa ulwabelo olululo lumiswe yiShedyuli yesine kwaye luhlaziywe ngamaxesha athile. Ngelixesha inani labantu elisetyenziswayo ngo1971 ngoku ukucutha, ulwabiso lwesihlalo se Rajiya Sabha alukhange luhlaziyiwe ukususela ekulungelelanisweni kwakhona kwamazwe ngo 2000. Nantsi indlela amaphondo ahlukeneyo kunye nemibutho emelelwe ngayo:

Umthetho onowona mfanekiso uphezulu

Amazwe anabemi abaninzi alawula iRaje Sabha ngokwamanani ezihlalo:

  • Uttar Pradesh: 31 izihlalo (eziphezulu), ezibonisa inani labemi elingaphezulu kwamakhulu ezigidi ezingama 200.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amaharashtra: izihlalo ezili-19, ezimela ubunzima bezoqoqosho nobobuni.
  • [[UMGANGA: 0] : izitulo ezili-16, nangona abemi bazo bebakhulu kunamanye amazwe anamanani afanayo, ulwabiso lwabekwa phambi kokuba ubelwa kwabantu ngo-2011.
  • [[FLT: 0] West Bengal: izihlalo ezili-16, kwakhona zisekelwe kubemi.
  • Tamil Nadu: izitulo ezili-18, zibonakalisa inani labemi elibalulekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] uMadhya Pradesh: izihlalo ezi-11, nangona abemi bazo beye banda, ulwabiwo alutshintshanga.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Rajastan: izihlalo ezilishumi, ezinebala elikhulu kodwa elincinane labemi abaxineneyo.

Kula mazwana, unyulo luzizinto ezininzi. Umzekelo, xa u-Uttar Pradesh ekhetha amalungu akhe angama-31, ukuqhelisa konke kungabandakanya ulawulo lwevoti oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kwamaqela, njengokuba izivumelwano zisenokufuna ukudibanisa izikhethelo ukuze ziphumelele izihlalo ezininzi.

Umthetho onesethi enye okanye ezimbalwa

Amaphondo amancinane kunye namasebe ahlangeneyo anezihlalo ezimbalwa, ngokufuthi enye. Oku kubanika ilizwi elinye kwiBhunga laseUnited States, kodwa inkqubo yonyulo ihlala ifana /iprojekthi emeleni ye-STV. Noko ke, enesihlalo esinye kuphela esisemthini, inkqubo iba nento esebenzayo kwivoti yokuqala yeplanga phakathi kweMLA, ekubeni umlinganiselo ulingana noninzi lwevoti.

  • [[FLT: 0] SIKkim[[FLT: 1]: isihlalo. Isihlalo esine 32 MLA, umlinganiselo ngu (32 / 2) + 1 = 17 uvoti. Umvotelwa okhusela uninzi lwezinto ezikhethwayo zokuqala uyaphumelela, kodwa uluhlu lwezinto ezikhethwayo lungakhange lubekho ukuba akukho mntu ufikelela kumlinganiselo wokuqala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Igoa: sihlalo 1. Nge 40 MLA, umlinganiselo ngu 21. Intshukumo ezifanayo ziyasebenza.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uttankand: izitulo ezi- 3. Nangona zihlalo ezintathu, inkqubo isebenza ngomlinganiselo osezantsi, inika amaqela amancinane ithuba.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-HImal Pradesh: izihlalo ezi-3.
  • [[FLT: 0] MEghalaya: isihlalo 1. Kumaphondo asemntla mpuma mpuma, inani elincinane leML Ath yenza ivoti nganye ibe yeyona ibalulekileyo.
  • Manipur, Tritura, Nagaland, Mizoram, Runachal Pradesh: Ngasinye sinesihlalo esinye, ngaphandle koManipur one 1 kunye. La maphondo asoloko ebona impembelelo enkulu yezopolitiko ngexesha lonyulo lwe Rajiya Sabhaha ngenxa yomdangatho omxinwa.

Umelo lwemimandla yemanyano

Phakathi kwemimandla yomanyano, iDelhi kuphela [[FULT:0] inezihlalo ezi-3 kuphela iDelhi ````Indawo enye i-'Ant' ne kunye neziQithi zePuducherry' zineendibano zewisomthetho kunye nevoti Rajiya Sabbaha, kunye ne-Lada, Lahadhad, kunye no-Jamir (ngoku ngokukathi u-UT) azinabameli kwi-Rapya. Endaweni yazo, izilangazelelo azimeleki ngamalungu alishumi elinethoba okanye angoomatshini, nangona ezikho iinkculo ezimelelweyo, nangona zimelelwe ngoku.

Ubuninzi bombane wemeko

Ngoxa inkqubo yeSTV ifana, imikhosi esebenzayo iyahluka ngokwahlukeneyo ngenxa yamandla aphakathi, umanyano lwezobupolitika, nenani lezihlalo ezisemngciphekweni.

Ii-Constituences Ezininzi Ezininzi

Kumazwe afana no-Uttar Pradesh, iqela elilawulayo okanye umbutho olawulayo ngokufuthi une-MLA ukuphumelela izihlalo ezininzi ngaphandle kobunzima obukhulu. Umzekelo, ukuba iqela linama-300 ML kumalungu angama-403 kwaye lifuna ukukhetha amalungu angama-31, lingakhawuleza ukufikelela umlinganiselo wamalungu alo abatshakazi. Noko ke, i-morionealism inokubakhokelela ekunqamlezeni-ontave, njengoko kubonwa kutshanje kunyulo lwakutshanje lwe-Rapya Sabhaha apho abanye abachasi be-ML nanjengobavoti abakhanka abo bangabaxhasi begxatyiswe ngamaqela.

Ii-Menber zodwa

Kumaphondo ngesihlalo esinye sombutho iRajiya Sabba, unyulo luba luvavanyo lwamandla eqela kwingqungquthela yowiso-mthetho. Ekubeni umlinganiselo ulula uninzi lwevoti, iqela eliyalela uninzi lwe-ML njengangoko lisoloko liphumelela. Noko ke, ukuba akukho qela elinalo uninzi, i-amension, iyayila, kunye nenkqubo yokudlulisela i-STV ethandwayo yenkqubo engaqhelekanga ingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezimangalisayo. Umzekelo, kwimeko efana neSikkim, apho iqela elilawulayo linonyulo olunamandla, uRjanya Sabha lungumgqibelo. Kodwa kumazwe afana noManipuur, kunye noorhulumente abangquthelanayo, uMLM, njengoko ukhetho lwezorhwebo lunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingalindelekanga, ukwenza isiphumo esingaqinisekangaqondakali.

Amalungu Amiselweyo AseRaje Sabha

Phantsi Article 80 (3), uMongameli waseIndiya uthatha amalungu ali-12 kwiRajeya Sabhaha. Ezi azinyulwanga yindibano ethile yesizwe kodwa zinyulelwa ngeminikelo yazo ekhethekileyo kwimimandla ethile: uncwadi, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, kunye nenkonzo yentlalo. Eli lungiselelo liphenjelelwa yiNdlu yeBritish House of Lords kwaye lizimisele ukuzisa ubuchule kunye namazwi angeyonxalenye yecawa. Oku akunyulwangajongwanga ngamalungu akwinkqubo yemithetho yowiso-mthetho. Amalungu angaphambili aquka uGqhinga uGqrmah (ngaphambi kokuba abe nguMphathiswakazi), ifilimu iHemani, kunye nohlobo lokudansiva i-Rukn. Ukukhetha okungakhethwayo kusetyenziswayo kwimigaqo yeBhungane, nokungakhethwa koomatisipala abanyulwayo, angoonyulwayo, akakho, amalungu athenjiweyo, angonyulwa ngumthetho ongomnye, avumela ukuba avume, avume ukuba avume,

Indima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika Nokuya Kwamacala

Unyulo lweRajeya Sabba lusoloko luthethwa ngokhetho lwezopolitiko njengoko lunjalo malunga nenkqubo esemthethweni. Amaqela ezobupolitika kwiphondo ahlola amandla e-ML-A kwaye ngokufuthi afumana inani labaza kuphumelela kwinani lezihlalo abanokuphumelela ngokusekelwe kwicandelo. Kurhulumente ababumbene, amalungiselelo esihlalo-socalo ayathethwa phambi konyulo. Umnqamlezo-o-vota. "ukuvota" apho i-MLA ivota ngokuchasene nomgca weqela(*) imbambano eqhubekayo. Ngoxa inkqubo yesabhokhwe ikhona, umthetho olwa nodefifi awazisebenzisi ngokucacileyo unyulo lwe-Sabha kuba uceliwe kuba umthetho wenzelwe ukuthintela ukuphambukiswa kweqela kwindlu ephantsi yendlu, kungekhona ngexesha lokuvota. Inkundla ephakamileyo i-ASMLN.

Imikhwa Yakutshanje Nokugxekwa

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inkqubo yokukhetha iRajiya Sabha ijongene nokugxekwa kwimimandla emininzi. Okokuqala, umelo lwabemi olulinganayo luxhalabisa kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba ulwabelo lwesihlalo lusekelwe kubalo lwangowe-1971, luchaza ukuba luye lwakhula ngokukhawuleza (njengoBahar no-Utar Pradesh) lufikelelwa phantsi, ngelixa amanye amaphondo amancinci enezihlalo ezininzi ngonyaka ngamnye. Oku kwaphula umgaqo womelo lolwahlulo. Okwesibini, i-inlue yamandla emali [[FLT] kunyuso, ngokukodwa kunyuso olunqamlezileyo, lukhokelele ekugxekweni kwe-e. Ngokufuthelekisa iimeko zobucala.

Okwesithathu, kukho ukunqongophala komelo oluthe ngqo kubemi. Ukususela ekubeni uMLL DAVIYA Sabba ongumvoti, umvoti-mndilili akathethi ngqo ukuba ngubani ohlala kwindlu ephezulu. Abanye abahlalutyi bezobupolitika baye baphikisana ngonyulo olungqalileyo kuRajya Sabba, olufana ne-US Cata, ukuphakamisa ityala. Noko ke, abaxhasi benkqubo yangoku babonisa ukuba ikhusela izilangazelelo zamazwe kwaye inikela uvavanyo kwimilinganiselo yepopulist. Okokugqibela, amalungu [[FLT:] athenjiwe ngokubekwa kwezo ezopolitiki kunokuba abe ziingcali ze-Atlanti. Utshintsho luye lwanconywa, njengoko abantu abanjalo bengenawo amagosamvo, kodwa bengakhangelwanga tshintsho.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelana kweRaje Sabra

Ukukhethwa kweRajiya Sabba kumazwe awahlukeneyo eIndiya kukusetyenziswa okuntsonkothileyo komthetho wezobugqeba, ubuchule bezobupolitika, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo zabemi. Inkqubo yokuvota enye edluliselwayo iqinisekisa ukuba indlu ephezulu ibonakalisa amandla anxulumeneyo amaqela ezobupolitika kwintlanganiso nganye, ngelixa ukwabiwa kwezihlalo ezisekelwe kubemi kunika amaphondo amagunya amakhulu aphezulu. Noko ke, ukuqaqaqaba kwisihlalo ukususela ngo 1971 kunye nobunzima bokunqamleza okukhokelela ekufuneni ukwenziwa kwale nkonzo. Ukwakhiwa kwelizwe laseIndiya kuhlala kukwisibonelelo, iRajiya Sabha isiseko esingundoqo sokumela ingiselwa kwengingqi, nokuqonda indlela amalungu akhethwe ngayo kubaluleke kakhulu. Iinkcukacha ezikhutshelweyo kumntu onomdla kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. [FLD] [12]