Lunke unyulo, izigidi zabantu ziphosa iivoti, kodwa indlela eziguqulelwa ngayo kwizihlalo okanye izigqibo ziyahluka ngokuphawulekayo ehlabathini lonke. Iinkqubo zovota `imithetho kunye nemigaqo elawula indlela ivoti ephoswa ngayo, ibala, kwaye iguqulelwe ekubeni imemo. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela abaza kuphumelela ngayo ekufumaneni iimvume zokuvota. Ukuqonda aba bakhandisi kunye nabafundi abafuna ukungayiqondi indlela unyulo, kodwa indlela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezinokukhuthaza okanye zidibanisene, ukunyusa okanye ukuvala amazwi amancinane, kunye nokukhuthaza okanye ukuqinisa ukhuseleko okanye ukuvala imigca. Eli nqaku lihlola ezona ndlela ziphambili zokuvota abatshatiweyo, urhwebo lwabo, kunye neempembelelo zabo zokwenene zehlabathi kukhetho lwevotimenti kunye nempilo yedemo-demokhrasi.

Ukuqonda Iinkqubo Zokusasaza Iimpahla

Embindini wayo, inkqubo yokuvota yiseti yemithetho efaka ukhetho lomntu ngamnye kwisiphumo esidityanisiweyo. Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo kuphembelela ukuziphatha okulungeleleneyo, ukhuphiswano lweqela, kunye nomlinganiselo apho ukuthanda konyulo kuboniswa kurhulumente. Ngoxa kukho ulwahluka-hluka oluninzi, amazwe amaninzi edemokhrasi asebenzisa enye yeentlobo ezine ezinkulu: eyokuqala-modeli, umelo lolungelelwaniso, ukuvota, okanye iinkqubo zolungelelwaniso ezidityanisiweyo. Nganye ineziphumo ezicacileyo zendlela yokuzichaza kwawo nendlela akhetha ngayo amavoti aguqulela kwigunya.

Iintlobo zeenkqubo zokujija

  • Eyokuqala- iPast- iposi (FTP) – Voters zikhetha umvotelwa omnye kwingingqi yelungu elinye; umvoti onenkoliso yokuphumelela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ipropaticational modefication (PR) – Setts zinikwa amaqela ngokusekelwe kwisabelo sazo sovoti iyonke, ngokufuthi kusetyenziswa izithili ezinamalungu amaninzi.
  • I-Choice Voing (RCV) – Voters abathathi nxaxheba ngokwendlela yokukhetha; iziphumo zigqitywa ngolawulo oludityanisiweyo nonikezelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-MEMber Propotionel (MMP) – Voters zijula iibhola ezimbini: enye yommeli wesithili kunye nenye yeqela; indawo epheleleyo ilungelelaniswe ukufikelela kulungelelaniso.

Inkqubo nganye isabela ngokwahlukileyo kwivoti enye. “ivoti” ayingomntu omele ilandelwe okanye iqela abakhethayo, kodwa ikwanokokuba ivoti yabo iza kulahlwa kusini na, nokuba bangaxhasa iqela lesithathu ngaphandle kobungozi, kwaye banokuba banempembelelo engakanani kunesiphumo sokugqibela. Masihlolisise indlela nganye enzulu.

Udidi lweposi

Umthetho wokuqala ophambili uyindlela yokuvota elula neyaziwa ngokubanzi, esetyenziswa kumazwe anjengeUnited States, iUnited Kingdom, iKhanada, neIndiya. KwiFPTP, ilizwe lahlulwe lizithili enye. Umvoti ngamnye uphosa ibhola enye yomvoteli omnye, kwaye umvoteli onenkoliso yamavoti.

Inzuzo yeFPTP

  • [[FLT: 0] I- CD: Ibholaot ilula/ivoters zikhetha igama elinye. Akukho libala, akukho luluhlu lweqela, akukho kubalwa okuntsonkothileyo.
  • Isantya seziphumo . Kuba kuphela iivoti zokuqala zibalwa, iziphumo zisoloko zaziwa ngonyulo ebusuku.
  • I-accel conduva [: isithili ngasinye sinommeli omnye, okwenza kube lula ngabameli ukwazi ukuba ngubani omele abeke ityala kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni.
  • Urhulumente okwicandelo elinye : FP isoloko ivelisa umvuzo ocacileyo, inciphisa imfuneko yemibutho kwaye ikwazi ukukhawulezisa ukwenziwa kwenkqubo.

Ingxaki yeFPTP

  • [[FLT: 0] Ivoti ezivotiweyo: Nayiphi na ivoti iphoswe umlandeli olahlekileyo (okanye uphumelele ngomda omkhulu) ayichaphazeli sabelo sesihlalo somhlaba wonke. Kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo, amavoti amaninzi akanantsingiselo.
  • Umthetho we-Monity: Umvotelwa angaphumelela kakuhle ngaphantsi kwe 50% yevoti ukuba inkcaso yahluliwe. Umzekelo, kugqatso lwendlela ezintathu umvotelwa one 35% angaboyisa abachasi ababini abanezi 33% kunye nama-32% ngamnye.
  • Ulawulo lwezahlulo ezimbini : i-FP ifaka uvoti olubalulekileyo. I-voter idla ngokushiya amaqela esithathu ukuze iphephe “ukudibanisa ivoti,” ikhokelela kwinkqubo yecandelo amabini angenakubonakalisa ulwahluka-hlukano loluvo lukawonke-wonke.
  • GERYMANding: Ngenxa yokuba imida yesithili ibalulekile, amaqela anegunya angawasebenzisa ukuqinisa uncedo oludityanisiweyo.

FPP idla ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezingathethekiyo. Ngo- 2015 unyulo lwe-UK jikelele, iQela leKonsorvati liphumelele 36.9% levoti kodwa 50.8% yezihlalo, ngelixa iK Iqela leSikhundla se-UK lifumana i 12,6% yevoti kodwa 0.15% yezihlalo. Oku kususa izihlalo. Oku kungakhulula abavoti abavakalelwa ukuba ukhetho lwabo alubali. Kwesinye isandla, abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba i FPTP ikhuthaza oorhulumente abazinzi nezimfuno ezicacileyo. Funda okungakumbi kuhlalutyo [[FFLT: 0] Utshintsho Loluntu lwe FPPPP

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Iinkqubo zomelo lwepropotigal zijolise ukulungelelanisa ipesenti yezihlalo ezifunyanwa liqela kunye nesabelo salo sovoti ethandwayo. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yi-PR yoluhlu lweqela, apho abavoti bakhetha iqela (okanye ngamanye amaxesha abavoti kuludwe lweqela) kwaye izihlalo zabelwa ngokulinganayo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngomqobo omncinci (umz., 3-5% wevoti yesizwe). I-PR isetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezininzi ze-democractary, kuquka i-Jamani, i-Sweden, neNetherlands, kunye namazwe amaninzi eLatin America kunye ne-Afrika.

Inzuzo yePR

  • Umelo lweFair: Iindawo zamkela izihlalo ngokumafutshane ngokuhambelana kwivoti, ngoko iqela elifumana i 10% yevoti lifumana malunga ne 10% yezihlalo. Oku kunciphisa ukuchitha amavoti.
  • ukwandisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika: amaqela amancinane (kuquka lawo amela iintlanga ezincinane, i-octistists, okanye amaqela azimeleyo anye) angafumana impumelelo, anwebe incoko yezobupolitika.
  • Umvoti ophezulu uvota uvotelo oluphezulu: Uphando lucebisa ukuba iinkqubo zePR zinxulunyaniswa nonyuso oluphezulu kuba abavoti bavakalelwa ukuba ivoti yabo inokubala kakhulu kwisiphumo esinentsingiselo.
  • Inciphiso ze-gerrymaning: ekubeni isithili esinamalungu amaninzi siqhelekile, imida yesithili ineziphumo ezincinci kwisihlalo.

Iingozi zePR

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukulandela isampuli: Iivota zingafuna ukuqonda uluhlu lweqela kwaye mhlawumbi nokuvota okukhethiweyo. Inkqubo yokubala ingaba buzizi ngakumbi.
  • oorhulumente bobunyani: IPR inqabile ukuvelisa uninzi lwecandelo elinye, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxoxo edibanisayo enokuthi iqhubeke kwaye iphumele koorhulumente abangazinziyo. Umzekelo, i-Itali, iye yafumana iinguqulelo ezithe rhoqo zikarhulumente phantsi kwe-PR.
  • Umngcipheko wobugqwirha: Amaqela amancinane angonakali angafumana indawo ephantsi ukuba umqobo usezantsi. Inkqubo yakwaSirayeli, enomda oyi 3,25%, ivumele i-Orthodox kunye namaqela ama-Arabhu ukuba asebenzise impembelelo enkulu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izikhombisi zomelo lwasekuhlaleni: Kuluhlu olucocekileyo lwe PR, abavoti abanammeli wesithili okhethekileyo oza kusondela ngenkxalabo yasekuhlaleni.

Isixokelelwano se-PR sivela ngohlobo oluninzi `iqela elivulekileyo (amatyala angakhetha abatshati) uluhlu oluvaliweyo (icandelo elimisa ucwangco), kunye novoti enye edluliselweyo (STV) kwimimandla emininzi. i-tt nganye ebuthathaka ichaphazela ukhetho lomvoti. Umzekelo, uluhlu lwe PR lunika abavoti amandla amaninzi okubeka abavoti ngokwamaqela. I-I-ID yezizwe ngezizwe inikeza udweliso olubanzi [[FLT: 0] Isiseko sogcino-lwazi lwenkqubo yogcino-lwazi lwenjongo yePR ukuthelekisa iinkqubo zenkqubo zePR .

RCV

Uvota olunechokoza elishinyeneyo, olukwasaziwa njengovota okhawulezayo. Le nkqubo iphinda iphinde iphinde ifumane abavoti kwibhola. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala yevoti, umvoti ngevoti yokuqala encinane ekhoyo iyasuswa, kwaye iibhola zabo zisasazwa kwezo zivoti zesibini. Le nkqubo iphinda de omnye umvoti ufikelele uninzi. RCV isetyenziswa kwiMaine (ukhetho olubanzi), i-Alaska (unyulo oluqhelekileyo), izixeko ezininzi ze-U.S, kunye nokhetho lwesibini eAustralia, i-Ireland, neNew Zealand.

Inzuzo yeRCV

  • [[NTL: 0] iqinisekisa ukuvota ngokunyaniseka: Imisebenzi ingabeka ibhalisa elithandwayo kuqala ngaphandle kokuxhalatyiswa “kukuvota”, kuba ukhetho lwayo lwesibini lungabala ukuba ukhetho lwayo lokuqala lulahlekile.
  • Inciphisa iphulo elingalunganga: Iingcebiso zinokubhenela kubaxhasi babanye abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba babe yeyesibini okanye eyesithathu, inciphise uhlaselo lobuqu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ugunyaziso lweMajority: Ophumeleleyo ekugqibeleni ufumana inkxaso eninzi, mhlawumbi njengokhetho lokuqala okanye emva konikezelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iziphumo zomonakalo : Icandelo lesithathu okanye abatshayeli abazimeleyo bangabaleka ngaphandle kokwahlula ivoti ngendlela enceda umvoti ongoyena uphambili uphambili.

Iingozi zeRCV

  • Ukuzalana: Inkqubo yokubala ibandakanya kakhulu kune FPTP; ingafuna imijikelezo emininzi yoqalo kwaye ingenza ulibaziseko lweziphumo zokugqibela, ingakumbi kwimigqalwano emikhulu.
  • udideko lweVotar: Abanye abavoti bazama ukubeka abangenisi kakuhle, bakhokelela kwivoti ezingasebenziyo. KwisiXeko saseNew York singu 2021 esingumphathi-dolophu ophambili, ngaphezulu kwe 150 000 iibhola zalahlwa ngenxa yeempazamo.
  • Ukudinwa okungalawulekiyo: Ukuba umvoti akawahleli onke amatshati, ibhola yabo ingaba “yi-"ayikho ukhetho oluseleyo) ngexesha lokubala, ukulahla ngokunempumelelo.
  • Isitatimente esiphezulu: Ngelixesha i RCV inciphisa iindlela ezithile, isenokufaka abavoti ukuba bafake ibala elinamandla eliphezulu ukunqanda umvoti abangayithandiyo.

RCV ixhaphakile njengendlela yokuvelisa iziphumo ezingakumbi zomelo ngexesha logcino lwezithili esinye. FairVote, umbutho ongeyoparatistan, abameli be-RCV kwaye ibonelela ngophando oluneenkcukacha lokusetyenziswa kwayo, njengakwi i-Alaska neMaine. Unyulo olukhethekileyo lwase-Alaska lwe-U.S. Indlu yaba ngumsebenzi wokuqala we-RCV edityaniswe nongeyoyayo eyintloko, nto leyo eyaphumela ekoyisenisweni ngokuncitshiswa kweDemocrat ngaphezu kweRiphabliki encowanconywe ngu-Donald Trump.

Ipropoti yorhwebo exutyiweyo

Iinkqubo zolungelelwaniso ezidityanisiweyo ezizama ukudibanisa ezingcono ze FPTP nePR. Voters zaphosa iivoti ezimbini: enye yezanyulo kwisithili sazo esinye (isebenzisa i-FPTPP) kunye nesinye soluhlu lweqela. Iqela lisetyenziselwa ukunikezela ngezihlalo eziphezulu kwimiba yengingqi okanye yesizwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho kubonakalisa uvoti lweqela. IMMP isetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, eMzantsi Korea, kunye neqela le U.S. izixeko (umz., iibhodi zasekuhlaleni zasekuhlaleni zaseNew York).

Inzuzo yeMMP

  • Umelo oluqulethweyo: Izandi zifumana umelo lwasekuhlaleni kumalungu esithili, ngelixa ivoti yeqela iqinisekisa ukulungelelana ngaphaya kwendlu yowiso-mthetho.
  • wazikhupha iivoti ezilahlwayo: Nokuba umvoti othandwayo ulahlekelwa nguvoti wesithili, ivoti yabo inegalelo kubalo lwesihlalo esipheleleyo seqela.
  • Ivumela uvoti eyahlulweyo : Ivoter zingavuza umvotelwa odumileyo osuka kwiqela elinye lodwa lo gama exhasa iqela elahlukileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kwamaqela aphakathi [: Ngenxa yokuba amaqela kufuneka abhenele kwindawo ethile nakwisizwe, amaqela agabadeleyo adla ngokuphumelela kwimigqalwano yesithili okanye iindawo zoluhlu.

Iingozi zeMMP

  • Ukuzalana: amavoti amabini, amanqanaba amabini omelo, kunye nobalo lwesihlalo sokuhlala lungadida abavoti. IKhomishini ye-Electoral yaseNew Zealand iqhuba amaphulo emfundo aphezulu.
  • Ukuqengqeleka nokucutha izihlalo: Ukuba iqela lifumana izihlalo zesithili ezininzi kunesabelo salo solwahlulo, inkqubo yongeza izihlalo ezithe xhaxhe kwamanye amaqela ukubuyisela ulwahlulo, ukwandisa indlu yowiso-mthetho. IBoundestag yaseJamani ikhule yaya kufikelela kumalungu angaphezu kwama-700 ngenxa yezi inguqulelo.
  • oorhulumente bobunyani: NjengePR, MMP isoloko iphumela kurhulumente abamanyeneyo, abanokubangaqiniseki ukuba amaqela aneengxaki ezinkulu zengqondo.
  • ukuvota okunevoti ezimbini]: Abanye abavoti basenokucinga ukuba ukhetho lwabo lwesithili luyalahlwa kwaye bajolise ingqalelo kuphela kwivoti yeqela, ukunciphisa ukuphendula kwengingqi.

I-New Zealand yatshintshelwa kwi-FPTP ukuya kwi-MMP ngo-1996 emva kwe-arhente. Utshintsho lwanyusa ngokuphawulekayo inani lamaqela kwipalamente lwaza lwanyanzela ukwenziwa kombutho. IKhomishini ye-New Zealand Electoral inika isikhokelo esithe ngqo kwi-MMP[[FLT: 1] esichaza indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo.

Impembelelo Kukhetho lwezorhwebo

Inkqubo yokuvota ayibali nje kuphela izinto ezikhethwayo . Xa abavoti beqonda abalungisi, batshintsha indlela yabo yokuziphatha, maxa wambi ngeendlela eziphikisanayo nezikhethwayo zabo zokwenene. Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo kuneziphumo ezichaphazelekayo kwivoti, ukuthatyathwa kwezobupolitika, kunye neziphumo ezicacileyo.

Ubungqina

Uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba umvoti ujikelelwyo uphezulu ngokwendlela ezilungelelanisiweyo kune FPTP. Umzekelo, ujikelezo oluqhelekileyo kumazwe e-OECD nge PR lumalunga ne 10 leepesenti zeenqaku eziphezulu kunaleyo isebenzisa i-FPTPP, kwanabo balawula ezinye izinto. Phantsi PR, abavoti abakwaziyo ukuva ukuba ukuvota kwabo kuphoswe kakubi, ngoko banesiqhubiso esinamandla sokuthabatha inxaxheba. RCV ngokuthoba ngokuthoba, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti abancinane abanoxabiso lokuchaza izinto ezikhethwayo. Kwi FPTPP, ukujika koluvota kuzakuvela kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo apho isiphumo sithethsi.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

I-FPTP ithanda ukuvelisa ukhuphiswano lwamacandelo amabini, olunokunwena. Abangenisi kukhuseleko lwamasuntswana basoloko bebhenela kwisiseko, ngelixesha unyulo ngokubanzi lukwidabi lobundlobongela. Ngokuphikisanayo, iPR ne MMP ikhuthaza iinkqubo ezininzi apho amaqela kufuneka avume ukwenza imidibaniso. Noko ke, i-PR ingenza ukuba amaqela angenamandla aphambili afumane iqonga, njengoko kubonwa kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo kunye nokurhoxisana lubonakala ngokucacileyo: RCV, ngabavuzi bomvuzo abanokutsala ivotelo lwesibini, abanokufaka abathathi babhenele abanokubhenela kwisixhobo esinciphileyo kuphela somvotiso.

Ukukwazi Ukusebenza Nendlela Yokwanelisa

Impumelelo yamavoter − ukukholelwa ukuba imicimbi yovota kabani iphezulu ngokwendlela ye-MMP elungelelanisiweyo nebekwe phantsi. Kuhlolisiso lwama-2020 lwabavoti eMaine (esebenzisa i-RCV) kunye namazwe angqongileyo, uvoti-Maine wanikela ulwaneliseko oluphezulu lwenkqubo yonyulo nasemva kokuqwalasela izinto ezikhethwa ngugqirha. Ngokufanayo, kwinkqubo ye-MMP yaseJamani, uvotensio ivakalisa intembelo yokuba iqela labo liboniswa kuqululo lukarhulumente. Kwi-FPTPP, ingakumbi kumazwe aneqela elinophawu olunamandla lokutshixa-in, abavoti abaninzi baziva bekhutshiwe ngenxa yokuba iqela labo elikhethekileyo lizibeka phantsi izihlalo.

Isiphelo

Amatshati ovota akangolwazi olungobundilele; anamandla anamandla alawulayo aphumelelayo, indlela amaqela aziphatha ngayo, nokuba abemi baziva ngayo izinto. Eyokuqala-phambili-imvandeni inika ukuphendula ngokulula kwaye ivelisa ukurhoxiswa kweziphumo ezicacileyo kodwa ivelise iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yokuvota kuqinisekisa ukuguqulelwa kwezihlalo kodwa kungenza ukucutha. Ukuvota okuthenjiweyo kubangele ukutshintsha kwendlela yokulawula. Ukukhetha okuthe ngqo nokuphumelela kwe-chola okuninzi, kodwa kuzisa ukuntsonkotha okuninzi. Isixokelelwano somdibanisi sibangela ukulingana kodwa sinokudidaniswa nokukhokelwa kwezi mithetho ephezulu. Kuba abaqeqeqeshi nabafundi, baqonda le ngxoxo yokuzingela intetho ephambili ngokhetho olunyuliweyo. Ukukhetha kwendlela yokulungisa kubandakanya ngohlobo oluthile lohlobo oluthile lolawulo lwedemokhrasi, okanye olulungele ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iindlela ezifanelekileyo, njengoko kulungelelaniswa kwezinye iindlela ezifanelekileyo, ezifanelekileyo, ezilungelelaniswa nakusetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa kolukusetyenziswa kolu hlobo