Ukwazisa: Inkqubo yeNkcubeko eBanzi

I-United States isebenza enye yezona nkqubo zomthetho zilungeleleneyo ehlabathini. Ngaphezu kwe-18, urhulumente, kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni anembopheleleko yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ngamnye ngegunya lakhe, inkxaso, kunye nezinto eziza kuqala. Esi sakhiwo siso sisongekileyo singenza i-effiencies /iies organques ezichanekileyo eziphethe iingozi ezahlukeneyo `kodwa zizisa imingeni yokudibanisa umanyano, ukungqubana, ukusasaza okungalinganiyo, kunye nolwabeko lwemali olungalinganiyo. Ukuqonda indlela umgangatho ngamnye osebenza ngayo, kunye nendlela abasebenzisana ngayo, kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni amandla neentsilelo ze-American Polics namhlanje.

Olu hlolisiso luthelekisa iindima ezicacileyo zomthetho, urhulumente, nendlela abasebenzisana ngayo (okanye abasilela), kunye neengxaki abajamelana nazo. Ngokuhlolisisa umgangatho ngamnye ngeenkcukacha, sinokubona amathuba okuguqula, ukuphucula intsebenziswano, kunye neziphumo ezingcono zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Umthetho onyanzelisayo: Igunya lesiZwe kunye nothumo olukhethekileyo

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho oManyano asebenza phantsi kwegunya leKhomishini ye-U.S. kunye nesebe eliphetheyo. Ulawulo lwawo lunwenwela kwiintambo zikarhulumente nakwimida yezizwe ngezizwe, lubavumela ukuba balwenze ulwaphulo-mthetho olungaphaya kwemida yasekuhlaleni ngezantsi kwemida yobugrogrisi, ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi, ukurhwebelana ngezezimali, kunye nezobugcisa. Ngokungafaniyo norhulumente namagosa asekuhlaleni, amagosa asekuhlaleni akawalawuli amagosa aqhelekileyo; bajolise ingqalelo kwimithetho echasaphuli-mthetho kwaye basebenza rhoqo kwimikhosi yabanye oorhulumente.

Umanyano olungundoqo

Amasebe omanyano jikelele aneemeko ezinkulu zoqingqo-mali, ubugcisa obuphucukileyo, kunye noqeqesho olukhethekileyo olungekhoyo kumasebe amaninzi orhulumente kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, inkqubo yeDNA ye-FBI edityanisiweyo (CODIS) kunye ne-ATF's National Interound Information Network (NIBIN) inika izixhobo zokuhlola ezinganokukwazi ukuhlawula ngokwayo amasebe amancinane. Noko ke, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wesizwe kulinganiselwe kumlinganiselo: ayinakunyanzelisa imithetho yombuso okanye iphendule inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokusebenza njengemibhiyo yemikhalazo yempumlo okanye ingxolo yengingqini.

Imida Engaphelelanga Nemilinganiselo

Ulawulo lomanyano alunasiphelo. UMgaqo-siseko unika igunya iNgqungquthela phezu kwezorhwebo zaseburhulumenteni, imicimbi yangaphandle, nezinto zorhulumente, kodwa usuku oluninzi ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluphakathi kwemimandla, "mrder", ukuphanga, ukuhlasela/ukuhlasela/ukuhlasela kumaphondo neendawo. Abameli bomanyano bangangenelela kuphela ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lubandakanya umdla karhulumente (umz., ibhanki exhotyiswe yiFDIC, ukusebenzisa imipu, okanye ukunqumla imida yesizwe). Lo mda uqinisekisa ukuba amandla orhulumente ahlala ejoliswe kwizinto eziphambili zesizwe, kodwa kwakhona ungenza imiqobo xa abameli basekuhlaleni besongezwa ziimeko ezintlukwano.

Ukunyanzelwa Komthetho KaRhulumente: Ukuvala Umsantsa

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente aphumeza indima ephakathi. Anyanzelisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, alinda iindlela, kwaye anika oovimba abakhethekileyo kumasebe asekuhlaleni. Ngokungafaniyo namasebe karhulumente, amapolisa aseburhulumenteni anegunya eliqhelekileyo lokunyanzelisa umthetho kwiphondo lawo, kodwa igunya lawo lilinganiselwe kwimida karhulumente. Isakhiwo siyahluka-hluka-hluka: amanye amaziko asekuhlaleni amanyanisa amapolisa asebenza ngokumanyeneyo ngemisebenzi yomthetho, ngoxa amanye esebenza ngokwahlukeneyo kwiinqwelo-ndlela zoohola-ndlela kunye nee-ephesenti.

Inkcitho yoBukhosi obuqhelekileyo

  • Icandelo lobupolisa: Amaziko apheleleyo ajikeleza zonke iindlela, aphengulula ulwaphulo-mthetho, anceda amasebe asekuhlaleni. Imizekelo iquka amapolisa asePennsylvania State, anikezela ngeyona mithetho ephambili kuomasipala abangaphezu kwama- 2,000, kunye neSebe le-Texas loKhuseleko lwamaPhosal-mali, elisingatha zombini iipatroli zohola-ndlela kunye nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] IPatrol ephezulu: ijolise ngqo kukhuseleko lwendlela, ukunyanzeliswa kwezithuthi zezentengiso, kunye nophando lwengozi. Inqanawa ephakamileyo yaseKhalifoniya iPatrol ngumzekelo obalulekileyo.
  • I-Bureau yeSizwe yophando (SBI): Aba bameli (umz., umNtla Carolina SBI, Georgia Bureau of Investigation) basingatha uphando oluntsonkothileyo olufana nobuqhetseba boluntu, i-arson, kunye nemisebenzi emikhulu yeziyobisi. Basoloko besebenza njengequmrhu eliphandayo xa abameli basekuhlaleni bexa bexane nenkxaso.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wephondo kubaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo zasemaphandleni apho ii-ofisi zomphathi-mikhosi wephondo zincinane khona kwaye zingangabikho zibonelelo zomsebenzi omkhulu. Amasebe amaninzi amapolisa karhulumente nawo asebenzisa ii-labbhu zolwaphulo-mthetho, aqeqesha amagumbi okufundela, kunye namaziko okudibanisa adibanisa ubukrelekrele kwiingingqi. i-International Association of Law Inforcement Standard and Training (IDLEST) inikela ukhokelo kwimigangatho yoqeqesho karhulumente 76.

Ukulungelelaniswa neZicwangciso zasekuhlaleni

Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni asoloko esebenza njengamandla aphinda-phindiweyo kumasebe asekuhlaleni. Anganika inkxaso yehelikopta, amaqela eSWAT, amaqela eKÍ9, kunye nobuchule bokuphanda obungenakuxhasa idolophu encinane. Ngokungathi zizinto zendalo okanye izidubedube zamakhaya, irhuluneli ingathumela amapolisa karhulumente kuyo nayiphi na indawo karhulumente. Noko ke, abaphathi-mikhosi abangentla banokukhokelela kuxinezeleko, ingakumbi xa amagosa karhulumente egunyazisa igunya kwiziganeko zasekuhlaleni.

Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho Wasekuhlaleni: Umgca Ongaphambili Wokuziphatha

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wengingqi `ukuhlawulwa kwamasebe amapolisa esixeko, iiofisi zephondo, kunye namapolisa esizwe, yindlela ebonakalayo nelula yokusebenza. La masebe asingatha uninzi lwentsebenziswano yabemi, ukusuka ekumisweni kweenqwelo-mafutha ukuya kulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo. Ngokuyintloko axhaswa ngeerhafu zasekuhlaleni, ezithetha ukuba ubuncwane bawo namandla awo ahlukene ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yobutyebi nangenxa yabemi bengingqi abakhonza kuyo.

ISebe lamapolisa

Amasebe amapolisa asezixekweni asebenza kuomasipala abaquka oomasipala, abasuka kwiidolophu ezincinane ezineqela lamagosa aseburhulumenteni ambalwa ukuya kwimikhosi emikhulu yesixeko enjenge-NYPD (amagosa aseburhulumenteni angaphezu kwama-6 000). Iimbopheleleko zawo eziphambili ziquka ukulinda, ukuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka, uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanzeliswa kweenqwelo-moya, nokukhuthulwa kwabemi. Amasebe amaninzi esixeko asebenzisa amaqela akhethekileyo eembutho, ii-narcotics, okanye angene kwingxaki yengqondo.

IiOfisi zikaSheriff

Ii-ofisi zomphathi-mikhosi zisebenza iindawo ezingafakwanga zikontinga kwaye zinika umthetho ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuzo zonke iindidi. Ngokungafaniyo neentloko zamapolisa, amagosa angoorhulumente adla ngokunyulwa, azisa ukuphendula koorhulumente kodwa akwazisa ukubekwa komthetho komthetho osemthethweni. Ukongeza ekugadweni nasekuphengululeni, abaphathi-mikhosi balawula iintolongo zephondo, basebenzisa amaphepha enkundla (umz., ukugxothwa, iipona), kwaye banikela ukhuseleko kwiinkundla zenkundla. Ezinye ii-ofisi ze-ofisi zamapolisa ziye zabandakanyeka ngokunzulu ekunyanzelweni kweminyanzelo yezelo mvume ngo-ICE, ngoxa abanye bejolise ekungeneni kwe-196.

Imicimbi Yasekuhlaleni: Intandabulumko Nezenzo

Uphando lubonisa ukuba amapolisa asekuhlaleni anokunciphisa uloyiko lolwaphulo-mthetho, aphucule unxulumano lwamapolisa kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni. Kodwa ahambela kude kwimodeli yokunyanzelisa abasebenzi abajongene nengxaki zokwenza umsebenzi, ukujikeleza kweenyawo, neentlanganiso zoluntu ezithe rhoqo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba amapolisa asekuhlaleni angalunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, aphucule ulwalamano lwamapolisa, andise ukwanda kolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, ukusebenza kwawo akulingani: amasebe amaninzi athi aqhelisela ukusebenzisa iprojelo lwasekuhlaleni kodwa asaxhomeke kakhulu kwimibasebenzi, ukubiza imizekelo yee-"%urersvicesces. [[FFLT:0]]

Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo loMthetho onyanzelwayo

Nangona le miphakamiso mithathu inxulumene nosukelo olufanayo lokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ayahluka ngokwamandla, ubuchule, ukujongwa phambili, kunye nokuphendula. Ukuqonda le migaqo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni izicelo zokulungisa okanye ukuguqula amapolisa aseMerika.

Inkonzo

I-FLT] Equlunqweyo: Ilizwe lonke, kodwa ilinganiselwe kwimimiselo karhulumente. Ayinakunyanzelisa imithetho okanye imida yeminxeba yasekuhlaleni. Imo yesizwe:[ phakathi kwemida karhulumente, negunya lokunyanzelisa imithetho yorhulumente naphi na apho urhulumente anegunya khona. I-Akathi yesixeko okanye imida yengingqi, ngaphandle kokuba izivumelwano zoncedo zidlulisele igunya. Abaphathi bobulali abanalo igunya ngaphandle kolawulo lwabo.

Inkxaso-mali

Amasebe omanyano anandipha uqingqo-mali olukhulu, ubugcisa obuphucukileyo, kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho ezithe kratya. Abameli bakarhulumente bayahluka-hluka: abanye badibene, ngelinye ixesha bezama ukunqumla imigaqo-siseko sowiso-mthetho. Amasebe ongingqi ngawona angenabulingani/ooonozala baphezulu abanokukwazi ukuthenga umlinganiselo ophezulu woluntu kunye nokwehla kwegiyadi ehlwempuzekileyo, ngoxa amasebe asemakhaya asebenza ngezixhobo eziphelelwe lixesha kunye nokunqongophala kwabasebenzi abacuphi abachaphazekileyo. Oku kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubunjani benkonzo kunye nokhuseleko lwabaphathi-ofisi.

Ukugxila okusebenzayo

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho womanyano kujoliswe kulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu, ukubekwa ityala okuninzi kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Amasebe karhulumente asoloko efeza indima ephindwe kabini: ukunyanzelisa iinqwelo-mafutha kunye nokugcinwa komthetho jikelele. Amasebe asekuhlaleni asingatha uninzi lwemiba.

Ukudityaniswa nokurhoxa

Imikhosi yomsebenzi iyindlela yokuqala yokusebenzisana. Imikhosi yobuBuororgyzheism (JTTFs) idibanisa iFBI, urhulumente, kunye nabasebenzi basekuhlaleni; imikhosi yemisebenzi yeziyobisi idibanisa iDEA, amapolisa karhulumente, kunye neeyunithi zobulali; kwaye amajoni olwaphulo-mthetho anogonyamelo ajolise kwixhoba labaphuli-mthetho. Ukhuphiswano lusebenza jikelele, kodwa ukhuphiswano lwemali encotsheni, ukwahluka kwenkcubeko, kunye nemiqathango yezogcino-lwazi ingathintela ukusebenza. [202020:0]

Ukuphendula nokulawula

Amasebe omanyano anokuphendula phantsi kwemithetho karhulumente kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yangaphakathi, ngokufuthi enobuveleli obuzimeleyo obunjenge-Ofisi ye-FBI yoMgaqo-siseko wobuGcisa. Impendulo yamapolisa karhulumente kwirhuluneli nakwindlu yowiso-mthetho; amanye amaphondo aneebhodi zokuhlola asekuhlaleni. Amasebe oluntu amele aphendule koosodolophu, amabhunga esixeko, neebhodi zephondo, kodwa uninzi lujongene nolawulo oluncinane. Umsebenzi wenkqubo yokuphendula ityala ukhokelele ekufuneni imilinganiselo yesizwe ekusetyenzisweni kwegunya nengxelo engafanelekanga.

Ucelomngeni Olujamelene Nemithetho Enyanzeliswayo Kuzo Zonke Iimeko

Nangona abameli basekuhlaleni, abameli, oorhulumente nabasekuhlaleni bengavisisani, bajamelana neengxaki ezininzi ezibangela abantu bangathembani yaye bangasebenzi kakuhle.

  • Ukuhlanganisa utshintsho: amasebe asekuhlaleni kuluntu olufumana imali encinane adla ngokusebenza kuqingqo-mali lwemicu yezihlangu, kukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni ngaphantsi, ekuthotyweni, nasekuxhomekekeni kubugcisa obuphelelwe lixesha. Umanyano lunika uncedo olufana nodweliso lwenkqubo ye Byrne JaG, kodwa alunakuvala isithuba.
  • Ukuthembana okungatshintshiyo noMthetho: Iziganeko eziphezulu zenkohlakalo yamapolisa, ukukhuthuza, kunye nokungalawuleki kobuhlanga ziye zaphelisa ukuthembana, ingakumbi phakathi kwengingqi ezincinane. Ukubuyiselwa kwentembelo kufuna ukubonakala, ukubophelelana kwasekuhlaleni, nokuziphendulela okunentsingiselo kwihambo engafanelekanga.
  • Abaphathi abaninzi bafumana iiyure ezimbalwa zoqeqesho olusisiseko, bengagxininisi kakhulu ekuncitshisweni kwento, ukucalucalulo, ukungenelela okucacileyo, ungenelelo lwengxaki, kunye nokusabela kwempilo yengqondo. Amazwe anemigangatho yoqeqesho ephezulu athambekela ekusebenziseni i-692of23ypoct, kodwa utshintsho alulingani.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wempilo yengqondo kunye nokungabi namakhaya: kusoloko kungumphumi-mngeni kwiingxaki zempilo yengqondo kunye nokungabinandawo (ukuchanabeka okunokubhekiswa ngcono ngabasebenzi bentlalo-ntle kunye neengcali zezempilo. Imodeli (izikhululo ze-patroli kunye nee-kliniki) zibonisa isithembiso kodwa zifuna inkxaso-mali kunye nolungelelwaniso lwamaqela entlalo-siseko.
  • [[NTL:0] Imida yezenzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko: Ngelixesha ubugcisa obuhambele phambili (ii-cams, i-drone, i-ALPR) bungaphucula ukuphendula kunye nokuqokelelwa kobungqina, amasebe amancinane akanakukwazi ukuyihlawula. Ngaphezu koko, ukwanda kwezixhobo zokuhlola kunyusa inkxalabo yemithetho-ntlalo-ntle nenkxaso kawonke-wonke.
  • Ukuhlaziywa kobuProtalical: impikiswano ephazamisa amapolisa, ukukhusela ukufaneleka, kunye notshintsho lwebheyile luye lwaziindawo ezitshayelelayo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuzalisekisa imigaqo esekelwe ku-86. Abaphathi emhlabeni basoloko beziva bebanjiwe phakathi.

Ikamva Lokunyanzelwa Komthetho: Imikhwa Yokuzilungisa Nemiqobo Ezingisileyo

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho eUnited States kuyaphela, kuqhutywa ziimfuno zoluntu, utshintsho lobugcisa, nokuqondwa okukhulayo kokuba ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lufuna okungaphezulu kunobupolisa nje.

Ubungqina bokhuseleko nokhuseleko

Amasebe ahambela phambili ahambela kwimodeli apho amapolisa asebenza kunye nabemi, amashishini, kunye neenzuzo ezingancediyo ukucombulula unobangela wolwaphulo-mthetho //ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukunqongophala kwamathuba, ukunqongophala kwezindlu. Le ndlela “yokungenisa i-“coplation". idityaniswe ekunciphiseni ugonyamelo nokuthembana okuphuculiweyo, kodwa ifuna utyalo-mali lwexesha elide olungenakuxhaswa ngoomasipala abaninzi.

Uququzelo lobuxhakaxhaka kunye noNkxaso lweNkcubeko

Izixhobo zokuxela kwangaphambili, iinkqubo zokufumana umpu, kunye namaziko olwaphulo-mthetho exesha lokwenene angama-939 ziya zixhaphaka. Xa zisetyenziswa ngokucace nangaphakathi kwemida esemthethweni, ezi zixhobo zinganceda abameli baphendule ngokukhawuleza kwaye banike ubuchule bokwaba oovimba. Noko ke, ukujonga kubalulekile ukukhusela imigaqo-algoriths kunye nokungalawuleki kwasese. Icandelo loMbali loMgangatho woMgangatho kunye noBuxhakaxhakaxhaka bezo-xhakaxhakaxhakaxhakaxha[FLT] ] inika izikhokelo zokwamkelwa kobugcisa obusekelwe kwi-aseko.

Utshintsho noxanduva

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zihambela phambili ngokugqithisileyo ekudluliseni utshintsho olumisela imiqathango yokusetyenziswa kwe-ninganaofשhorn, ukulawulwa kwequmrhu, kwaye zidala iibhodi zolawulo lwabemi. Kumgangatho worhulumente, i-George Floyd Justice kwiMithetho yePolicing Act ecetyisiweyo, nangona iye yathintelwa. Utyekelo lokuguqula lucacile, kodwa ukuzalisekisa kuyaqhubeka kungangqinelani kwaye kukhuphikiswana ngezobupolitika.

Ukwandisa Ibhokisi Yezixhobo Zokuphendula

Ezinye iindlela zokuphendula kwamapolisa kukufumana igalelo: amaqela angenazo iziphene (njenge-CAHOOTS e-Eugene, e-Oregon), amaqela empilo yengqondo ahambayo, kunye nabaphazamisa iinkqubo zogonyamelo. Ezi nkqubo ziye zanciphisa ukubanjwa kwabantu abakwimeko enzima kwaye ziphucula iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo. Ukubalasela ngokwesizwe kuza kufuna ukutshintshwa kwemali ephambili kunoxanduva lwamapolisa.

Ukujongana nogcino-lwazi olucace gca nobungqina . . .

Imikhosi yeenkonzo iphantsi kwengcinezelo yokupapasha ugcino-lwazi olukwiziphumlisi, ukuphengulula, ukusebenzisa i-hostremaof àposition, kunye nomphathi-majoni we-FBI (IInjongo yesizwe yogcino-lwazi (i-useuseduof_FREce Cooption) ukuze izalise iisithuba ezinde ezikhoyo ze-data, kodwa ukuba nenxaxheba kungokokuzithandela, kwaye amaziko amaninzi akayihambisi nkcazelo. Ukubonakala okupheleleyo kuyayigxeka inkqubo yophando-78driven.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo Efunekayo Yonxibelelwano

Inkqubo yokunyanzelisa umthetho waseMerika, eyahlulwe phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente, karhulumente, kunye nasekuhlaleni, asiyiyo intlangano enye kodwa kukuhlanganisana okungalawulekiyo kwamaqumrhu aneembopheleleko ezihambanayo kunye nobuchule obungalinganiyo. Esi sakhiwo singaba namandla . Ukuvumela ukwenziwa kwamaqela nokuguquka kwasekuhlaleni, kodwa kukhuthaza ukungalingani kunye nokwahlukana. Njengokuba ibutho lijamelana neengxaki entsonkothileyo (ukujamelana neengxaki zempilo yengqondo, i-ikhompyutha, kunye nokufuna imfuneko yokusesikweni kobuhlanga), imfuneko yokulungelelanisa, inkxaso eyaneleyo, kunye nemilinganiselo elungeleleneyo ayikhange ibe yenzeke ngokungxamisekileyo.

Ukuqonda indima eyahlukileyo echazwe kulo mboniso wothelekiso linyathelo lokuqala kutshintsho. Enoba ngemisebenzi yemikhosi, ubugcisa obahlukeneyo, imigangatho yoqeqesho lwesizwe, okanye iimpendulo ezandisiweyo ezingeyopolitiki, ikamva lokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lizakuxhomekeka kwinkqubo edityanisiweyo apho umgangatho ngamnye uncedisa ngcono khona, kwaye apho iisithuba zigcwaliswe hayi ngokungagqibekanga kodwa ngokuyila.