Urhwaphilizo kurhulumente lungumba oxhaphakileyo nowenzakalisayo owenzakalisa kakhulu owehlisa amaziko olawulo-moya, ophelisa ukuthembana kwabantu, othintela ukuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho. Luye luphazamisa ubuncwane babantu kwiinkonzo ezibalulekileyo, lugqwetha izigqibo zemigaqo-nkqubo, ludibanise nokudina utyalo-mali lwamanye amazwe kunye neentsapho. Ngokuphendula, amanyathelo okubonisa ukuba mhlophe abonakala ngokucacileyo aye abonakala njengendlela enamandla nexhaswe ngokubanziswa ngokuba akhuthaze ukuma komntu azimeleyo, ukuphendula ityala, kunye nokuqinisekisa umbutho wabemi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela ukubonakala ngokucacileyo okunokuyinciphisa ngokunempumelelo ngayo ukonakala korhulumente, imizekelo yokwenene yempembelelo yakhe, imingeni ekhoyo, kunye namaqhinga okukhuthaza ukusebenza kwawo.

Ukuqonda Urhwaphilizo Nemiphumo Yalo

Urhwaphilizo asiyonto ingaqhelekanga; lubonakala kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo, nganye ineempembelelo zayo neziphumo zayo. Ukuyila amanyathelo okubonisa ngaphaya, kubalulekile ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zorhwaphilizo kunye neemeko ezizinzileyo ezibenza bakwazi ukuphumelela. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukunyoba, i-embezlement, nepotom, uqhatha, patronage, kunye isibalo somdlalo owenziwe ngasese, apho izilangazelelo zabucala zisebenzisa impembelelo engafanelekanga kwindalo nemithetho.

Iintlobo Zorhwaphilizo Nempembelelo Yazo

  • [[NTL:0] Briblicy:[ Umnikelo, ukupha, ukwamkela, okanye ukucela into ethile yexabiso ukuphembelela izenzo zegosa likarhulumente. Igqwetha iimarike, inyusa iindleko zoshishino, ikhokelela kwizinto ezisemgangathweni ezingentle.
  • Ukubiwa kwemali ebekwe kukholoseko lukabani okanye ukuba ngumqeshi wakhe. Kurhulumente, oku kudla ngokubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemali kawonke-wonke ngamagosa, ukuhluthwa ngokungqalileyo kwabemi bemali esetyenziselwa imfundo, unyango, okanye izibonelelo.
  • Ukukhetha ubunani kunye ne-Cronyism: ucalucalulo olunikwa izalamane okanye abahlobo ngabasemagunyeni. Oku kukhokelela ekumiselweni okungafanelekanga kwii-ofisi zikawonke-wonke kwaye kukhuthaza impucuko yokunikwa ilungelo kunokuba kunikwe imfuneko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Fraud: inkohliso ephosakeleyo okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho ejoliswe kwinzuzo yemali okanye yobuqu. Oku kungasuka kukwenza ubuxoki amaxwebhu okufumana kunye nokuzalisa ii-invoice zezivumelwano zikawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imvume: Amagosa karhulumente afuna ukuhlawulwa kwabemi okanye amashishini eenkonzo anelungelo lokufumana, njengemvume okanye ilayisensi.

Iindleko ezithe kratya zezemali ezibangelwa kukunganyaniseki zinkulu. Ngokwezoqoqosho, inciphisa ukwanda nokungalingani, njengoko amahlwempu esoloko esengozini yokufuna ukunyotywa okanye ashiywa ngaphandle kweenkonzo. Ngokwezobupolitika, iphelisa ilungelo likarhulumente, yenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lungalawuleki, kwaye inokubangela ukudideka koluntu. Ngokutsho kweBhanki yeWorld, urhwaphilizo lungomnye wemiqobo emikhulu ekuqhubekekeni kwenkqubela, kunye ne-Transparency’s Folceptions Index ibonisa ukungqubana okunamandla phakathi korhwaphilizo oluphezulu nomgangatho ophantsi wokuphila.

Isiseko sokubonisa ngaphaya njengesixhobo sokulwa nokunganyaniseki

Umboniso usebenza kubuchule obulula kodwa obunamandla: uphando lukawonke-wonke luthintela ukuziphatha okubi. Xa izenzo nezigqibo zikarhulumente zibonwa kwaye ziqondakala kubemi, ixabiso lokubandakanyeka kwihambo eyonakeleyo liyanda. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwiingcamango ze- princinpal-jogiers ulwalamano, apho abemi (amaqela) bathumela amagosa karhulumente (amadoda). Ulwazi-astmetrings avumela amagosa ukuba enze ngokuchasene nomdla kawonke. I-Transparefix inciphisa olu lulungela noxanduva.

Ngaphezu koko, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kuxhasa umthetho womthetho ngokwenza kube lula ukufumanisa ukwaphulwa nokubekwa ityala kwabanikeli. Kukwakhuthaza ukuthembeka ngokumisela izithethe zokuvula intloko. Njenge [[FLT: 0] irency International ```iiphetshana', ukunganyaniseki kuxhaphakile ekufihleni, kwaye ikhefu lilula.

Owona Mcimbi Ubalulekileyo Wokwenza Izixhobo Zokulwa Norhwaphilizo

Amanyathelo okubonisa ngaphaya kombane ahlukene, asuka kwimithetho esemthethweni ukuya kwizixhobo zobugcisa. Ngasezantsi kukho ezinye zezona ndlela zobugcisa zinempembelelo ezinokuthathwa.

Ugcino-lwazi Oluvulekileyo

Uphando logcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo lubandakanya ukwenza ugcino-lwazi lukarhulumente lube khona ngokukhululekileyo, lufikeleleke, kwaye lufumaneke. Oku kuquka amaxwebhu oqingqo-mali, iirekhodi zobhatalo, ugcino-mali olusetyenziswa nguwonke-wonke, kunye ne-metrics. Xa abemi kunye neenja ezizimeleyo zinokukhuphela ulwazi kwaye zihlalutye olululo, bayakwazi ukuchonga ii-anomaliedies, imithombo yengoma, kunye neenkcazelo ezifunwayo. Umzekelo, uvula ikhomba engenisa inkxaso yemali yoluntu [ ikhuthaza ugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo ekufumaneni izinto zikawonke wonke, indawo ebuthathaka kakhulu, ngokupapasha onke amacandelo enkqubo okonakalisa, ngokuhambisa iintelekiso.

Ukufikelela kwimithetho yolwazi

Imithetho yemvume (ATI) eyaziwa njengenkululeko yolwazi, inika abemi ilungelo lokucela nokufumana ulwazi kumaqumrhu karhulumente. Le mithetho ibalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukubonakala kwelinye icala ngenxa yokuguqula umthwalo wokulunga: amagosa kufuneka achaze isizathu sokuba inkcazelo ingafaneleki, kunokuba abemi kufuneka bathethelele isizathu sokuba bayifune. Amazwe angaphezu kwe- 130 aye amkela uhlobo oluthile lomthetho we-ATI, kwaye uphando lubonisa ukuba ayazidibanisa nemigangatho esezantsi yokunganyaniseki xa esetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukukhusela Umatshini Wokuphehla Intaka

Abaqhubi badla ngokuba ngumgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela kwinkohlakalo, ukanti bajongene nomngcipheko omkhulu wobuqu nowezobugcisa. Imithetho yokhuseleko olunamandla lokudubula impempe.

Iinkqubo zobhengezo ezizizo

Utyhilo lukawonke-wonke lwempahla, ingeniso, kunye namatyala amagosa karhulumente anceda ekuboneni ubutyebi obungekho mthethweni kunye nongquzulwano olungekho mthethweni lwenzala. Xa zidityaniswe nemigaqo-nkqubo yoqinisekiso kunye nokugcinwa komthetho, izibhengezo zezixhobo zidala isithintelo esinamandla. Amazwe anjenge Georgia[[FL:1] kunye ne[FLT]ARGETINA[] isebenzisa iinkqubo ze-emailgs zombane zoncedo ukuphucula ukuthobela nokufikelela koluntu.

Ukuba Ngummi Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Ekuqingqeni Uqingqo - mali

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kwengqondo akuthethi nje ngokunika inkcazelo; kukwangokubangela ukuba abemi babe nenxaxheba. Uqingqo-mali, umzekelo, luvumela abemi ukuba bagqibe ngokungqalileyo indlela yokunikezela inxalenye yemali karhulumente. Le nkqubo yandisa ukubonakala nokuziphendulela ngokwenza inkqubo yoqingqo-mali ibonakale kakhulu kwaye iphendulele kwizinto eziphambili zabemi. Iintlanganiso zeholo yedolo, ukucebisana kwabantu esidlangalaleni, kunye neekomiti zolawulo zabemi zezinye iindlela zokubandakanya abantu ekulawuleni izigqibo.

Ulawulo lwe-E- Government kunye neenkonzo zamanani

Ukwenziwa kwamanani kweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke kunciphisa amathuba okunganyaniseki ngokunciphisa uqhagamshelwano olukhoyo, iinkqubo zokuzihambela, nokugcina indlela yophicotho-zincwadi. Ugcino-lwazi lweqonga, iplatfomu ye-intanethi, ipali yerhafu, kunye neenkqubo zemvume yamanani zidala ingqokelela ekhanyayo, esekelwe kumthetho okunzima ukuyilawula. Uvavanyo lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lwe-Government[ ngokuqhubekayo lufumana ukuba amazwe aneziphumo eziphezulu zesalathi sophuhliso lwenkqubo yophuhliso .

Uhlolisiso Lwezinyathelo Eziphumelelayo Zokubona ngaphaya Kwecala

Amazwe amaninzi nemimandla iye yabonisa ukuba amanyathelo acetyisiweyo okubonisa ukukhanya okukhanyayo angakhokelela ekuncitshisweni kokunganyaniseki, ngokufuthi eguqula ulawulo lukawonke-wonke kwinkqubo.

Estonia: Iprojekthi yokubonisa ngaphaya kwamanani njengeprojekthi yesiZwe

I-Estonia isaziwa ngokubanzi njengenkokeli yehlabathi ekulawuleni kwamanani. Emva kokuzimela kwayo, ilizwe elithe lathengiselwa kakhulu kwi-e23 karhulumente ovumela abemi ukuba bafikelele phantse zonke iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke kwi-intanethi. X-Road indlela idibanisa ngokukhuselekileyo ugcino-lwazi lukarhulumente, ngelixesha abemi benokubona oye wafikelela ugcino-lwazi lwabo, beqinisekisa ukuba banokuphendula. Lo mgangatho uphezulu wokubonakala uthelekelelo ngokuphelisa urhwebeko kwiinkonzo eziqhelekileyo. I-Estoni iphakathi kwamazwe amancinci abonakeleyo ngokutsho kwe-Transpareation International.

EMexico: Amandla Okufikelela Kwinkcazelo

Umthetho wokubonisa imbonakalo ye-2015 we-Mexico (wawubeka umthetho wangaphambili wama-2002) waseka inkqubo yokubonisa ngaphaya kwecala yesizwe. Igunya lokupapasha idata karhulumente kwaye inika abemi ilungelo elinamandla lokucela ulwazi. Lo mthetho wadala iqumrhu elizimeleyo lokuvelela, INAII, esetyenzwe ngokugunyazisa ukuthotyelwa. Ngoxa uphando lusaseleyo, ubonisa ukuba umthetho uye wandisa ulwazi kwaye wanceda ukubhenca imposiso, njengemeko embi ebandakanya intsapho kamongameli. Umthetho wagunyazisa intatheli nebutho labantu ekumbeni imali eninzi kakhulu kurhulumente.

EGeorgia: Ukusuka Kukunganyaniseki Okusasazekileyo Ukuya Kutsho Kumzekelo Wengingqi

Emva kweNguquko yaseRose yowama-2003, iGeorgia yaqalisa utshintsho olutshayelelayo lokulwa nokonakala, i-octrain ebonakala ngaphaya komnyombo. Urhulumente wasungula inyathelo elibanzi lorhulumente, lokwenza ubhaliso lwezoshishino kunye ne-injanja, kwaye wasungula inkqubo yokunganyangeki nokunyotywa kwemali. Amapolisa orhwebela-transte athathelwa indawo ngokukhanya, iikhamera zevidiyo ezivuthulukileyo, kwaye iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke zaqukuqelelwa. Kwiminyaka elishumi, iGeorgia yaguqulwa ukusuka kwelinye lamazwe abonakeleyo yaya kuba yimodeli echasene nenkohlakalo, kunye nesikhundla sayo kwiZiko leSahlulo-Perceptions Indements ezibonisa ukungatshintshi.

EBrazil: ILei de Acesso à Informação kunye nokuLungu

I-Brazil’s Access to Information Law (2011) yanika abemi ilungelo lokucela ulwazi nakuluphi na umgangatho karhulumente. Idityaniswe nomkhosi welizwe okhaliphileyo ( u-Anti-ye-yenkohlakalo), ukubonakala ngokucacileyo ekufumaneni uluntu kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubhenceni ubuqhophololo obukhulu ePetrobras. Ukusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo kwizivumelwano zikarhulumente kuvumela abaphengululi ukuba bajonge izinto ezingahambelaniyo ekufunyaniseni i-ankile kunye nebhulo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekumangaliseni amagosa aphezulu ahambayo kunye neenkokeli zoshishino.

Ucelomngeni Lokusebenzisa Amanyathelo Okubonisa Imbonakalo

Nakubeni zicacile iingenelo, amanyathelo okubonisa ukukhanya awayombumbulu yesilivere. Imiqobo emininzi inokuthintela ukusebenza kwayo.

  • ukuxhathisa okuthe kratya: Abasemagunyeni abangenelwayo kulwalamano lotshintshiso basoloko bexhathisa ngokukhutheleyo amanyathelo okubonisa, benza buthathaka ukugcinwa komthetho, okanye benza indlela yokuphepha. Ngaphandle kokuthanda okunamandla kwezobupolitika, kwanemithetho emiselwe kakuhle ayizange inyanzeleke.
  • Imali yoovimba kunye nobuchule bobugcisa: Ukufakela izikhuseli zogcino-lwazi ezivulekileyo, iinkqubo zezicelo zolwazi, kunye namaqonga amanani afuna utyalo-mali, abasebenzi abanamanophengulula, kunye nezibonelelo ezomeleleyo. Oorhulumente abaninzi, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo, bajongene neengxaki ezinzima.
  • Ubunjani bogcino-lwazi obunganele: Ugcino-lwazi lokukhulula alwanele; kufuneka lube lwexesha, lothulelo, nolufundeka ngomatshini. Ugcino-lwazi olufotayo okanye olungaphelelanga lungafihlakala kunokuba lutyhile ulwazi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukunyanzelisa nokuzimela ngokwaselugwebeni: Ukubonakala gca kunciphisa kuphela ukunganyaniseki ukuba kutyhiliwe ukuziphatha okubi kohlwaywa. Izahluleli ezingomelelanga, ukugxalathelana kwezobupolitika, kunye neequmrhu ezingondlekanga zingavumela ukunganyaniseki kuqhubeke nakubeni kubhenxiwe.
  • Ukungabi namdla nokungafundi kakuhle: kwanaxa ulwazi lukhona, abemi basenokungabi naxesha, ubuchule, okanye intshukumisa yokubandakanyeka kulo. Ukuba nenxaxheba enenjongo kufuna ukufunda ngemivo, imfundo yoluntu, kunye nonxibelelwano olufikelelekayo.
  • Ukubuya umva kunye notshintsho: Kwamanye amazwe, iziphumo zokuqala zokubonakala zibuye zabuyiselwa emva koorhulumente abalandelayo, njengokuba kubonwa eHungary nase Turkey, apho inkululeko yemithetho yolwazi iye yancitshiswa.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kolwazi oluninzi nolwazi: ugcino-lwazi oluninzi ngaphandle kokufola okucacileyo lungaphazamisa abemi. Ngaphezu koko, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kungenziwa kusetyenziselwe ukuhlasela kwezobupolitika okanye ukoyikisa amagosa, nto leyo ekhokelela koko abaphengululi bakubiza ngokuba “ngumphumela onxunguphazelisayo.”

Ubuchule bokudlulisela ukuSebenza okuBanzi

Ukuze baphucule impembelelo yamanyathelo okubonisa ukukhanya ekunciphiseni urhwaphilizo, oorhulumente nebutho labantu bamele basebenzise iindlela zokusebenzisana.

Yakha Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Sasemthethweni Enamandla

Imithetho ebonakalisayo kufuneka iquke amalungiselelo okutyhilwa, ulawulo oluzimeleyo, izigunyaziso zokungahambelani, kunye neenkqubo zokubhena. Isebe elivulekileyo loRhulumente inika iqonga lokunikezela kumazwe kutshintsho lwekonkrithi nokubelana ngemisebenzi emihle.

Ukuveliswa kweMbengo kubuGcisa nakuMgaqo-nkqubo wamanani

Iqonga elingumhlobo womsebenzisi elivumela abemi ukuba bakhangele, bahluze kunye nokhuphelo logcino-lwazi lubalulekile. Izixhobo zobuchule zokwenziwa zinganceda ekuhlalutyweni kwee-data ezinkulu zokufumana iipateni zokunganyaniseki. Imodeli yase Estonia ibonisa indlela ezinokwenziwa ngayo ukuba zibonakale.

Ukukhuthaza imfundo yengingqi nokulumkisa

Abami kufuneka bawazi amalungelo abo nendlela yokuwasebenzisa. Izikolo, imithombo yezosasazo, nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ingenza indima ekufundiseni abantu indlela yokusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo, izicelo zolwazi lwefayile, kunye nokuba nenxaxheba ekuveleni. Iinkqubo ezifana ne Transparency International’s Advocacy and Legic Acence Centers zinceda abemi ukuba balawule inkqubo.

Ukukhusela nokunika amandla okusebenzisa

Abacholacholi-ndaba, ababali-ngxelo, amaqela asekuhlaleni, kunye nabavuli-mlozi basebenza njengabameli abaguqulela ulwazi olubi kwinkcazelo esebenzayo. Ukukhusela aba badlali ekuhlaselweni kwemiboniso, iisuti, nogonyamelo kuyingozi. Uncedo olusemthethweni kunye nokhuseleko lwabafuli-mfono kufuneka kubekwe kwindawo yokuqala.

Ukulungisa Indlela Ecace Ngayo Olunye Utshintsho

Ukubonakala gca kusebenza kakuhle xa kudityaniswe neenkqubo zokuphendula: ikomiti ezimeleyo, ushicilelo olukhululekileyo, kunye neequmrhu zoomphathi abanamandla. Kufuneka ibe yinxalenye yepakethi equka uqeqesho lwemigaqo-nkqubo yamagosa karhulumente, imimiselo exhaphakileyo yenkxwaleko, kunye namaziko ophicotho-zincwadi asebenzayo.

Isiqinisekiso esiqukiweyo nesiFikelelekayo

Ulwazi kufuneka lunikelwe ngeelwimi ezininzi kunye neefomati, kuquka ukubonakala, ukushwankathela, kunye nonxulumano lweselula, ukuze kufikelelwe abaphulaphuli abahlukeneyo. Iinkqubo zokuthatha inxaxheba kufuneka zenzelwe ukuquka amaqela asezantsi.

Isiphelo

Amanyathelo okubonisa ngaphaya kwelinye lalawo axhasayo ekulweni urhwaphilizo lorhulumente emhlabeni wonke. Ngokucacisa imisebenzi karhulumente, anceda abemi ukuba baphendule, bathintele inkcubeko yabo, bakhuthaze impucuko yokuthembeka. Ubungqina obuvela kumazwe anjenge Estonia, Mexico, neGeorgia bubonisa ukuba xa ukukhanya kusetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo, kuxhaswa yimithetho eyomeleleyo, ubugcisa, kunye nokuqulunqwa kwabemi kungabangela unciphiso olunzulu ekungcoliseni nasekuphucukeni kwemithetho.

Noko ke, ukubonakala asiyondlela yokulungisa. Impumelelo yayo ixhomekeke kwimeko-bume yezobupolitika exhasayo, oovimba abaneleyo, nokuba nenxaxheba okusebenzayo kwabemi. Njengoko kunjalo, amanyathelo okubona ngaphaya kufuneka alandelwe njengenxalenye yeqhinga elibanzi lokulwa nokunganyaniseki eliquka ukunyanzeliswa, ukuzimela ngezakhono zomthetho, kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu. Kwixesha apho ukuthembana kwabantu kwimibutho kuyancipha, ukuveliswa kokubonakala ngokucacileyo akuyomfuneko nje kuphela yenkqubo yokukhetha ukwenziwa kwe-$imfuneko yokubuyisela ukholo kwidemokhrasi nokuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente basebenzele okulungileyo kubantu bonke.