Isiseko Solawulo Lomthetho

Ulawulo lomthetho luyindawo ephantsi kolawulo-demokhrasi olunoxanduva. Lubandakanya uhlolo, ukuhlolwa, kunye nolawulo lwezenzo zesebe elilawulayo, iinkqubo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo engoorhulumente abanyuliweyo. Lo msebenzi awuphenjelelwa nje yiprojekthi; ngumgaqo-siseko ocetyelwe ukuthintela ukuxinaniswa kwamandla, ukubhenca inkunkuma okanye ukonakala, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente aphumeze imithetho ngendlela enenjongo. Ngaphandle kokungalawuleli ngendlela eyomeleleyo, umgaqo wokuhlola nokulungelelanisa izinto buthathaka, kunye nokuthemba uluntu kwimibutho ekhukulisekayo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nendaleko

Ingcamango yokuvelela ulawulo lowiso-mthetho ichaza imvelaphi yayo kwiinkqubo zepalamente zamandulo. KwiSigqeba samaNgesi samaLungelo (1689), iPalamente yaqinisekisa ilungelo layo lokuhlola nokuvavanya iinkcitho zobukumkani kunye nezenzo zomkhosi. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, oku kwaguquka kwaba ziinkqubo ezisesikweni zeekomiti. EUnited States, iBhunga elibekwe umGaqo-siseko elibekwe iliso namandla oku “wenza wonke uMthetho” nokuze“ kuqinisekiswe iMithetho eMithendweni ngokuthembeka,” ngokugqibele ukunika igunya lokuhlola nokulawula. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla [[FLT:] [FLD] grain v. Daughty [197] [197]) yavuma ukuba uMbutho wezomthetho unegunya elikhulu lokuhlola njengenxalenye yayo.

Namhlanje, ulwalathiso luye lwakhula emhlabeni wonke. Iikomiti zePalamente kwiinkqubo ze-Westminster, iikomiti zombutho-ngqungquthela eUnited States, kunye namaqumrhu owiso-mthetho ekuphuhlisweni kwedemokhrasi, zonke zisebenzisa uludwe lwezixhobo ukuhlolisisa isebe eliphetheyo. Intlangano yezezoqoqosho Co-operation kunye nophuhliso (OECD) iye yaphawula ukuba ukuvelela okunempumelelo okunxulumene nomgangatho ophezulu wempukulawula kunye nomgangatho wokonakala. Ukufunda okungakumbi ngemigangatho ye-OECD yolawulo lwepalamente[

Iinjongo

Iinjongo eziphambili zolawulo lowiso-mthetho zezi:

  • ukuthembeka kwemali ---Ekuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa kunye namaqumrhu aphendula ngezenzo, ngemali, kunye neziphumo zenkqubo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] I-Traffreancy - Ifaka ukukhanya kwimisebenzi karhulumente ebeya kuhlala ifihliwe kuwonke wonke nakwindlu yowiso-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uvavanyo lobupolisa – Ukucingisisa ukuba imithetho iphumeza iinjongo zayo na kwaye incomela utshintsho xa ingaphumeleli.
  • [[UMTHLOBO: 0] Ukulungisa kunye nokwenza – ukuchaza indlela esetyenziswa kakubi, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukuxhatshazwa, kunye nokudala izithintelo nxamnye nehambo engalunganga yexesha elizayo.

Ezi njongo zifuna ukuthenjiswa ngokuzinzileyo ngabalawuli abamele balungelelanise ulawulo nokwenziwa komthetho neenkonzo eziququzelelweyo.

Umatshini kunye nezixhobo zolawulo olunempumelelo

Imithetho isebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukuqwalasela nokuphembelela isimilo solawulo. Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo kuxhomekeke kwimeko yezobupolitika, ungxamiseko lomba, kunye nobuncwane obukhoyo kwiikomiti.

Ukuchotshelwa Kwetyala Nobungqina

Ukuvakala kuselolona hlobo lubonakalayo lobuveleli. IiKomiti zibiza amangqina ``ikhabinet'', iintloko zezikomyunja, iingcaphephe ezizimeleyo, abavuli-mlozi-imibuzo phantsi kokufungisa. Ukuphulaphula kusebenza iinjongo ezimbini: baqokelela ulwazi oluyinyaniso kunye nomqondiso kubaphathi bomthetho abanike ingqalelo. Iindlebe eziphezulu, njengabo baku-U.S. Postal Service babamba ii-bolot okanye isibhaka-bhuli se-bhuli, zingaguqula uluvo lukawonke kunye neenguqu zolawulo.

Noko ke, iindlebe zinokusetyenziswa kakubi. Izihlalo zisenokukhetha ukumema amangqina, ixesha lokuthetha, okanye zisebenzise iqonga ukulungiselela ukuma kobugqwesi bezobupolitika. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka, iipalamente ezininzi zimisele imithetho yokukhusela ukukhusela ukunikela ubungqina, izihluzi ezisebenzayo, kunye nemigangatho kawonke-wonke.

Uphando Neekomiti Ezikhethekileyo

Xa iimbambano zisebenza ngokunzulu okanye zifuna uhlolo-xwebhu olunzulu, iziko lendlu yowiso-mthetho limisa iikomiti zophando. Ezi ziqumrhu zisoloko zinegunya elingaphantsi kwe-poena.

Uphando lungakhokelela kutshintsho lomthetho, izaphuli-mthetho, okanye uqingqo-mali lokufuduka. Umzekelo, uphando lweNdlu yeQumrhu i-Watergate lwanyanzelisa uMongameli Nixon ukuba arhoxe aze akhuthaze utshintsho lwezemali olukhukulisiweyo. Ezi ziphumo zifuna umonde, abasebenzi abanobuchule, kunye ne-bipartan iza kuthatha indawo enqabileyo maxa wambi kwimekobume eqhekeneyo.

Ulawulo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Ulawulo lwemitya yemali yemali lusixhathiso solawulo olomeleleyo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngokuhlolisisa izindululo zoqingqo-mali, ukuba neengxoxo zokuchongwa, nokufuna uphicotho-zincwadi oluvela kwimizimba olunjenge-Ofisi yoManyano yoRhulumente (GAO) okanye amaziko aphezulu ophicotho-zincwadi, izikhululo-mthetho-siseko zinganyanzelisa ukunyanzelisa uqeqesho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo.

IGAO, umzekelo, ivelisa amakhulukhulu eengxelo nyaka ngamnye kuhlolo lweenkqubo zikarhulumente zokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ukukhuphelwa, kunye nokusebenza. I-webhsayithi engurhulumente ye-GAO inika ubutyebi be-data kwiikomiti zobuveleli. Ngokufanayo, i-Ofisi yoPhicotho-zincwadi yeSizwe e-UK ikhupha ixabiso lemali yemali yemali. Ii-gastillature zingayeka ukuxhasa imali kwiinkqubo ezingaphumeleli okanye kwiimeko ezithile ezingaphumeleli.

ISunset kunye nokuququzelelwa

Ezinye izindlu zowiso-mthetho zisebenzisa “amalungiselelo” aphelisa ngokuzenzekelayo amaqumrhu okanye iinkqubo emva kwexesha elisisigxina ngaphandle kokuba zivunyelwe ngumthetho. Le mikhosi iphinda ihlole ngamaxesha athile kwaye iqinisekise ukuba izinto ezikhoyo eziphelelwe lixesha okanye ezingasebenziyo ziyasuswa. IBhunga lase-U.S. lisebenzisa iintetho zokutshona kwelanga kakhulu ebudeni boo-1970 noo1980, nangona uqheliselo lwakutshanje luye lwanciphisa ukusebenza kwazo. Xa lumiselwe kakuhle, ukutshona kwelanga kwamaziko afumana amanqanaba okungqina ixabiso okanye ukurhoxiswa kobuso bawo.

Iingxelo, Izigqibo, kunye neSincomelo

Ngaphandle kophando olusemthethweni, iikomiti zikhupha iingxelo ezithe rhoqo eziphathelele ukusebenza kwemibutho, ukuvisisana neemiyalelo yowiso-mthetho, kunye nemiba evelayo. Ezi ngxelo zidla ngokuquka oko kufunyenweyo kunye nokunconywa ngezantsi kwaye kungabikho mandla agunyazisayo kwezobupolitika. Ingxelo yekomiti ebhenca ukungaphumeleli okucwangcisiweyo inokuphoxa ulawulo kwisenzo sokulungisa. Ngaphezu koko, abalawuli bemithetho-siseko banokudibanisa amalungiselelo ekufuneka anikwe intlawulo, inyanzelela ukuba aphumeze imigaqo yesebe egunyazisa ukuzalisekisa iingcebiso ezikhethekileyo zobungameli.

Iingxaki Nemiqobo Enokubangela Ukuba Ube Ngumphathi Ophumelelayo

Nangona ibalulekile, ulawulo lwemithetho ludla ngokujamelana nemiqobo enzulu ebangela ukuba lungabi nampembelelo.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Ukulawula kufuna ixesha, imali, kunye nobuchule. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi azinazo izigqeba zobuchule, ukufikelela kubahlalutyi abazimeleyo, kunye noqingqo-mali lokuqhuba uphando olunzulu. Kumazwe asakhasayo, iikomiti zepalamente zisenokuba nentabalala yeenkonzo, ngelixa isebe elilawulayo lithumela amakhulukhulu amagqwetha angoothile kunye neengcali zemigaqo. Oku kudla ngokushiya abalawuli abaxhomekeke kwiinkcazelo ezilungiselelwe ngabameli abamiselwe ukunyamekela.

Umanyano Lwezobupolitika Nobulolo

Xa elinye iqela lilawula isebe eliphetheyo kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho, amalungu amaninzi asenokungakuthandi ukuhlolisisa ulawulo lwawo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, urhulumente owahluleleneyo angavelisa ulawulo oluxhobiselwa ukuhlasela kwabahlaseli kunokuba lucombulule ingxaki yokwenene. KwiBhunga lase-U.S., ukuvela kweqela elinamandla loorhulumente kuye kwakhokelela ekunyuseni izicelo zobuveleli kodwa kwakhona ekumeni kwii-pona, ukuthob, ukuthotywa kwengcisa, kunye nokukhusela ukukhusela ukuhlasela kwamangqina.

Ilungelo elinolawulo oluphezulu nokufikelela

Amagosa asoloko engavumi ukufunwa kwamaphepha owiso-mthetho, acaphula imfihlelo, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, okanye ukwahlukana kwamandla. Imfundiso yelungelo eliphezulu eUnited States, nangona isekelwe kwimfuneko yecebiso elinyanisekileyo, iye yabekelwa ukuba ingaluvumeli ulwazi kwiBhunga. Iingxaki ezifanayo zikho kwiinkqubo zepalamente apho abalungiseleli bathi “zifihla imfihlo yecabenet.” Xa izindlu zowiso-mthetho zingenawo umnqweno okanye igunya elingokwasemthethweni lokunyanzela ukuba oopona, ulawulo luba lungabi namazinyo.

Ukungabandakanyeki Kubantu Bonke Nengqalelo Ephakathi

Umsebenzi omninzi wobuveleli uyenzeka emva kwemirhumo evaliweyo yekomiti, abasebenzi abashwankathelayo, kunye noqhagamshelwano. Abasebenzi basekuhlaleni abawuboni lo msebenzi uqhelekileyo. Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba isoloko ijolise kwimvo ephawulekayo ngokungqubana kwezobupolitika, ingakuhoyi ukusetyenziswa koomatshini bokuphicotha nokubhala ingxelo. Ngenxa yoko, abemi basoloko bengaqondi ukubaluleka kobungameli, kwaye abenzi benkqubo abanaso intshukumisa yakwenza oko.

Ulwazi Oluninzi Nexesha Elininzi

Oorhulumente bale mihla bavelisa ubuninzi obukhulu be-data. Abameli-mthetho kufuneka ngaxeshanye bathethe ngeenkqubo ezininzi zezonyango, ukukhusela, ukusingqongileyo, irhafu-ukungakwazi ukuba ziingcali kuyo yonke imimandla. Iikomiti zingalukhupha uhlalutyo lwemithombo kwiingcali zangaphandle okanye zixhomekeke kwiingcinga zokukhupha impepho, kodwa ngaphandle kwemiqathango eyaneleyo, iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zingalahleka kwingxolo.

Iimodeli Zokuthelekisa: Indlela Ezohlukene ngayo Iindlela Zokuziphatha Ezilawula Ngazo

Akukho namnye umzekelo wolawulo - melo olufanelekileyo.

Inkqubo yeKhonkcotha-ngquthela yase-U.S.

IBhunga laseUnited States lisebenzisa inkqubo yeekomiti ezilungelelaniswayo ezinamagunya anamandla aphantsi kwe-odokisi, amaqumrhu azimeleyo okuxhasa (GAO, CBO, CRS), kunye nesithethe eside sokuva iindlebe zophando. Iikomiti ezikhoyo kwiNdlu neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zinegunya kwimimandla ethile ekhethekileyo. Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kukhuthaza ukuvelela, ngokukodwa ngexesha lorhulumente owahluleleneyo. Noko ke, inkqubo iya iphawulwa ngakumbi yingquzulwano oluphezulu, ngokubanziswa ziikomiti ezininzi zikhusela ulawulo kunye namaqela amancinane asebenzisa ulawulo ukuhlasela elinye icala.

Imodeli YePalamente YaseWestminster

Kwinkqubo ye-Webhusayini, i-Australia, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ze-Westminster, ukudityaniswa kwamasebe aphetheyo kunye nemithetho kunciphisa iingxabano ezingaphaya. Khetha iikomiti zincinci kwaye zisebenza ngokuvumelana . Ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nenkoliso yee-MPs zikarhulumente kodwa ngesitulo esisuka kwinkcaso kwezinye iimeko. Ziswele amandla asezantsi kodwa zinokunyanzela amaphepha kwaye zime abalungiseleli “ngamandla okuthumela abantu, amaphepha, neengxelo.” Indlu yeKomiti yeQumrhu lokunxibelelana. Indlu yePhondo ibamba uMphathi-mikhosi oPhakathiweyo iphendula kabini kwintlanganiso zeminyaka. [[FLT:]UK] ikomiti ye-paletteywodwa] inika ukuqonda okukhoyo.

Iinkqubo zeWestminster zidla ngokugxininisa “ulawulo”: ukunyanzela, ukuxoxisana okungacwangciswanga, kunye nokugxeka okwakhayo kunokungqubana ngokusemthethweni. Oku kungakhokelela kulwalamano oluthe xhaxheyo, kodwa abahlalutyi basenokuphikisa ukuba kungancedi kukuzibalisela igosa elinamandla.

Ukuhlambuluka Nokudityaniswa Kweedemocracs

Amazwe afana noMzantsi Afrika, iBrazil, neIndiya aye adityaniswa kwimifuziselo yomibini. KuMzantsi Afrika, iikomiti zepalamente zihlolisisa isebe eliphetheyo, kodwa iqela eliphetheyo lisoloko lilawula iziphumo. Inkqubo ebanzi yeekomiti zeBrazil iquka ukuchotshelwa kwasekuhlaleni kunye nophando oluneekhomishini efana nombuzo wezomthetho. Kuninzi lwabaselula abalawuli beedemokhrasi, ukujongelwa kolawulo-bulunga-mthetho kuthintelwa ngamandla abuthathaka, umnikeli-a, i-gradea, kunye neenkqubo ze-international eParliament Union zinikezela nge-Unieary Union kunye noqeqesho lokomeleza ukuphatha ipalamente kumhlaba wonke.

Ummi Unenxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yokulawula Iimeko

Ulawulo lomthetho alusebenzi kwindawo engenamsebenzi. Ummi othenjiswe inzala engakumbi kumsebenzi wakhe ugcina abenzi bomthetho benobuzaza ngemisebenzi yabo yobuveleli.

IiNkcukacha zikaRhulumente neZicwangciso zeKomiti eziVulekileyo

Iipalamente ezininzi ngoku zipapasha iirekhodi ze-webcast state kunye nerekhodis kwi-intanethi. I-Manucator iyakwazi ukunikela ubungqina obubhaliweyo, ukuya kwintlanganiso okanye ukulandela imijelo ehlala abantu. Xa iikomiti zobuveleli zimema ubungqina kumaqela oonothwal ’ intloko-mthetho, izifundo, kunye nabantu abachaphazelekayo, ziphucula ingxelo ngembono engafaniyo. Umzekelo, kwiKomiti yeNtsimbi yeeNku ze-Judicary kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo zitsa ingqalelo enkulu kwaye zicwangcisa iingca ezincinane.

Inkululeko Yolwazi Nemithetho Ebonisa Ngokucace

Abami kunye neentatheli abaxhotyiswe ngemithetho enamandla yeFOIA bangavumbulula ulwazi abanokuthi abamisi-mthetho baphoswe. Ngokulandelayo, abalawuli bemithetho bangasebenzisa izicelo zeFOIA zokugqitha udonga oluphezulu. Abameli ababona ngaphaya kokuchaphazelekayo baye baqhubela phambili utshintsho olufana ne Global Legislative Opengative Initive, ekhuthaza iipalamente ukuba zifumane imigangatho yogcino-lwazi. iFOIA'A'RBOR lisango labemi lokufikelela iirekhodi zikarhulumente ezinokuzisa imigudu yobuvelelo.

Indima Yoluntu Olumanyeneyo Nabemi

Abacholacholi-ndaba abaphandayo basoloko besebenza njengesivumelwano sokulawula uwiso-mthetho, bebhenca amahlazo kunye nee-inguqu ezixhobisa ii-asethi ze-palamente. Imibutho yoluntu lwamakhaya (umz., i-Transparency International, Sunight Foundation) iqwalasela imisebenzi yeekomiti, impumelelo, kwaye ixhasa utshintsho. Kwixesha lamanani, i-media yezentlalo ivumela ukuququzelelwa ngokukhawuleza kokungaphumeleli kwemeko-/enzame.

Ukukhusela Abavuthuzi Beentaka

Abaqhubi abangaphakathi kwamaziko karhulumente badla ngokuba ngumgca wokuqala wobuveleli. Ukhuseleko oluqinileyo olusemthethweni nokukhuselwa kwamagama angekho mthethweni kukhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuba baxele ububi. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi ziye zamisela ii-ofisi zokufutha impempe okanye ii-ombudi ezishushu. Ngaphandle kwezikhuseli, ulawulo luhlala luxhomekeke kwimijelo yasemthethweni enokuchatshazelwa.

Izixhobo zolawulo oluthe ngqo lommi

Ezinye izikhululo ziye zasungula iinkqubo zokudityaniswa kwezixhobo ezifana “neholo yemidlalo yeqonga,”“ ingqwalasela yequmrhu labachopheli-tyala”, okanye iinqanaba elikwi-intanethi apho uwonke-wonke unokufaka imibuzo yamalungu ekomiti. Ngoxa kusenjalo uvavanyo, ezi zixhobo zandisa ukufaneleka kwazo kwaye zinceda izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zifumane ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukomeleza Ulawulo Lomthetho Ngekamva

Ukuze ulawulo lowiso-mthetho luhlale lusebenza ngexesha lolawulo oluntsonkothileyo nokuqukunjelwa ngokukhawuleza kwenkcazelo, kufuneka luzivelele.

Ukuveliswa koogcisa abaqeshwa nohlalutyo oluzimeleyo

IiKomiti zifuna amaqela amagqwetha, abahlalutyi benkqubo, izazinzulu zedata kunye nababali-ngxelo. Inkxaso-mali enyusiwe ukwenzela iinkonzo zophando lwepalamente, njengeKhomishini yophando lweKhomishoni, inceda uhlalutyo olunzulu, olukhawulezileyo. Imithetho elawulayo inokuthintela ukuhlaziywa koomatshini abajongeleneyo.

Ukuphucula ukufumaneka kogcino-lwazi kunye nezixhobo zamanani

Oorhulumente kufuneka bamkele imigangatho evulekileyo yogcino-lwazi lweziko, kuquka uqingqo-mali lwenkqubo, ucwangciso-mali, kunye nezenzo zolawulo. Imithetho ingasebenzisa idata edityanisiweyo ukubona ii-atholiatics, imilinganiselo yokusebenzisa isikhokelo, kunye neziphumo zemodeli. Imigaqo kaRhulumente GAO isicwangciso sobuchule sobungameli[

Intsebenziswano YaseBipartisan NeeNorms

Ngoxa ezinye iikomiti zolawulo lobuntlola zingaphepheki, imisebenzi engundoqo efana nokuphindwa kophicotho-zincwadi, uhlolo, kunye nokuvavanya impumelelo yenkqubo eyingenelo kwintsebenziswano enqamlezayo. Izihlalo zeekomiti zobuveleli zingajikeleza phakathi kwamaqela okanye ziquke ii-arhente ezichaseneyo. Izithethe ezicwangcisiweyo zokuzibamba kwiziphumo ezichanekileyo, xa zihlonelwa, zigcina ukuthembeka kophando.

Ukunikela Ingxelo Ngokuthe rhoqo Nokulandelela

Ukulawula akumele kube sisiganeko esinye esingaphandle. Iimithetho kufuneka zimisele ubuchule bokufumana uzalisekiso lwezindululo zekomiti. Ezinye iipalamente ngoku zifuna ukuba urhulumente aphendule kumntu ngamnye ofunyenweyo ngexesha elimisiweyo kwaye anikele ingxelo ngenkqubela. Iirejista zelanga kufuneka zidityaniswe nohlolo lwe-asethi yemiqathango yasemva kokulungiselela.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kuwonke Wonke Nokubonisa Imbonakalo

Imimiselo iyakwazi ukwandisa izibhengezo zikawonke-wonke, ukunikela iinkonzo zoguqulelo ekuchotshelweni, nokusebenzisa iplatfomu ye-intanethi lula ukuze ingenise ulwazi. Iyakwazi ukuqhuba iintlanganiso zeekomiti zequmrhu elingaphandle kwekomkhulu ukuva iintlanganiso zekomiti ezisuka ngqo kwiqumrhu. Ukubophelelana okuphezulu kukhuthaza ukuba kubhalwe ngokusemthethweni kwaye kunciphisa umgama phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho nabantu abakhonzayo.

Isiphelo: Indima Engenakucinywa Yokulawula Kwidemokhrasi

Ulawulo lomthetho asikokungakhathalelwa okuphambili, oku kukubonakaliswa okusebenzayo kwelungelo labantu lokwazi nokugcina urhulumente wabo ephendulile. Ngokuphengulula, ukubuza, nangamaxesha okutshintsha okugunyazisayo, izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziqinisekisa ukuba umphathi olawulayo uhlale engumphathi womthetho nomdla woluntu, hayi umlawuli ongaphezulu kwayo. Imingeni yokuswela izibonelelo, ukuthamba kwezobupolitika, kunye nokungalingani nolwazi kuyinto yokwenene, kodwa angayeyiswa ngomzibonda wolawulo lweziko, ibhaptizi, i-bhipartistiki, kunye nokuthenjiswa kwebutho lezempumyukwane. Ngexesha laxa amaqumrhu ajongene neengcinezelo ze-odemokhrasi eqhutywa ngulawulo oluphezulu, kunye nokungamele ukulawulwa kolawulo oluluphambili lwezikhundla lwe-ogralitialism, kunye nezilangazelelo-o-o-ograc.