Iinkqubo zerhafu zingaphezulu kakhulu kunemithetho karhulumente engacacanga; zizinto ezisetyenziswayo ekuhlalisweni kuzo uluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Nyaka ngamnye, amabhunga esixeko, amaqumrhu ephondo, kunye neebhodi zesikolo zenza izigqibo malunga nerhafu yempahla, ukungahlawuli kwerhafu, kunye neentshukumisa zoshishino ezibutshintsha ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bezigidi zamaMelika. Ukusuka kumgangatho wezikolo zikawonke wonke ukuya kwimeko yeendlela zasekuhlaleni, ukufumaneka kwezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, kwanamaxesha okukhuselwa kokhuseleko lukawonke wonke, iinkqubo zerhafuthelo zisenza okanye zithintele uluntu ukuba lukwazi ukuphumelela okanye luphumelele.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, abaququzeleli bemigaqo-nkqubo, nabemi abaxhalabileyo, ukuqonda indlela ezidlalwa ngayo ezi nkqubo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni kubalulekile. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olunzulu kwiinkqubo ezichaphazela ngazo imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu echaphazela uluntu, sihlola zombini iinzuzo ezicetyiweyo kunye nee-oyile-zorhwebo ezisoloko zingahoywa. Ngokuhlolisisa iintlobo ezithile zerhafu, impembelelo yazo kumacandelo acetyiweyo, kunye nendima yoluntu, sijolise ekuxhobiseni abafundi ngolwazi olufunekayo ukuze babandakanyeke ngokunentsingiselo kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Indima Yamagosa Erhafu Kwimicimbi Yasekuhlaleni

Ngendlela elula, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uyakwazi ukunikezela ngeenkonzo zixhomekeke kwingeniso yakhe. Iinkqubo zerhafu zimisela imithetho yendlela ingeniso eqokelelwa ngayo, othwala umthwalo, nendlela ezinzileyo ngayo iinkqubo zemali ezizinzileyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Iirhafu ezimiselwe kakuhle zingakhuthaza ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, ukutsala utyalo-mali, kunye nokuxhasa iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke-wonke eziphezulu. Abayiliweyo bangathintela ukukhula, ukulingana, ukulingana kwemali, kwaye bakhokelele ekuqhubeleni phambili kwiinkqubo ezibalulekileyo.

Uqoqosho lwengingqi lungenelwa kwisiphumo ngokungaphezulu [ xa irhafu ibuyiselwa ngobulumko. Ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu kwizikolo, iindlela, kunye neepaki akuphuculi ubomi bemihla ngemihla kuphela kodwa kunyusa namaxabiso empahla kwaye kwenza uluntu lube nomtsalane ngakumbi kumashishini nakwientsapho. Ngokuchasene noko, xa imigaqo-siseko yerhafu ingakwazi ukuvelisa ingeniso eyaneleyo okanye elinganayo, uluntu lungawela kumjikelezo wokurhoxiswa kwempahla, ukuncitshiswa kwemisebenzi yeshishini, ukuhla kwemisebenzi yeshishini, ukuhla kwenkonzo, nokuhlawulwa kwerhafuthelo-o-okshiwe.

Isakhiwo serhafu yasekuhlaleni sikwayimibandela yozinzo lwezoqoqosho. Irhafu yempahla, umzekelo, idla ngokuzinzisa ngokwentelekelelo kwanaxa kuthengwa (naxa irhafu ithe thatyathel'umsinya kakhulu kwaye isenokuhla ngamandla ngexesha lezoqoqosho ezidodobalalisiweyo. Isiseko serhafu ehlukeneyo sinceda abantu bakhuseleke kwingeniso ekhawulezileyo, ukukhusela izikolo neenkonzo zongxamiseko ekunqanyulweni kokudodobala kwezoqoqosho.

Iintlobo zerhafu ezichaphazela abantu basekuhlaleni

Ukuqonda iimpawu zohlobo ngalunye lwerhafu kunceda abantu basekuhlaleni baqonde isizathu sokuba abantu bevuka bezama ukunikela iinkonzo ezaneleyo.

Irhafu Yempahla

Iirhafu zempahla zingowona mthombo mkhulu wengeniso enyuselweyo kwimimandla emininzi yoomasipala kunye nezikolo. Zihlawulwa kwilizwe elikhoyo/izindlu, izakhiwo zentengiso, kunye nomhlaba, ngenxa yokuba amaxabiso empahla anxulumene ngamandla nobutyebi basekuhlaleni, irhafu yempahla yenza unxulumano oluthe ngqo phakathi kobutyebi boluntu kunye namandla alo okuxhasa izinto zikawonke-wonke. Oku kungakhokelela kwixabiso lokuhlukanisa izakhiwo ezithengwayo[ phakathi kwemizimizana etyebileyo kunye nemimandla ephantsi efumaneka edolophini okanye emaphandleni.

Irhafu

Iirhafu zentengiso zisetyenziswa ekuthengeni iimpahla nangamanye amaxesha kwiinkonzo. Zidla ngokuba yingeniso eninzi emadolobheni nasebaleni, ingakumbi ngokweemeko ezivumela ulwando lwemali lwentengiso yasekuhlaleni kwirhafu karhulumente. Noko ke, irhafu yentengiso yiyo [ ehlawulayo [, zithatha ipesenti enkulu yengeniso evela kumakhaya aphantsi kunalawo afumana imali ephezulu. Ngaphezu koko, abantu abanomsebenzi omncinane wentengiso (njengemimandla yasemaphandleni okanye abo banendlela yokuthenga kwikhompyutha egcina imali) banokuyibona ingeniso ephantsi, echaphazela amandla abo okuhlawula iinkonzo zemali.

Irhafu yemali ehlawulwayo

Nangona ingeyonto iqheleke kakhulu kunempahla nerhafu yokuthengisa, abanye oomasipala bafaka irhafu yengeniso yasekuhlaleni kubemi kunye/okanye kubantu abasebenza kwizithuthi (umz., kwizixeko ezifana nePhiladelphia, iDetroit, neNew York City). Le rhafu inokuba nenkqubela-phambili ukuba ilungelelaniswe nokukhulula okanye izibiyeli, kodwa bakwabeka engozini yokuqhuba abahlali abafumana imali eninzi okanye amashishini ukuze bafumane irhafu ephantsi kwemigangatho.

Ukutshatyalaliswa Kwerhafu Nezinye Irhafu

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basenokuxhomekeka kwirhafu ekwizinto ezithile ezinjengepetroli, imidiza, utywala, kwakunye nokuhlala ehotele, irhafu yerhafu yeshishini, nerhafu yezemali eluncedo. Le rhafu inokubaluleka kwiinjongo zokujoliswe kuzo ngezantsi. (Ngokomzekelo, irhafu yehotele idla ngokuxhasa ukukhenketha kunye nezibonelelo zendibano, ngoxa irhafu yepetroli ixhasa ugcino-ndlela. Noko ke, ikho, isenokuphinda ihoxe kwaye ingakhuli namazwe oqoqosho.

Imiphumo Yerhafu Kwimfundo

Imfundo yenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo apho inkqubo yerhafu iphela khona. Kumaphondo amaninzi, imali yesikolo yasekuhlaleni ixhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni. Oku kuthetha ukuba abantwana abakwimimandla yesikolo esityebileyo badla ngokungenelwa kwiindleko ezinkulu kwimimandla ehlwempuzekileyo. Ngokwenkcazelo evela kwiStudents Trust, amaphondo atyebileyo angama-25% e-United States asebenzisa malunga no-15=20% kumfundi ngamnye kunalawo ahlwempuzekileyo angama-25%.

Oku kwahluka kuguqulela kwimiba ecacileyo: umlinganiselo omncinci wodidi, abafundisi- ntsapho abanamava, amaziko angcono, umnikelo ophambili wezifundo, kunye neenkqubo ezongezelelweyo zeklasi kwisithili esityebileyo. Okwangoku, isithili esinezinto eziphantsi zitsala nzima ukugcina imisebenzi esisiseko, ngamanye amaxesha sijongana nokuvalwa kwesikolo okanye ukuphelisa iinkqubo zobugcisa nomculo. Isiphumo sikukudlala okungalinganiyo okunokuqhubela phambili kwimijikelezo yobuhlwempu kwizizukulwana.

Imigudu yokulungisa ezi ngxaki ngezantsi njengemali elinganayo yomgangatho wesizwe, Uncedo, kodwa zisoloko ziphikisana ngokwezobupolitika kwaye azinakukwazi ukuhlawula ngokupheleleyo izithuba zengeniso zasekuhlaleni. Kwezinye iimeko, abantu baye babhenela kwirhafu yengeniso yasekuhlaleni okanye kwirhafu yempahla evumelekileyo ehlawulwayo (umz., amanyathelo okudityaniswa) ekudibaniseni inkxaso-mali yesikolo. Noko ke, ezi meko zidla ngokudlula lula ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifumana iimali ezifumana imali ezingaphezulu ezinemiqathango eninzi yabavoti abanokuhlawula irhafuthe.

Impembelelo kukhuseleko loluntu nokhuseleko

Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke (kuquka amapolisa, amasebe omlilo, kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko zezonyango). Xa iinkqubo zerhafu zivelisa irhafu enganelanga, iziphumo zikhawulezileyo: amaxesha okuphendula ngongxamiseko, amapolisa angaphantsi kwezisebenzi, kunye neenkqubo zokuthintela umlilo [. Kumazininzi, iingxelo zokhuseleko zikawonke-wonke zolwahlulo olungundoqo lwemali, ukushiya igumbi elincinane lezinto eziphambili xa ingeniso inyanzelekile.

Ukufumaneka kwempilo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni kuyachaphazeleka ngokufanayo. Ngoxa iMedicaid neMedicare ziyinkqubo zikarhulumente, iirhafu zasekuhlaleni zidla ngokuxhasa izibhedlele zikawonke-wonke, iikliniki zoluntu, namanyathelo okukhusela impilo yoluntu. Izihlandlo ezininzi ibekek'imbopheleleko yokunika unyango olungenazibhaxa-bhaso nabemi abafumana imali ephantsi. Xa impahla okanye irhafu yerhafu ithengiswayo incipha, ezi nkonzo zokhuseleko zikhokelela ekuncitshisweni kweeyure zekliniki, ukulinda ixesha elide, kunye neziphumo zempilo ezingekho ngqiqweqweni abantu abaninzi abachanabekayo.

Ezinye iindawo ziye zalungiselela ezinye iimali ezizayo, ezifana nerhafu yesithili enikezelweyo okanye iingqikelelo ezikhethekileyo zeenkonzo zongxamiseko. Ezi zinganikezela ngenkxaso-mali ethe tyaba nejoliswe kumsebenzi, kodwa zifuna imvume kunye noyilo lobuchule ukuze ziphephe ukuthwalisa amaqela athile umthwalo.

Uphuhliso lwezibonelelo nogcino

Izakhiwo ezibanzi , iibhulorho, uthutho lukawonke-wonke, iindlela zokuhamba kwamanzi, iipaki, kunye nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke `isiseko somzimba soluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Imeko yayo ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho, ukushukuma, nomgangatho wobomi. Iinkqubo zerhafu zimisela kungekuphela nje ukuba zingakanani imali ezikhoyo kwimisebenzi emitsha yezezibonelelo kodwa kwanogcino-mali olubalulekileyo oluqhubekayo olukhusela ukudodobala kwexabiso.

Uluntu oluninzi lwase-U.S. lujongene nengxaki yogcino-lwazi lwemijelo yogcino-mali ngenxa yokuba iingeniso zerhafu azikhange zigcine isantya neenkqubo zokwaluphala. Umzekelo, uMbutho waseMelika we-Ingineinjini zaBani unika umgangatho wesiseko wesizwe weC okanye D, kunye nendlela yasekuhlaleni kunye nemendo zamanzi ziphakathi kwezona ntlalo zidi ziphantsi. Xa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bengenayo ingeniso eyaneleyo, basoloko benyusa ugcino-hlebonke, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulungiseni okubizayo okuninzi kamva nokwanda kokhuseleko.

Iintshukumisa zerhafu ziyakwazi ukumisela izigqibo zezibonelelo. isithili sonyuso lwemali (TIF) zivumela amadolobha ukuba aboleke ukulwa nokwanda kwerhafu yempahla kwingingqi ephinda yandayo. Ngelixesha i-TIFF inokukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwemali kummandla ophithizekileyo, ikwanokususa izinto kwimibutho erhafu yasekuhlaleni njengezikolo okanye amathala eencwadi, idala ungquzulwano phakathi kophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye neemfuno zoluntu.

Umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu kunye nokufumaneka kwezindlu

Indlu kulapho inkqubo yerhafu yasekuhlaleni idibana khona nobomi bemihla ngemihla. Iirhafu zempahla zingaba lixabiso elikhulu kubaninimzi, ingakumbi ezo zifumana ingeniso ehlaziyiweyo. Kwimisika ekhawulezayo, amatyala erhafu empahla anganyuka kakhulu kwanokuba ingeniso yendlu yomnini-khaya ayinyukanga, isenokunyanzelisa abemi bexesha elide abangekho kwingingqi zabo. Amazwe amaninzi aye asabela kungenelelo lwe- ekhaya, ii-shefum, ii-keti zerhafu, okanye iinkqubo zokwaphula isiphatho lwesiphathi.

Kwicala lerente, irhafu yempahla isoloko idlula kwingingqi yerente ephezulu. Kwimithetho ephezulu yerhafu, oku kunganyusa unikezelo lwezindlu ezinokufumaneka kwiimeko ezinzima. Ngokuchasene noko, izihlomelo zerhafu zokuphuhlisa indlu efikelelekayo. Ngokunjalo, njengetyala lerhafu lezindlu elihlawulwa phantsi (LIHTC) elinikezelwa kumgangatho karhulumente kodwa elikhuselweyo linokwandisa unikezelo lwemigangatho yomgangatho womgangatho womgangatho womgangatho worhwebo. Noko ke, le nkqubo ifuna umanyano lukarhulumente woluntu yaye ngokufuthi ijongene neNIMBY (kungekho kwindlu yam).

Ngaphezu koko, iirhafu zerhafu kunye nenkcitho yenkcitho kuphuhliso olutsha zingaphembelela indleko kunye nesantya sokwakhiwa kwezindlu ezintsha. Ukuba le mirhumo iphezulu kakhulu, isenokudimaza ukuphuhliswa kophuhliso olutsha, ukunqongophala kwezindlu okuya kusiba mandundu. Ukuba kuncinaniswa, zisenokusilela ukuhlawula iindleko ezintsha ezifunekayo ukuze zixhase ulwando. Ukulungelelanisa ezi ngcinezelo zikukunye kocelomngeni olunzima kubenzi bemigaqo-siseko yerhafu.

Indima Yabaxhasi Berhafu

Izikhuthazo zerhafu `njengentengiso, iityala, kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo yerhafu] zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukutsala amashishini, ukwenza imisebenzi, nokukhuthaza inkqubela yezoqoqosho. Xa inkampani enkulu icinga ngokufumana umzi-zimzi - mveliso omtsha okanye ikomkhulu kwingingqi yoluntu, amagosa asekuhlaleni adla ngokunikela ipakethe yerhafu ukuze ahluze ityala. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ezi zinto zikhuthaza ukuvelisa umsebenzi wezoqoqosho ongenakubakho, nto leyo ephumela kumsebenzi omtsha kunye nesiseko esibanzi serhafuthelo.

Noko ke, ingxelo ebhaliweyo yezihlomelo ezinjalo iyaxutywa. Uphando lwe-W.E. I-Uppjohn Institute kunye neminye imibutho icebisa ukuba izikhuthazo ezininzi zerhafu ziphakamile kakhulu kunemfuneko yokuphembelela izigqibo zoshishino, ngempumelelo zinika ingeniso enokuthi ixhaswe ngenkxaso kawonke-wonke. Kwezinye iimeko, iinkampani zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye ukuya kwenye ukuze zifumane ulwano olungcono, nto leyo ephumela kumdlalo we-zerom apho inzuzo yenye indawo ilahleko yenye.

Kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni, isitshixo kukuqwalasela izikhuthazo ngocoselelo nokuzidibanisa neziphumo ezikhethekileyo, eziqinisekisiweyo `njengemveliso yomsebenzi kunye nemigangatho yomvuzo) kunye nemali ehlawulwayo enikwayo ukuba izithembiso azigcinwa. Ukubonisa ngaphaya kwemiqathango yentshukumisa kuvumela abemi babone iindleko kwaye bazilinganise ngokuchasene neengenelo, ukhuthaza ingxubusho kawonke-wonke enolwazi.

Iinkqubo zerhafu ezijolisayo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.

Ukulingana kungumsebenzi ophambili kwinkqubo yerhafu. Inkqubo yerhafu eqhubekayo ithatha ipesenti ephezulu yengeniso evela kwizityebi kunamahlwempu; inkqubo yokubuyela phambili yenza okuchaseneyo. Iinkqubo zerhafu zobulali eUnited States zithanda ukuphinda ziphinde zibuyele kuba zixhomekeke kakhulu kwipropati nerhafu yerhafu, zombini ezibeka umthwalo ongaphantsi kakhulu kwizindlu ezihlawulwa phantsi kwemali ehlawulwayo. Ngokwe- Ngokwe-ITHP ne-ESCM (TECP), amahlwempu angamashumi amabini% awona ampofu kakhulu ahlawula umlinganiselo we-11.4% wengeniso yawo kwi-mali ehlawulwayo yerhafu ephezulu.

Oku kuphambuka kungancitshiswa yimigaqo efana nemali-mboleko yerhafu ehlawulwayo, izihluzi zerhafu yerhafu, kunye nemfuno eziyimfuneko (umz., iimpahla, amayeza kagqirha) kwirhafu yerhafu. Noko ke, ezi zinyathelo zifuna irhafu yezopolitiko kwaye zisoloko zijongene nenkcaso yabo baxhasa ukuqeshwa kwerhafu. Abameli abanemibutho eqhubekekayo yerhafu batyekele ekubeni babe neziphumo ezithelekelelwayo ezingcono kakhulu, ingeniso encinane, kunye nenethi ezikhuselwayo ezikhuselweyo.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangakwamkela uhlolo lwerhafu kunye noqheliselo lokuqokelela irhafu olunciphisa ukubuyiselwa komsebenzi. Umzekelo, uhlolo lwerhafu yempahla yonyaka nolubonisa amaxabiso entengiso enyani lungathintela iintsontela zequbuliso, lo gama izicwangciso zolwakhiwo zinceda abaninimzi abaphantsi abafumana iindleko zabo zerhafu. Amanye amadolobha aye azama ukuzama ukuhlawula iirhafu zerhafu ezinkulu kunezakhiwo, ukunyusa inkqubela phambili nokuhlisa iimfuno zamakhaya.

Ubandakanyeko Nobuchule Boluntu

Ukuqonda iinkqubo zerhafu linyathelo lokuqala; ukwenza ngokuvisisana noko kuqonda kukwesibini. Amalungu oluntu afuna ukuphembelela inkqubo yerhafu yasekuhlaleni angenza oko ngamathuba amaninzi:

  • Ingxolo yoqingqo-mali lukawonke-wonke kunye neentlanganiso zebhunga apho kuphikiswana ngexabiso lerhafu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwerhafu kuqala. Ukuthetha ngexesha lamagqabaza kawonke-wonke kungaphembelela amagosa angenaluxanduva kwaye kuphakamise ukuqwalaselwa kwemibandela ethile.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukufikelela okanye ukwenza imibutho yasekuhlaleni ejolise kwintengiso yemali. Amaqela afana ekusebenziseni uqingqo-mali kunye nemithetho ePhambili kunye nezahluko zasekuhlaleni zoManyano lwaMantokazi zinika abahlali ubuncwane ukuze babandakanye ngokunempumelelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-application bollot minutes etshintsha inkqubo yerhafu ngqo, enjengerhafu yempahla yezikolo, unyuko lwerhafu yentengiso ukwenzela uthutho, okanye imida yengeniso. Ukutshintshwa kwabamelwane malunga neziphumo zala manyathelo kungaba nempembelelo enkulu.
  • Advocate ukwenzela ukuba cace kunye nokufumaneka kogcino-lwazi. Iinkqubo zerhafu zinzima, kodwa uluntu oluninzi alunalwazi lobuhlobo ngomsebenzisi malunga nokuba ngubani ohlawula oko nendlela imali esetyenziswa ngayo. Ukutsalela kwi-intanethi iibhodi ezinqamlezileyo kunye nentelekelelo yolwimi olucacileyo kunika abemi amandla okuba nenxaxheba.

Utshintsho lokwenene ludla ngokuqala kumgangatho wengca. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imibutho yoluntu iye yazikhuthaza ngempumelelo iirhafu zezigidi (kwizixeko ezikufutshane ezinjengePortland neSeattle), iirhafu ezinika ingeniso yokufudusa umhlaba, kunye nokwanda kwemali yokuxhasa nokubeka imigaqo-siseko yerhafu ebanzi yezentlalo, intsebenziswano kumgangatho wentlalo entle kunokuba ingabi yenkcaso, abaxhasi baye bafumana iinguqu ezifanelekileyo

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zerhafu azingoomatshini nje; zibonisa imilinganiselo yexabiso nezinto eziphambili zoluntu. Ierandi nganye eqokelelwayo nechithwayo imisela umgangatho wemfundo, ukhuseleko lwengingqi, imeko yezibonelelo, kunye nokusasazwa kwamathuba. Ngenxa yoko, iziphumo zemigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni zingaphezulu lee lee kuludwe loqingqo-mali, zibumba eyona nto ibalulekileyo yobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Njengoko sibonile, ukwenziwa kweenkqubo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni kuneziphumo ezinamandla zokungalingani, ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, kunye nenkonzo kawonke-wonke. Abahlali abaziqondayo ezi zenzo baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuxhasa iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa iimfuno zengeniso ngokusesikweni. Ukuba ngaba ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwiindleko zoqingqo-mali, ukuvota ngemiqathango yerhafu, okanye ngokunolwazi nje ngendlela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni asebenza ngayo, ummi ngamnye unendima amele ayifezekise ngayo ikamva elifanelekileyo lengingqi yabo. Ekugqibeleni, uluntu olusebenzisananeembono zokulungelelanisa iimfuno zerhafuthelo lungomnye onokwakha umgangatho onamandla, ochumileyo, nongakumbi kwikamva lawo onke amalungu ahlala kuwo.