Ukuqonda Irhafu Yasekuhlaleni

Iirhafu zemali zengingqi kunye nezorhulumente bephondo kulo lonke elaseUnited States, zinika ingeniso efunekayo yokunikela iinkonzo ezixhomekeke kwiinkonzo abahlali abaxhomekeke kuzo yonke imihla. Le rhafu ibekwa yimibutho yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni(iiiofisi, iidolophu, isithili zesikolo, kunye nezixa-mali-mali) kwaye yahlukile kurhulumente nakurhulumente, irhafu yelizwe. Irhafu yasekuhlaleni iyahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kwimithetho karhulumente, kwiimeko zezoqoqosho, kunye neenkqubo zokukhetha. Nangona irhafunxa-mali idla ngokuncinane kunengeniso okanye ukuhlawula irhafunxa-mali ehlawulwayo, ityala lengingqinelwayo ichaphazela ingeniso ekhoyo kubomi babantu ngenxa yokuba bafumana ingeniso, iinkonzo zexesha likaxakeka, iipaki, kunye nokulondolo lwezemali.

Ukuqonda iindidi ezahlukeneyo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni kunceda abemi babone indlela eqokelelwa ngayo imali yabo kunye nendawo ehamba kuyo. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ziquka iirhafu zempahla, irhafu yentengiso, ingeniso yasekuhlaleni okanye iirhafu zerhafu zerhafu, kunye neemali ezahlukeneyo zeenkonzo. Ezinye iirhafu zelevy zikwakhokelelwa iirhafu ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokukhanyisa kwesitrato okanye imigca yendlela ngezantsi.

Irhafu Yempahla

Irhafu yempahla yeyona mithombo mikhulu yengeniso yerhafu yasekuhlaleni eUnited States, ityala elimalunga nama-77 ekhulwini ayo yonke irhafu yasekuhlaleni, ngokwe-Urban-Bookings Policy Policy Center ( irhafu isekelwe kwixabiso lemali-mali yerhafu yemo yemali-mali ekhoyo). Le rhafu isekelwe kwixabiso elithe ngqo lemali-mali-mali-mali-yakho-yongi. Abahloli bemini bamazwe bafumana amaxabiso emfuyo ngamaxesha athile, kunye nomlinganiselo werhafuzo (ngokufuthi umlinganiselo wemali e-mali e-mali e-mali e-mali ehlawulwayo, apho i-R1,000 ngexabiso elifanelekileyo elihlawulwayo okanye iibhodi ezihlawulwayo. Iirhafuthelo ziqhele ukulondolo ngenxa yokuba isiseko serhafu, kodwa bayakwazi ukwenza imingeni ehlawulwayo ehlawulwayo.

Irhafu

Iirhafu zentengo zibekwa njengepesenti yentengo yempahla, kwaye, kwezinye iindawo, iinkonzo. Iirhafu zorhwebo zommandla zidla ngongezelelwa kwirhafu yerhafu karhulumente, intsingiselo yemali edityanisiweyo ingadlula ku-10 ekhulwini kwimimandla ephezulu. Ngokungafaniyo nerhafu yempahla, irhafu yentengiso ihlawulwa ngabathengi ngexesha lokuthengiswa, zibonwa nangakumbi. Zikwanengeniso eninzi, njengemijikelezo yemali eguquguqukayo ngemijikelezo yezoqoqosho kunye nenkcitho yokutheza. Irhafuthengiso yasekuhlaleni isoloko isetyenziselwa ukuhlawula imisebenzi jikelele, kodwa isenokunikezelwa kwiinjongo ezithile njengokuthengiswa kwerhafuthengiso okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba irhafuthengiso luphinde lubonakale kakhulu, njengoko ingeniso ivela kwimivuzo efunyenweyo ephantsi kwemali efunyenweyo kunaleyo kwezityebileyo.

Ingeniso Yasekuhlaleni Nerhafu Ehlawulwayo

Ezinye izixeko kunye nezikhundla zinyanzela irhafu yengeniso yasekuhlaleni kubemi, abasebenza ngaphantsi kwegunya, okanye zombini. Le rhafu idla ngokuba yipesenti embalekayo yengeniso okanye yomhlawulo womnatha. Umzekelo, izixeko ezifana neNew York, iPhiladelphia, kunye noomasipala abaninzi baseKentucky basebenzisa iirhafu zemali ehlawulwayo yengingqi ukuze bahlawule iinkonzo. Irhafu yemali ehlawulwa ngabaqeshi njengepesenti yomvuzo womqeshwa, ikwasetyenziswa nakweminye imimandla ukuxhasa iinkqubo ezithile ezifana nokuphuhlisa umsebenzi okanye ukuthutha abantu. Irhafunxa yerhafu yasekuhlaleni inokuba isekelwe kwimali ekhondweni ngenxa yokuba isekelwe ekuhlawuleni iirhafuzo, kodwa banokubeka igunya kwintlawulo lokukhuphiswa kwemali efunekayo xa kukhuphiswa ukhuphiswano.

Iimbumba zomsebenzisi kunye nezinye imiyalelo

Ngaphandle kwerhafu esekelwe kwirhafu ebanzi, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqokelela iindleko zomsebenzi ukwenzela iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo: imvume yokwakha, amalayisensi ezoshishino, iimali zokungena kwipaki, iindleko zokunxibelelana nesebe, iindleko zolawulo, iimali zethala leencwadi ezihlawulwayo, kunye nemali ehlawulwayo yokuchanabeka kwemali. Nangona le rhafu isebenza ngenjongo efanayo yengeniso kwaye ixhomekeke kwiinkonzo abazixhasayo. Izakhiwo kufuneka zibe zenziwe zibe cace kwaye zilungelele ngokwexabiso lokulungiselela inkonzo. Kumazwe amaninzi, inkcitho yomsebenzisi iye yakhula ngokukhawuleza kunerhafu yerhafu yerhafu

Indlela ebaluleke ngayo iinkonzo zoluntu zerhafu

Ingeniso yerhafu yasekuhlaleni ingena kuqingqo-mali lwezikolo, amasebe ombane, imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, iipaki, iithala leencwadi, amasebe eenkonzo ezempilo, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo. Urhulumente omi kakuhle wasekuhlaleni angagcina iindlela ezikhuselekileyo, izikolo ezixhotyisiweyo, izikolo ezikhuthaza ukuphendula ngongxamiseko, kunye nezithuba zikawonke-wonke. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo ezixhotyisiweyo zikhokelela ekunciphekeni kwezakhiwo, ukunqongophala kwabafundisi, ukuliselwa kwamaxesha okuphendula kwamapolisa, nokuvalwa kwamaziko okuzonwabisa. Ukonakalisa okulandelayo kubalasemgangathweni ongundoqo wenkonzo kunye nokuxhomeke kwabo kwii-R35 zerhafu.

Ukubonelela ngeNkxaso yeDSD

Izikolo zikawonke-wonke kunye nezesekondari zixhaswa kakhulu yirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, eyongezelelwe ngoncedo lwesizwe kunye neminikelo yorhulumente. Kumaphondo amaninzi, imida yezikolo ibotshelelwe ukudibanisa nomasipala okanye iilayini zephondo, okuthetha ukuba ukuxabiseka kwemfundo yomntwana kunxulumene ngqo nobutyebi besiseko serhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni. Oku kwenza umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwemibutho yabatyebi nabahlwempuzekileyo. NgokweSiko seSizwe semfundo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela malunga nama-45 ekhulwini emali yayo yonke ingeniso yesikolo sikawonke-wonke kwi-2019 ( iziphekezo zerhafu yomgangatho wezomhlaba. Le mali iquka imirhumo yokufundisa, izinto zokufundisa, ezo zokulungiswa, ezobugcisa, ezongezelelwe kwezobugcisa, kunye neenkqubo zemfundo ezithengiselwayo.

Ukhuseleko

Amapolisa, umlilo, kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko zezonyango (EMS) ziphakathi kwezona nkonzo zibonakalayo nezibalulekileyo ezixhaswa yirhafu yasekuhlaleni. Ingeniso yerhafu yempahla, kwezinye iindawo, irhafu yentengiso okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, iirhafu zerhafu ezihlawulwa ngabasebenzi, izixhobo, ugcino-zixhobo, kunye noqeqesho. Imali elinganayo iqinisekisa ukuba abathumeli abangama-911 basebenza ngewotshi, ii-injini zomlilo zixhotyiswe kakuhle, kwaye abaphathi-ofisi bezomlilo bangaphendula ngokukhawuleza. Phantsi kweminye isebe elijikelezayo bangajongana nempendulo ekhawulezileyo, izixhobo eziphelelwe lixesha, okanye abasebenzi bomlilo abacuphiweyo.

Imfundo Nemisebenzi Kawonke-wonke

Iindlela, iibhulorho, iindlela, izitrato, iintambo zendlela, amanzi kunye nezixhobo zokuhambisa amanzi, kunye neenkqubo zothutho zoluntu zonke zixhomekeke kwirhafu yoluntu ukuze kwakhiwe nasekulungisweni. Iirhafu zempahla zisoloko zixhasa irhafu jikelele yerhafu, ngoxa iirhafu zerhafu yasekuhlaleni, iirhafu zokubhalisa iinqwelo-mafutha, okanye iirhafu zezothutho zisenokunikezelwa kwimisebenzi yendlela. Amaqela amaninzi aye abona ukuba kufuneka ingqameko yesiseko somsebenzi eninzi njengoko imigaqo yezobugcisa yakhiwa kwiminyaka edlulileyo ifikelela ekupheleni kobomi bawo obunexabiso. I-America Society of Civilenerers’s 2021 Report Radiok inika inkxaso yemali ye-C-onke, kunye nerhafuthensiti yemidayo yemidangalo-trafiki esezantsi. Ngaphandle komsinga ethembekileyo yerhafuyo yerhafu yerhafu, oomatishi, oomatishi bemali, oomatishe bemali abanokuyidiyo bade bade bade bade bade bade bade balungiseke.

Ukuzonwabisa, iMiphaka, kunye namathala eencwadi

Ipaki, amaziko abantu, imidlalo, amaqula okuqubha, iindlela, kunye namathala eencwadi kawonke-wonke akhulisa ubomi kwaye akhuthaza impilo yomzimba neyomdla. La maziko axhaswa ngemali ngerhafu yempahla, maxa wambi yongezelelwa yimiba yamaqhina okanye irhafu yokuzihlaziya. Iinkqubo zethala leencwadi zinikezela ngokufumaneka kwasimahla kwezincwadi, i-Internet, ii-atmeters zokuhlola umsebenzi, kunye neendawo zokuhlangana. Amasebe eMimandla agcina iindawo eziluhlaza kunye nokucwangcisa imidlalo yolutsha, imisebenzi emikhulu, kunye nemicimbi yenkcubeko. Imali eseleyo iqinisekisa ukuba ezi nkonzo zihlala zifikelelekile kubo bonke abahlali, inkxaso kunye nemisebenzi esebenzayo.

ISebe lezeMpilo loLuntu neNkcubeko

Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni alungiselela ukugoma, ukuhlola izifo, iivenkile zokuhlola iinkonzo, iinkqubo zonyango lukamama kunye nabantwana, kunye nokulungiselela ungxamiseko. Le misebenzi isoloko ixhaswa ngokudityaniswa kwee-erandi zerhafu, iminikelo yemali karhulumente, kunye nenkxaso-mali yesizwe efana neyaseZiko loLawulo lwezifo zeDayibhi. Iinkonzo zezentlalo ezifana nokungabi namakhaya, iinkqubo zokutya, iinkonzo zoontanga, kunye nokucetyiswa kwengqondo zixhaswa ngokwenxalenye ethile yirhafu yerhafu yasekuhlaleni. Kubantu abanoxanduva olulinganiselweyo okanye urhulumente, inkxaso-mali yemali yemali ekhoyo ekhoyo efana neyaMaziko yokhuseleko-Accuries for face sy.

Unxulumano phakathi kwengeniso yerhafu yasekuhlaleni nomgangatho wenkonzo

Umgangatho wemali yerhafu yasekuhlaleni usebenza ngqo kunye nomgangatho kunye nokufumaneka kweenkonzo zoluntu. Iimali zerhafu eziphezulu zivumela ulawulo oluphezulu ukuba luqeshe abafundisi- ntsapho abangakumbi, lunciphise ubungakanani bodidi, luthumele izixhobo ezihambele phambili zokulwa umlilo, lulungise umgaqo-ndlela ngokukhawuleza, lugcine iipaki zicocekile kwaye zikhuselekile. Iimali eziphantsi zinyanzelisa nzima: ukusika iiyure zethala leencwadi, ukukhupha iprojekthi emva kweenkqubo zesikolo, okanye ukuqesha amapolisa. Intengiso ayiyo kuphela ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kwemali kawonke wonke kwimicimbi kwaye ibeke isiseko somgangatho wolawulo.

Abemi basoloko bebona imbuyekezo engqalileyo yorhwebo lwerhafu lwasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, abantu abanezikolo ezinerhafu ephezulu ngokwemigangatho ephezulu yemiqathango yemali, imigangatho ephantsi, nexabiso lempahla ephezulu. Ngokufanayo, izixeko ezivezisela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke zibona ihlayo yamaxesha okuphendula kunye nomlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho ophantsi. Imizi kunye neenkonzo zokuzonwabisa ezixhaswa yirhafu enikezelwayo ibonisa ukuba intlawulo oluphezulu nolwaneliseko lwabahlali bemi. Ucelomngeni loorhulumente basekuhlaleni kukulinganisela umnqweno werhafu yerhafu ephantsi nemfuno yenkonzo eyaneleyo, uxinzelo oluconjululwe ngokubhalisa uhla kohla lwemali kunye nomanyano lwabemi.

Indlela Ezimiselwa Ngayo Iireyithi zerhafu

Ukumisela irhafu yengingqi yezopolitiko kunye nezolawulo zelizwe elinomahluko ngokwemithetho yezopolitiko kodwa jikelele ilandela umjikelo wonyaka olungelelanisiweyo. Amagosa aqwalaselweyo "amaqela eentlanganiso, iibhodi zephondo, iibhodi zesikolo , uqingqo-mali olusekelwe kwiimfuno ezithelekelelwayo kunye nemali ethelekelelwayo evela kurhulumente nakwimithombo karhulumente. Umsantsa phakathi kwendleko ethenjiweyo kunye nemali engowodwayo yemali exhomekeke kwirhafu yerhafu emele ukunyuswa. Kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, imilinganiselo yeprojekthi ilinganiswa ngokwahlulwahlulwa kwexabiso elipheleleyo le-endleko yemali ehlawulwayo. Amazwe amaninzi abeka ii-ovoti okanye iimfuno zemali ezibhanki ezingekhoyo kwiprokhwe ezikwindawo enyukayo kunyuso yokhuseleko lwemiba yokhuseleko lwemiba yoluntu.

Irhafu yerhafu idla ngokumiselwa ngomthetho okanye ngommiselo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, kodwa imimiselo karhulumente isoloko imisela umlinganiselo ophezulu. Amanye amagunya avumela abavoti ukuba bandise irhafu yerhafu ngokujongana nemisebenzi ethile efana nothutho okanye ulwakhiwo lwesikolo. Irhafu yerhafu yezorhwebo idla ngokubekwa njengepesenti ethe tyaba ngokwemithetho-mthetho okanye ngokwemilinganiselo yethala. Inkqubo kufuneka ihambelane neemfuno zikarhulumente kunye nemithetho-mthetho, kwaye ukuva kukawonke-wonke kusoloko kuyimfuneko ngaphambi kokuba unikezelo lwabemi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abanye oomasipala baye baphethulela kwimi yeminye irhafu yerhafu yemali efana nerhafu yehotele, imifutshane, okanye imijeko yemali ngaphandle kokunyusa impahla okanye ukuthengisa irhafuthesa.

Iingxaki Kwinkqubo Yerhafu Yasekuhlaleni

Ngoxa irhafu yasekuhlaleni ibalulekile, azinangxaki. Olunye ucelomngeni lukukubuyiselwa kwerhafu yentengiso kunye nerhafu yempahla qha, zombini zibeka umthwalo onzima kumakhaya afumana imali ephantsi. Enye inkxalabo kukurhoxa kwerhafu xa amaxabiso empahla encipha ngenxa yokudodobala kwezoqoqosho okanye xa uthengiso lufuduka kwi-intanethi. Amazwe amaninzi aye azama ukusingatha oku ngokusebenzisa irhafu okanye ngokususa irhafu evela kubathengisi abakude emva kwetyala [ South Dakotalkhar v. Wayfair Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa intengongo yeNkundla inokuba yinkimbinkimbi.

Iikhabethe zerhafu zepropati, ezixhaphakileyo kumaphondo anjengeKhalifoniya (Iprojekthi 13) kunye neMassachusetts (Iprojekthi 22/2), zilinganisela ukukhula kwerhafu yempahla yonyaka, enyanzela ukunyuka kwengeniso njengoko kunyuka iindleko. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuxhobisweni kwerhafu yerhafu engapheliyo kwizikolo nesiseko senkcitho. Ukongezela, ukuxhomekeka kwirhafu yempahla kubangela ukungabikho bulungisa phakathi kwemimandla yabafumi namahlwempu. Iindlela zoncedo lwelizwe zizama ukuthomalathiso, kodwa iingxaki ezikhoyo kufuneka zisebenzise uxinzelelo lwemali ehlawulwa yirhafu ephezulu kunye nerhafuyo ephezulu ngokukhuphiweyo, nto leyo ebangela ukucutha isiseko serhafuthelo.

Ukuncedisa Abemi Kwizigqibo Zerhafu Zasekuhlaleni

Abemi abanolwazi nababotshelelweyo babalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ii-dola zerhafu zasekuhlaleni zichithwa ngobulumko kwaye ziyahambelana nezinto eziza kuqala ekuhlaleni. Ukuba nenxaxheba ekuchongeni uqingqo-mali kwabantu, kwiintlanganiso zebhunga lesikolo, neentlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko kunika abahlali imvume yokugqiba ukuba bafanele bahlawule kangakanani na kwaye bayini nakuphi na. Irhafu yerhafu imela idemokhrasi engqalileyo esetyenziswayo, ivumela abavoti ukuba bavumele okanye balugatye ulwando lwerhafu kwiinkonzo abazinyamekelayo.

Iindlela Abahlali Abanokubandakanyeka Ngazo

  • Iholo zoqingqo-mali zedolophu ezithe yaxhaphaka-orhulumente basekuhlaleni badla ngokuchophela uluntu phambi kokuba bathathe uqingqo-mali lokugqibela. Abahlali bangabuza imibuzo malunga nenkcitho ecetyiweyo kunye notshintsho lomlinganiselo werhafu.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwabemi beekomiti zokwalathisa – uluntu oluninzi luneebhodi zokumisa iipaki, ucwangciso, ezothutho, okanye imali apho amatsha - ntliziyo ahlola uqingqo-mali kunye nocebisi.
  • Landela ugcino-lwazi lwengingqi kunye norhulumente wendawo ezibonisa ngaphaya kwezibuko – iiwebhsayithi ezinjenge OpenGov, OpenData platifomu, kunye neengxelo zikamasipala zivumela abemi ukuba babone kakuhle ukuba ii-irandi zerhafu zisetyenziswa njani.
  • Abavoti kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni – oosodolophu, amalungu ebhunga, abaphathisi-nxaxheba bequmrhu lesikolo, kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi bengingqi bephondo bamisela inkqubo yerhafu. Umgangatho ophantsi wovoti kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni uthetha ukuba izigqibo zidla ngokuphenjelelwa ngamaqela amancinane, alungelelanisiweyo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Igalelo kwizibonelelo kunye nezinto eziphambili zenkonzo – uhlolisiso, uluntu, ii-fourmi, kunye nezixhobo zengingqi ziqokelela uluhlu lwezinto ezikhethwayo zabahlali ezinika uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali.

Ukugaxelelwa ngokunempumelelo kwabemi kwakha intembelo phakathi korhulumente wasekuhlaleni yaye kukhokelela ekunikezelweni komsebenzi ofanelekileyo nonempumelelo. Xa abemi beqonda ukudibana kwerhafu neenkonzo, basengozini yokuxhasa imigangatho efanelekileyo yerhafu baze bagcine amagosa etyala ngeziphumo.

Isiphelo

Irhafu yenzeke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni echaza apho abantu bafuna khona ukuhlala, ukusebenza, nokukhulisa iintsapho. Ukusukela kumagumbi okufundela ukuya kwizitishi zomlilo, iipaki ukuya ekulungiseni ibhotile, umgangatho wobomi bemihla ngemihla uxhomekeke ekusebenziseni irhafu ngokufanelekileyo nasekulinganiseni kweenkqubo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni. Nangona kungekho rhafu igqibeleleyo, isakhiwo serhafu esimiselwe kakuhle sikhuthaza ukulingana, ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, nokuphumelela kwenkonzo. Abemi abathabatha ixesha benokuqonda indlela umsebenzi wabo werhafutheza kwaye abane nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yoqingqo-mali baxhasa imimandla yabo. Kwixesha lokunyuka kwendleko kunye neengxaki, ukubhatatyo akuthethi ukuba ngumsebenzi woluntu kuphela osemthethweni, kwaye abakwazi ukuhlawula ingeniso ephambili kwikamva lengingqini.