Table of Contents

Ulawulo lweKhomishini yeKhomishoni lumela enye yeembopheleleko ezingundoqo zeNkxaso yaseUnited States. Lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo uqinisekisa ukuba isebe elilawulayo lisebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yomthetho, lisebenzisa ii-dola zerhafu ngokunempumelelo, kwaye lihlala linetyala kubantu baseMerika. Ukuqonda indlela iNkomfa elawula ngayo amaziko karhulumente anika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwiingqiniwa neengqinipho ezixhasa idemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Yintoni Igunya Lengqungquthela?

Ulawulo lweBhunga luchazwa njengokuhlola, ukuhlola, nokuphatha iinkqubo, imisebenzi, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo. Le nkcazelo ibanzi ibandakanya iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zemisebenzi yowiso-mthetho kwaye ayikunyanzelisi ukusebenza kweenjongo ezithile, iinjongo ezithile okanye iindlela ezithile.

UMthetho we-Gristivation Reorgantation Act ka-1946 uyalela ukuba iikomiti "ziya kuhlala zilulindile umgwebo owenziwa ngamaziko olawulo ajongene nayo nayiphi na imithetho". Noko ke, ulawulo lwale ntlanganiso lwale mihla luye lwavela ngaphaya kogunyaziso lwantlandlolo ukuquka imijelo emininzi, imibutho, kunye nezakhiwo ezilungiselelwe ukugcina ukuphendula korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.

Isazinzulu sezobupolitika uJoel D. Aberbach uchaza ukuvelela ngokuthi "kukuhlola ngokuphandle izenzo zamasebe, amasebe, neekhomishini kunye neenkqubo namapolisa abawanikelayo, kuquka ukuhlalutya ngexesha lenkqubo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo kunye nasemva kwesibakala". Le ngcaciso ibonisa bhetele indlela yokuqonda imisebenzi yobuveleli ekhoyo ngexesha leeBhunga.

Isiseko solawulo somGaqo-siseko

Ukulawula kungumsebenzi ocetyiswayo kunokuba ube ligunya elicacisiweyo phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., njengoko i-charthi ye-odoli ingaliniki ngokungqalileyo igunya leBhunga lokuqhuba iimibuzo okanye uphando lomphathi ophetheyo, ukuba abe nokufikelela kwiirekhodi okanye kwizixhobo ezigcinwe ngumphathi-mikhosi, okanye ukukhupha iipopu ezingaphantsi ukuze kufumaneke amaxwebhu okanye ubungqina obuvela kumphathi ophetheyo.

Ukungabikho kwengxoxo ngamagunya okuvelela kwiNdibano yomGaqo-siseko kwakungenxa yokuba ukuvelela kunye negunya lalo labameli kwakujongwa njengegunya elingokwemvelo leendibano ezimisela umthetho kawonke-wonke. Oku kuqonda kuye kwavumela iBhunga ukuba liphuhlise iinkqubo zolawulo ezinamandla ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.

Isiseko sentanda-bulumko sobuveleli yinkqubo yovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano lomGaqo-siseko phakathi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho, isebe eliphetheyo, kunye nejaji. Oku kwahlulwa kwamandla kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye likarhulumente elinokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphendula kwabanye.

IiNdlela eziBanzi eziXhotyisiweyo

IBhunga liqhuba ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo ngohlolo, ukujongwa, nokulawulwa kwemigaqo karhulumente, lisebenzisa ubugcisa obusungulwe ziiKhomishini zokuqala ngokuphanda okukhethekileyo, ngokunikela ingxelo neemfuno, nangokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokuchaza, ngokujongelwa okuqhubekayo namhlanje nakuwuphi na umsebenzi wemithetho nangayiphi na imisebenzi nakumaziko ahlukahlukeneyo, imibutho, nemibutho.

Ukuchongwa Kwamatyala Neziphando zeKomiti

Iikomiti zimela enye yezona zixhobo zolawulo zibonakalayo nezinamandla ezikhoyo kwiNgqungquthela. Ngezi zenzo, iikomiti ezisesikweni zingabiza amagosa equmrhu ukuba anikele ubungqina ngemisebenzi, imigaqo-nkqubo, nokusetyenziswa kwemali efanelekileyo. Ezi zicelo zisebenza iinjongo ezininzi: zivelisa ukuphaphela okusemgangathweni kwemisebenzi yoorhulumente, zivelise ingxelo esemthethweni yemibutho, zivumele amalungu eBhunga ukuba abuze amagosa ngokungqalileyo ngezenzo nangezenzo zawo.

IBhunga lisebenzisa eli gunya ngokuyintloko kwinkqubo yalo yekomiti yequmrhu, ekwabelwa kuyo imisebenzi emininzi yombutho nemibandela ekhoyo. Iikomiti ezikhoyo zigcina iindlebe ezithe rhoqo kwimicimbi ephantsi kolawulo lwazo, ngeli lixa iikomiti ezikhethekileyo okanye ezikhethiweyo zisekwa ukuze ziphande imibandela ethile okanye amanyala.

Eminye imisebenzi yolawulo ebhengezwe kakhulu kukuphanda okunqabileyo ngokukhetha iikomiti ukuya kwimisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo ehlaziyiweyo, njengee-arhente ezizii-komiti ezikhethiweyo zokwexeshana ekufumaneni kwengxelo yezixhobo zenyukliya e-U.S. ngo-1999, i-Iran-Contray yoluvo ngo- 1987, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwezibonelelo zobukrelekrele ngo-1976.

Nangona umgudu obonakalayo ubaluleke kakhulu, udla ngokubonakalisa kuphela inxalenye encinane yomgudu wonke wobuveleli weBhunga, ngokuziqhelisa nokuzihlola okuthe rhoqo, ukujongwa, kunye nokungamela okwenzeka kwezinye izinto zombutho kunye nako, ingakumbi kwiimvo zocalulo kwiinkcazo zoqingqo-mali zoorhulumente kwakunye nokuva okugunyazisiweyo kweenkqubo ezikhoyo.

Ingcebiso kunye noHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Amandla esi sipakethi amela enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zolawulo lweBhunga. Ngenkqubo yolawulo, iKhomishini ilawula inkxaso yemali efunyanwa ngabameli besebe, inika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kumaziko kunye nemisebenzi. Uhlolo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali luvumela iKhomishini ukuba ihlole indlela abaququzeleli abachithe ngayo iingxelo zangaphambili kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngolwazi malunga nomgangatho wemali kwixesha elizayo.

UMthetho woLawulo loMsebenzi woLawulo lweNtlalo-mali noMgaqo-siseko we-Impountament wonyaka ka- 1974, njengoko uhlaziyiweyo, wandisa amandla esebe lemithetho yowiso-mthetho okubumba uqingqo-mali, lineziphumo eziphambili zolungiselelo kunye nezingokwenkqubo kwiBhunga ngokudala izinto ezintathu ezintsha ngokumisela iKomiti yeNdlela yokuHlahlela Uhlahlolo, iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNdlu eBalulekileyo, kunye neCBO-aststing translate translatestingstingsssssssssss ireagemss ireagems epheleleyo kwaye idibanisa iingeniso nezigqibo ezikhoyo.

Inkqubo yokucazululwa kwemiqathango ityhileka ngamanqanaba aliqela. Emva kokuba uMongameli enikezele uqingqo-mali lweziko lorhulumente kwiBhunga, iya kwiKomiti yoHlahlo lweNdlu kunye neNdlu yoHlalo-mali ukuze ilungiselele isigqibo sonyaka ngamnye, esimisela isimbuku soqingqo-mali sorhulumente wengingqi wonke ongonyaka, ngoko sibhekisa kwiNdlu yendlu kunye neNdlu yeNtlanga apho igumbi ngalinye liqwalasela izigqibo zalo ezizodwa kunye namavoti azo, emva koko liqalisa ukuhlanganisa ukuze lisebenzele ngokwahlukileyo kwemilinganiselo emibini, kwaye isigqibo sokuxolela sisiwa kwiNdluvovoti yendlu neyamacala.

Ngeli xesha, iKhomishini iyakwazi ukuvuza amaziko asebenza kakuhle ngemali engakumbi okanye amohlwaye ngokunciphisa uqingqo-mali.

Iimfuno zokunika ingxelo kunye neMiphicotho-zincwadi ye-Arhente

IBhunga lifuna ukuba amaziko karhulumente afake iingxelo rhoqo ngemisebenzi yawo, imisebenzi eqingqiweyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali. Ezi mfuneko zokunikela ingxelo zidala indlela yokulawula iKhomishini evumela iKhomishini ukuba ijonge imisebenzi yeziko ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokuva okanye yokuphanda rhoqo.

Kwezinye iimeko, iBhunga limisela iimfuno zofundisiso nezokwenza iGAO, iinjengele, kunye namaqumrhu avelisa ingcebiso zombutho okanye iintlanganiso, nto leyo enikela iinkcukacha neengcamango zolawulo zomthetho onokwenzeka, yaye njengoko iBhunga liye landisa ukusebenzisa kwalo izixhobo zolawulo ezinceda ukulungiselela ukuvelela, liye lanikela ingqalelo engakumbi ekuveliseni loo mthetho, ukuvelela ukuphunyezwa kwawo, nokuqwalasela ukusebenza kwawo.

Uphicotho-zincwadi lwe-arhente lunika omnye umsebenzi wobuveleli obalulekileyo. Ingqungquthela ingacela uphicotho-zincwadi kwimibutho ezimeleyo ukuze ihlole iinkqubo ezithile zombutho okanye imisebenzi. Le misebenzi idla ngokutyhila ii-intelligies, inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba okanye ukuxhatshazwa okungabonwayo.

Uvavanyo lokusebenza kwenkqubo

Uvavanyo lwenkqubo olusebenza ngokusebenza lusasoloko lububuchule bokulungisa uphando, ngovavanyo lwenkqubo yangoku kusetyenziswa inzululwazi yentlalo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo .ezinje ngophando, uhlolo lwexabiso, kunye nophando olunempumelelo, kwaye ulwazi olungendlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo lunganceda kwiBhunga njengoko lenza izigqibo malunga nesakhiwo seenkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nobungakanani bemali abaya kuyifumana.

Olu vavanyo ludlulela ngaphaya kophicotho-zincwadi lwemali olulula ukuhlolisisa enoba iinkqubo ziphumeza iinjongo zazo nokuba zimela ezona ndlela zifanelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zerhafu. Uvavanyo lomsebenzi lungakhokelela kwinkqubo yotshintsho, ukulungiswa, okanye nkqu nokupheliswa kweenyathelo elingaphumeleliyo.

Imisebenzi Engacwangciswanga

Imisebenzi yokuvelela ikomiti esesikweni, ukususela ekuchongeni iindlebe eziqhelekileyo ukuya kunxibelelwano olungacwangciswanga okanye abasebenzi namagosa aphetheyo, ukusuka kuphando lwabasebenzi ukuya kuhlolo-hlolo lokuxhasa amatyala, kunye nokusuka ekusebenzeni kwee-ofisi eziqhutywa ngamaLungu ukuya kuphando olulungiselelwe zizinto ezingezizo ezoburhulumente ezifana neekhomishini kunye nee-arhente jikelele.

Ngokufuthi le migaqo ingqineke ibalulekile njengezokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Amalungu eBhunga asoloko enxibelelana namagosa amaqumrhu ukuze afumane inkcazelo, acombulule iingxaki ezinxulumeneyo, okanye ajonge imicimbi eqhubekayo.

Izixhobo neMandla eMbutho oBambele uLawulo

Igunya

Amandla eNgqungquthela ukufumana inkcazelo kwisebe eliphetheyo okanye kuluntu ngokubanzi avulekile kakhulu. Xa abameli okanye abantu bengavumi ukusebenzisana ngokuzithandela nophando lwengqungquthela, iikomiti zinganika oopopu abancinci ukuba banyanzele ubungqina okanye ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu.

Uphando kunye nolawulo lweBhunga lungabangela ukuba inkcubeko isoloko ikho, ingakumbi xa iqumrhu elijoliswe kulo , ``ingumntu, umbutho, okanye umbutho olawulayo) likhupha ulwazi olujongwa yiBhunga elilugqala luyimfuneko ekuphandeni kwalo, kwaye kwezo meko, iqumrhu elijoliswe kulo lisenokuzama iindlela ezininzi zokuphepha ukutyhilwa, njengokuqinisekisa ukuba inkcazelo ayinakuchazwa ngenxa yomthetho othile, umthetho, okanye isigqibo solawulo oluphezulu.

IBhunga linazo izixhobo ezininzi elinokuzifumana ukuze lifumane inkcazelo ngokuthethana nokunyanzelisa ukuthobelana neekomiti ezingaphantsi kweekomiti.

Ukupheliswa Kwengqungquthela Nokunyanzelwa Kwabantu

Xa abantu okanye amaziko engavumi ukuthobela ii-athom, iBhunga lineendlela eziliqela zokunyanzelisa. IBhunga lisenokufuna ukuba umntu ngamnye agwetywe ngokungeyomfuneko yokungathotyelwa ityala ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lomthetho lobugqeba, okanye lifune isigqibo senkundla yephondo esivakalisa ukuba umntu omangalelwayo unyanzelekile ngokusemthethweni ukuthobela inkqubo engaphantsi kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni.

Ezi nkqubo zonyanzelo zimela ukumiswa komva okupheleleyo kobuphathi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iKhomishini inganyanzela intsebenziswano kwanakumangqina okanye amasebe athanda ukunyanzelisa. Noko ke, izenzo zokunyanzelisa zinokuba kukuthatha ixesha kwaye zixabana ngokwezobupolitika, ngoko iBhunga lizisebenzisa kuphela xa ezinye iindlela zingaphumeleli.

UMthetho wePhondo

UMthetho weBhunga eliBambeneyo weMpatho (CRA) unika iNkqutyana ithuba lokuhlola nokungayivumeli imithetho, kwiimeko ezithile, ngaphambi kokuba iphumelele. Esi sixhobo sivumela ukuba iKhomishini ibonise ukuvelela kwinkqubo yolawulo lwamaqumrhu, iqinisekisa ukuba loo migaqo yemimiselo yequmrhu iyahambelana nenjongo yombutho.

Phantsi kwe-CRA, abameli kufuneka banikele imithetho emitsha kwiKhonkqele ngaphambi kokuba isebenze. Ngoko iKhomishini inefestile elinganiselweyo yokudlulisa isigqibo sokungamvumeli. Ukuba eso sigqibo sidlula omabini amagumbi kwaye sisayinwe nguMongameli, umthetho upheliswa kwaye umbutho awunakukhupha umthetho ofanayo ngaphandle kogunyaziso lomthetho omtsha.

Uqinisekiso

Amandla eNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kumaqumrhu asekuhlaleni anika elinye iqhinga elibalulekileyo lobuveleli. Ngenkqubo yokuqinisekisa, abaququzeleli bangahlola iimfaneleko zabalawuli, iimbono zemigaqo, kunye neenjongo zokulawula amaqumrhu abo. Le nkqubo ivumela iBhunga ukuba liphembelele ukhokelo lwamaziko kunye nolwalathiso phambi kwamagosa kwanaphambi kokuba athathe isikhundla.

Ukunconywa kwetyala kukwaveza ulindelo lwemibutho emiselwe yi-Atlantic kwaye kuveliswe ingxelo enokubhekiswa kwimisebenzi yolawulo kwixa elizayo.

Indima ye-ofisi ephendulayo karhulumente

I-ofisi ye-Accounting Government ibizwa ngokuba yi-"ujonildog" kwaye ikhokelwa yi-coptorroller jikelele wase-United States. Lo mbutho uzimeleyo, ongengowobupartisla udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni imisebenzi yokuphatha ingqungquthela.

Imisebenzi yeGO kunye neSicwangciso

IGAO inika ulwazi olusekelwe kwinyaniso, olungasekelwe kwiCandelo kwaye isoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-"conforentine deving" njengoko ihlola ukusetyenziswa nokusebenza korhulumente. IBhunga lenziwe kwiGO kuMthetho woHlahlo noMgaqo-nkqubo ka-1921 ukuncedisa ekukhutshweni kwamandla alo angundoqo omgaqo-siseko.

I-coptorroller ityunjwe ngumongameli, ngecebiso nangemvume yeBhunga, iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, igama elingaphindi libuye libuye livuselelwe, nomongameli ekhetha umtyunjwa kuluhlu lwabantu abathathu abanconyelwe ngamalungu asibhozo ebhipartisan, i-biobaral khomishoni yeenkokeli zoququ. Le nkqubo yokumisa ikhethekileyo inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela ngokwamasebe omphathi kunye nomthetho.

Indlela Igayo Exhasa Ngayo Ulawulo

Umsebenzi weGAO wenziwe kwisicelo seekomiti zombutho okanye amakomiti angaphantsi okanye ugunyaziswa yimithetho kawonke-wonke okanye ziingxelo zeekomiti, kwaye uthatha uphando phantsi kwegunya leNjengalwazi yeComptroller.

IGAO ixhasa ulawulo lwequmrhu ngokuvavanya imisebenzi yesebe lokuhlola ukusetyenziswa kwemali yemali yesebe ngokunempumelelo nangempumelelo, iphanda izityholo zemisebenzi engekho mthethweni nengafanelekanga, inikela ingxelo ngendlela iinkqubo ze-odoli nemigaqo engqinelanayo, kunye nokusebenza kwemigaqo-nkqubo edwelisweyo nokucaciswa kwengqungquthela.

Lo msebenzi udla ngokungenelwa ngokuphicothwa nokuphandwa kwamanye amagosa ajongene norhulumente worhulumente, kuquka abahloli jikelele neOfisi yeMatyala kaRhulumente (GAO), enemiyalelo engqalileyo evela kwiNgqungquthela ukuya kuphendula inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba nokuxhatshazwa kwamaziko.

IGAO ihlolisisa indlela echithwa ngayo irhafu idityaniswe ngayo kwaye inika amaqumrhu eeNkqutyana kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente injongo, engeyonxalenye yecawa, inkcazelo esekelwe kwinyaniso yokunceda urhulumente wokulondoloza imali nokusebenza kakuhle, ichaza malunga nemali engama-R32,7 ezigidi zezigidi ngemali enceda urhulumente worhulumente.

Imilinganiselo yexabiso nempembelelo yeGAO

Yonke imigudu ka GAO yokulwela iBhunga ikhokelwa ngamaxabiso angundoqo amathathu: ukuphendulelwa komsebenzi.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, iGAO ibibizwa ngokuba yi-"Congregal Watchdog" kunye "iNkxaso yoMhlobo osenyongweni" ngenxa yophicotho-zincwadi lwayo oluthe rhoqo kunye neengxelo zophando eziye zatyhila inkunkuma kunye nokungafezeki korhulumente, namajelo eendaba asoloko etsalela ingqalelo kumsebenzi weGAO ngokupapasha amabali okufunyanwa, iziphelo, kunye nokuncomela iingxelo zayo, kunye namalungu eBhunga asoloko ecaphula umsebenzi ka-GAO kwingxelo yoomatshini, iindlebe zombutho, kunye neengxoxo zomgangatho kumthetho ocetyiweyo.

Indima Yabahloli Jikelele

Ukongezelela kwiGO, iKhomishini ixhomekeke kumalathisi jikelele (IGs) obekwe kumasebe karhulumente ukuze alungiselele ukuvelela okuzimeleyo. La magosa aqhuba uphando nophando lwamaziko awo angaphakathi, enikela ingxelo kwiinkokeli zoorhulumente nakwiBhunga.

Abahloli jikelele basebenza njengenkqubo yokulumkisa ngeengxaki zangaphambili ezikhoyo kumasebe. Bangabona inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, ukuxhatshazwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwale mibandela ngaphambi kokuba kukhule iintsomi ezinkulu okanye iintlekele. Ama-IG anegunya elizimeleyo lokuqhuba uphando nophicotho-zincwadi, kwaye akanakususwa ngaphandle kokuziswa kwiBhunga.

Inkqubo ye-IG yenza inkqubo yokunika ingxelo edityanisiweyo ebangela ukuba kubonakale ukuba ityala likhulu. Ngoxa i-IGs isebenza phakathi kwamaqumrhu kwaye inikela ingxelo kwiintloko-maqumrhu, kwakhona anika iingxelo rhoqo kwiBhunga kwaye ayakwazi ukunxibelelana ngqo neekomiti zombutho xa kuyimfuneko. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga lifumana uhlolisiso olunyanisekileyo lwemibutho evela kwii-ofisi ezinolwazi.

Iinjongo Nosukelo Lokulawula Iingqungquthela

Iinjongo zolawulo eziqukelweyo ziquka ukukhangela amandla esebe eliphetheyo, ukuphengulula indlela osetyenziswa ngayo umthetho, kunye nokwazisa iKhonklathi kunye noluntu, kunye nezi njongo zifanele ukukhankanywa ngokukhethekileyo kuba zisebenza ukukhusela amagunya equmrhu nokuqinisa amandla kawonke-wonke waseMerika okuvavanya imisebenzi yempangelo nezenzo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukhuphiswano Olusemthethweni

Enye yeenjongo eziphambili zobuveleli bombutho kuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente avumelana nemithetho yeBhunga. Imikhosi yezopolitiko iyakwazi ukumisela ubuchule obubalulekileyo ekuzalisekiseni umthetho, kwaye ulwalathiso lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba basebenzisa eli cebo ngokuhambelana nenjongo yengqungquthela.

Abahlalutyi abaninzi, abahlalutyi benkqubo kawonke-wonke, kunye nabalawuli bomthetho bathi ooMongameli namagosa aphezulu banokungayinaki okanye bayijonge kakubi injongo yokuququzelela imimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ukulawula kunika inkqubo yeNkqutyana yokubona nokulungisa ukuphambuka okunjalo kwiinjongo zowiso-mthetho.

Ukuthintela Inkunkuma, Ubuqhetseba Nokuxhatshazwa

Ulawulo lweBhunga lunendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni abahlawuli berhafu kwinkcitho, ekuqhatheni nasempahleni engekho mthethweni. Ngophicotho-zincwadi, uphando, kunye novavanyo, iBhunga linokuchaza izihlandlo apho abameli beyisebenzisa kakubi imali okanye basebenza ngokungaphumeleliyo.

Lo msebenzi wokujonga usindisa iibhiliyoni zeerandi ezihlawulelwayo ngonyaka. Xa iNkqutyana ichaza ukuchitha imali eninzi okanye imisebenzi yokuqhatha, ingenza ulungiso ngomthetho, ngoqingqo-mali, okanye ngokubeka ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Isisongelo nje sobuveleli sikwathintela izenzo ezimbi ezinokwenzeka zamagosa awaziyo ukuba izenzo zawo ziqwalaselwe.

Ukuphucula usetyenziso lwe-Arhente

Ukulawula akuthethi ukuba kubonwe nje kuphela iingxaki; kukwafuna ukuphucula ukusebenza kukarhulumente. Ngovavanyo kunye nohlolo lwenkqubo, iKhomishini ingabona ezona zinto zilungileyo, incomela inkqubela, kunye namaqumrhu ancedayo asebenza ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi.

Ulawulo lweBhunga lungakhokelela kutshintsho oluphuculayo oluphuhlisa ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo, imisebenzi ehamba ngomsinga, okanye bhetele lulungelelanisa iinkqubo neenjongo zazo. Le nkalo yolawulo iyingenelo kurhulumente nakubemi abasebenzayo.

Ukwakha Izigqibo Zomthetho

Imisebenzi yokulawula inika iNgqungquthela inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo zomthetho ezinolwazi. Ngokuhlolisisa indlela imithetho neenkqubo ezikhoyo ezisebenza ngayo, iNgqungquthela iyakwazi ukuchaza izithuba ezisemthethweni, iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, okanye iindawo apho kufuneka imithetho emitsha.

Eli nyathelo linika ingxelo phakathi kobuveleli nomthetho liqinisekisa ukuba iNgqungquthela isekelwe kubungqina behlabathi lokwenene kunokuba icinge oko kuthethwa yingcinga. Ukulawula kutyhila oko kusebenzayo nokungenziyo, ukuvumela iBhunga ukuba licoce lize liphucule iimveliso zalo zemithetho-mthetho ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ukulondoloza Iindlela Nolungelelwano

Mhlawumbi ngokusisiseko, ukujongana nequmrhu kugcina inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngokuhlola isebe eliphetheyo, iBhunga liqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye likarhulumente elinamandla kakhulu okanye elisebenza ngaphandle kokuziphendulela.

Lo msebenzi uhlola ukhusela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Xa abameli besazi ukuba kufuneka baphendule kwiNgqungquthela, basenokuyihlonela ngakumbi imida esemthethweni kwigunya labo nokuqwalasela amalungelo nezilangazelelo zabemi ekwenzeni kwabo izigqibo.

Iimbambano Zezobupolitika Zolawulo

Iinjongo zezobupolitika zobuveleli ziquka ukukhuthaza ukubhengezwa okulungileyo kwabenzi bomthetho, ukuzuza inkxaso entle kumaqela angaphandle namaqela, nokuphikisa ukugxekwa kweenkqubo okanye amaqumrhu athandwayo, okuqhubeka kusenzeka ngokwemeko yezobupolitika apho ulwalamano lweBhunga namaqumrhu olawulo lungasuka kwintsebenziswano ukuya kungquzulwano, kwaye kukho iingxubakano zomGaqo-siseko kunye noMongameli phakathi kweBhunga kunye namaxesha karhulumente omanyano.

Ukuqwalasela Iinkalo

Ulawulo lweBhunga lubandakanya iingqwalasela zezopolitiko. Iqela elilawula iKhonklamente lisoloko lijolisa ulwalathiso kumaqumrhu ajongene namagosa achaseneyo, ngoxa libonisa ukuthobeka ngakumbi kumaqumrhu akhokelwa ngamalungu eqela lawo. Lo mbutho unamandla ungachaphazela imibandela ephengululwayo kwaye uqhubele phambili kangakanani ingxubusho.

Noko ke, kwanokujongana nabalawuli abachasayo kunokuzifeza iinjongo ezifanelekileyo. Ukuvelela kweqela lenkcaso kungatyhila iingxaki zokwenene ezikhethwa luninzi. Ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika ezilwahlulayo lungaphucula ulawulo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ubuncinane amanye amalungu eBhunga anezisusa ezinamandla zokuhlolisisa imisebenzi yemibutho.

Ukuphendula kukawonke-wonke nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ukuchongwa kwemithetho-siseko kudla ngokutsala ingqalelo ebalulekileyo kumajelo eendaba, kubonise imicimbi yesebe ebantwini.

Ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo nemisebenzi karhulumente.

Iinkonzo ezi-Ofisi

Imisebenzi yokulawula idla ngokunxulumene neenkonzo ezinxulumene nentsebenziswano. Xa abemi bejamelene neengxaki namaqumrhu karhulumente, badla ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo kwiBhunga ukuze bafumane uncedo. La matyala angachaza imibandela ebanzi efuna uphando.

Ingxelo yetyala ebhalwe ziiofisi zombutho-siseko zinika iinkcukacha ezixabisekileyo ngendlela abameli abasebenza ngayo. Imizekelo yezikhalazo ezikwicandelo elithile ingalumkisa iKhomishini kwiingxaki ezifuna ingqalelo yowiso-mthetho okanye yooyang'angeno.

Ucelomngeni Nokusikelwa Ngumqathango Kwebutho

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

IBhunga lijongene neengxaki eziphawulekayo zokuqhuba ulawulo. Urhulumente wengingqi mkhulu, unamakhulu amasebe neenkqubo zokuqwalasela. Iikomiti zeBhunga zinexesha elilinganiselweyo lokunikela kwimisebenzi yobuveleli, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka ukuqwalasela onke amaqumrhu.

Oku kusikelwa koovimba kuthetha ukuba iBhunga limele libeke iliso kwimigudu yalo yokuvelela, lijonge kweyona mibandela ibalulekileyo okanye kwimibutho efuna imali eninzi.

Izishwankathelo

Le nkcazelo yenza kube nzima ukuvelela, njengoko iNkqutyana imele ithembele kakhulu kumaqumrhu ukuba anike inkcazelo echanileyo nepheleleyo ngemisebenzi yawo.

Ingxakeko isenokuba nezizathu zokungalufumani ulwazi olungafanelekanga okanye ukunikela imisebenzi yazo ngendlela elula. Ingqungquthela kufuneka isebenzele ukuphelisa le miqobo yolwazi ngophicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo, ukhuseleko lwabacuphi bempempe, nokusetyenziswa ngogonyamelo kwamandla ayo okuphanda.

Ilungelo Elilawulayo Neliyimfihlo

Maxa wambi isebe eliphetheyo liyalwa nolongamelo lwengqungquthela ngokuqinisekisa ilungelo lokulawula okanye ezinye izibhengezo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ezi ngcamango zingakhokelela ekuqhubeni phambilini amadabi asemthethweni ngenxa yamalungelo eBhunga lokufumana inkcazelo okanye ukunyanzelisa ubungqina.

Kwiminyaka eliqela edluleyo bekulixesha elinamandla lokulawula imithetho kunye nolawulo lweziko lombutho, iBhunga lisenza uphando olwahlukahlukeneyo oluye lwabangela ingqalelo enkulu kuwonke wonke, yaye isebe eliphetheyo neBhunga livelisa izixhobo ezintsha neengxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni zokunciphisana neempikiswano zobuveleli, ngoxa iinkundla ziye zaphendula imibuzo ethile ngobungakanani bamandla okuvelela ngoxa abanye bengaphenduli.

Iingxaki Zokulungelelana

Iikomiti ezininzi zombutho zisoloko zinezigunya eziphangaleleyo kumaziko okanye kwimibandela efanayo. Oku kwahlulwa kusenokukhokelela kwimigudu yokuphinda-phinda ulawulo okanye kwizithuba apho kungekho komiti imele ijonge imisebenzi ethile.

Ukumanyaniswa kweekomiti kudla ngokuba nzima ngenxa yokuphikisana nokukhuphisana kweenkqubo. Ii-ofisi zisenokujamelana neemfuno ezingqubanayo ezivela kwiikomiti ezahlukeneyo, zisenza kube nzima ukusabela ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lombutho.

Ulawulo lweBhunga

Ukulawula Ngoomatshini Banamhlanje

I-Ofisi kaRhulumente kaRhulumente e-U.S. ithe kutshanje yaxubusha utshintsho kumfanekiso osesikweni womthetho nomthetho ekuphenduleni isicelo samalungu eKhomishini eyacela iGAO ukufundisisa iindlela zokuqwalasela ukubekwa kwemithetho yeBhunga, ngokuhlolisisa iGAO ukuba ifanele imisele ii-ofisi ezimbini ezingeyoya apartilitis eziza kuqwalaselwa ukubekwa kwabaphathi-mthetho: i-Ofisi ye-Congregal yeRegungation Review kunye ne-ofisi ye-Congregational ye-Allles Cances.

Ezi ofisi zicetyiweyo zaziza kunika iNkomfa amandla angakumbi okuqwalasela nokuhlalutya imimiselo karhulumente. Le ofisi intsha ingenza uhlolo lwemithetho ngamaxesha athile, ilinganise ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yoshishino, ize inikele ngobuchule bayo bokunceda ekujongeni ikomiti yombutho yamaqumrhu.

I-Ofisi yeBhunga loLawulo lweNkqutyana-ntle "yongeza uhlolo kumsebenzi wolawulo wamaqumrhu karhulumente, ukubonelela ngeNkqutyana ngokuzimela ngokwayo umgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo olingana ne-Ofisi yoLwazi neMicimbi yoLawulo yeSebe elilawulayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka obunyusiweyo kunye nohlalutyo logcino-lwazi

IiNkqutyana zisebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo ubugcisa nohlalutyo logcino-lwazi ukuze ziphucule amandla azo okuvelela. Iinkqubo eziphambili zokungachaphazeli zinokubanceda baqonde ilahleko, ubuqhophololo, okanye ukungasebenzi okungacacanga ngeendlela zolawulo zesithethe.

Izixhobo zamanani zikwenza kube lula ngeNgqungquthela ukuba ilandele imisebenzi yemibutho, iliso lokusebenzisa imali nokuhlolisisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo. Ezi nkqubela-phambili zobugcisa zinceda iNkqutyana yoyise eminye imiqathango yoovimba ekwakungasetyenziswa kakuhle ngayo ngokwesithethe.

Ukhuseleko Lompuku Omeleleyo

IBhunga liye laqinisa ukhuseleko lwabavuli-mlozi abanikela ingxelo yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwamaziko karhulumente.

Uphando lwemibhobho yemibhobho exhobisa uphando lwamaqumrhu kwaye lungatyhila iingxaki ezinzulu ezinokuhlala zifihliwe. Ukhuseleko olunamandla lwempempe lunyusa amandla eNgqungquthela yokufumana ulwazi oluchanileyo ngemisebenzi yesebe.

Inkqubo yeKomiti yoLawulo

Iikomiti Ezimileyo

Ulawulo oluninzi lwengqungquthela luyenzeka ngeekomiti ezimileyo, ezinegunya elisisigxina kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo kunye namasebe asebenza kuloo mimandla.

IKomiti yoRhulumente yoHlaziyo lweNdlu kunye neKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtlalo-ntle yeMicimbi kaRhulumente, enegunya lokulawula phantse wonke urhulumente wengingqi, igunyaziselwe ukuhlolisisa nokufunda ukusebenza kwemisebenzi karhulumente ukuze kuqinisekiswe izoqoqosho nokuphumelela kwayo nokuze kunikelwe ingcebiso ngokusekelwe kwiingxelo zeGAO, kwaye imithetho yeNdlundyezo yeNkqutyana kaRhulumente ifuna ukuba oko kufunyaniswe ngokugunyazisa amacandelo, ukuba anikwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Khetha kunye neeKomiti ezizodwa

IBhunga ngamanye amaxesha liyila iikomiti ezikhetha okanye ezikhethekileyo ukuba ziphande imibandela ethile okanye amanyala. Ezi komiti zokwexeshana zingagxininisa kakhulu kwiingxaki ezithile ngaphandle kokhuphiswano olukhuphiswano olujamelene nalo iikomiti ezimileyo.

Iikomiti ezikhethiweyo zisoloko zinamandla aphando abanzi kwaye zingadibanisa amalungu kwiikomiti ezininzi ezimile ezinobuchule obuninzi. Ziyaphela emva kokugqiba uphando lwazo nokukhupha iingxelo zokugqibela.

Ikomitana

Umsebenzi omkhulu wolawulo wenziwe kumgangatho osezantsi wekomiti, apho amalungu anokuphuhlisa ubuchule obukhethekileyo kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo. Ikomiti engaphantsi iqhuba ukuchongwa, iingxelo zezibonelelo, nokuhlala uqhubana namaqumrhu abawajongayo.

IKonti yoLawulo noHlahlo-mthetho inegunya lombutho ngamnye kunye nocwangciso olujongelwe yiKomiti epheleleyo, ngokuvelela kombutho wamaqumrhu orhulumente eyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kwaye ukususela ekupheleni kwee-1700, ulawulo lombutho kunye nophando oluphucule ukuphendula kukarhulumente worhulumente kwaye lwakhokelela kwinkqubela-phambili yenkqubo.

Uqheliselo olulunge ngakumbi lokulawula

Ukujongwa okuqhubekayo

Ukuvelela okuphumelelayo kufuna ukuba kujongwe ngokuqhubekayo kunokuba kuqwalaselwe ngamaxesha athile. IiKomiti ezihlala zinxibelelana namaqumrhu, zihlola iingxelo ezibakho ngamaxesha athile, kunye neengxelo eziqhelekileyo zokuchotshelwa kwetyala zinokufumaneka kakuhle ukuze zibone iingxaki zisemncilini zize ziqinisekise ukuba ziyaqhubeka zinokuphendula.

Ukugada okuqhubekayo kukwanceda iikomiti zikhulise ulwazi lwamaqumrhu malunga nemisebenzi yamasebe, ziwenza abe nolwazi olungakumbi nolusebenzayo. Ukubotshwa rhoqo namaqumrhu omanyano kwakha ulwalamano olunokunceda ukwabelana ngenkcazelo kunye nokucombulula iingxaki.

Intsebenziswano YaseBipartisan

Xa omabini evuma ukuba imbambano ifanele iphendulwe, imisebenzi yokuvelela inokuba ngqiqweni kwaye isenokuvelisa utshintsho olunentsingiselo.

Ukungamela kweBharparta kunciphisa ubungozi bophando oluza kuphetshwa njengenkqubo yokuzilolonga. Imisebenzi ithatha ulawulo nzulu ngakumbi xa ibona omabini amacandelo edibene kwimicimbi yawo.

Landela- Ngokugqitha kwicebiso

Ukuqhuba uphando neengxelo zokukhupha iingxelo kufeza okuncinane ukuba iKhomishini iyasilela ukuthobela iingcebiso. Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ukuba iNkqutyana isebenzise amandla ayo okumisela imithetho kunye nokuchaza ukuzalisekisa utshintsho olusekelwe kwiziphumo zobugosa.

IiKomiti kufuneka zihlole enoba amasebe ancomela iinguqu nokugcina iindlebe ezilandela inkqubela. Oku kulandela ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo luvelisa inkqubela ebonakalayo kunokuba luphelise nje iingxelo.

Ukulungelelaniswa kunye neminye imizimba eqikelelweyo

IBhunga lifanele lilungelelanise imisebenzi yalo yokuvelela namanye amaqumrhu, kuquka ii-arhente jikelele, i-GAO, ne-orhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Ukwabelana ngolwazi kunye nophando lolawulo lungenza ulawulo lube lusebenza kakuhle. Iiqumrhu zongamela ezahlukeneyo zizisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo namandla ahlukeneyo, kwaye ukusebenzisana kuzenza zikwazi ukuphelelisa umsebenzi womnye.

Ikamva Lolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Ukuqhelana Neengxaki

Njengoko urhulumente esiba ntsonkothileyo kwaye inkqubela yobugcisa iqhubekeka, ulawulo lombutho-ngqungquthela kufuneka luqhelane nocelomngeni olutsha. Iinkqubo zobugcisa ezisebenza ngokuqhubekayo kumathambeka afuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo ukuze luqwalaselwe ngokunempumelelo. Iingqungquthela kufuneka ziphuhlise ubuchule nezixhobo ezifunekayo ukuvelela le misebenzi intsonkothileyo.

Ukuqhambuka kwemibandela efana nokungakhuseleki kwekhompyutha, ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, nokungaqiniseki nkcazelo kuzisa iingxaki ezintsha zokuvelela ezinokungacombululeki ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Ukuqinisa amandla eziko

Ukuqhuba ulawulo oluphumelelayo kwinkulungwane yama-21, kufuneka iBhunga liqinise ubuchule balo bokuqesha abasebenzi abanobuchule obungakumbi, ukuveliswa kobugcisa kunye nogcino-lwazi lwe-alytic shorts, okanye ukusekwa kweeofisi ezintsha zokuxhasa ukuncedisa kwimisebenzi yobuveleli.

Izicelo ze-Ofisi yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko ne-Ofisi yeQumrhu lezeMicimbi yeQumrhu leMicimbi zimela imizekelo yendlela iNkqutyana enokuthi iphucule ngayo izibonelelo zayo.

Ukulondoloza Intembelo Kawonke - wonke

Ukuvelela iingqungquthela okunempumelelo kubalulekile ukuze abantu bahlale bethembele kurhulumente.

Ngokuchasene noko, ukungaphumeleli kobuveleli kusenokuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu. Xa iNkqutyana ingazifumani iingxaki okanye ingazicombululi iziko, abemi basenokuphelelwa lukholo kumaqumrhu kunye nakwiiNgqungquthela. Ngoko ke, ukugcina amandla anamandla okuvelela kubalulekile ekulawuleni ngokwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Ukungamela kwamaqumrhu eeNtlanganiso kumela isiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ngokuva, ngophando, ngokuhlola uqingqo-mali, nezinye iinkqubo, iNgqungquthela ijonge imisebenzi yemibutho esemthethweni, ukukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma nokuxhatshazwa, ukuphucula ukusebenza nokugcina iingqiniso nolungelelwano lomgaqo-siseko.

Ngoxa uvelela kujongene neengxaki eziquka imiqathango yoovimba, inkcazelo, kunye neengxaki zobupolitika, kusebalulekile ukuba kuphendulwe urhulumente. I-ofisi ye-Akhawuntial Accounting, ii-arhente jikelele, neekomiti zombutho zisebenza kunye ukulungiselela uhlolo olubanzi lwesebe eliphetheyo.

Njengoko urhulumente eguquka kunye neengxaki ezintsha zivela, ukujongana nengqungquthela kufuneka kulungelelaniswe kwaye komelezwe. Ngokugcina amandla awomeleleyo okuvelela nokuwasebenzisa ngokunempumelelo, iBhunga lingaqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente aseMerika akhonza ngokunempumelelo, ngokusemthethweni, nangokucacileyo. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo yokuvelela esebenza ngayo kunika abemi amandla okuba bagcine amaqumrhu kunye neeBhunga zimele ziphendule ngomsebenzi wabo.

Kulwazi oluninzi malunga nobuphathi bombutho, tyelela i-ofisi yeGosa elinobuGqwele obuPhakamisayo .